Sustainability of Methylic and Ethylic Biodiesel Production Routes

1 – Biodiesel Production Chain: An Introduction

1.1– Biodiesel

1.2 - Biodiesel Production Process

1.3 - Biodiesel Industry in Brazil

1.4 - Final Remarks

2 – Biodiesel Production Chain: Sustainability and Metrics

2.1 – Environmental Sustainability

2.2 – Economic Sustainability

2.3 – Social Sustainability

2.3.1 – Food versus Fuel

2.4 Sustainability Assessments

2.4.1 – Single Sustainability Indicator

2.5 – Biodiesel Assessments in Literature

3 - Methods

3.1 - Scope, Objective and System Boundaries

3.2 – Environmental Data Assumptions and Sources

3.3 - Social Data Assumptions and Sources

3.3.1 – Annual Report on Social Information (ARSI)

3.3.2 – Workplace Accident Statistical Yearbook

3.3.3 – Road Union

3.3.4 – Forced Labor Cases

3.4 – Sustainability Indicators

3.4.1 – Sustainability Metrics

3.4.2 – Auxiliary Indicators

3.4.3 – Green Design Criteria

3.5 – Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

3.5.1 – Quantitative Data Normalization

3.5.2 – Calculating the Sustainability Degree and Criticality Factor

3.5.3 – Calculating Criticality Contribution

3.6 – Principal Component Analysis

4 – Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester Inventories and Sustainability Indicators

4.1 – Inventory Matrix Compilation

4.1.1 - Soybean Agriculture Inventory

4.1.2 – Soybean Milling and Refining Inventory

4.1.3 – Methanol Production Inventory

4.1.4 – Sugarcane Agriculture Inventory

4.1.5 – Ethanol Production Inventory

4.1.6 – Transportation Inventory

4.1.7 – Transesterification Inventory

4.2 – Sustainability Metrics

4.2.1 – Income Gap of Process

4.2.2 – Average Wage

4.2.3 – Forced Labor Cases

4.2.4 – Workforce

4.2.5 – Accident Rate

4.2.6 – Combustion Energy Potential

4.2.7 – Energy Intensity

4.2.8 - Energy Factor

4.2.9 – Land Use Intensity

4.2.10 – Water Intensity

4.2.11 – Carbon Intensity

4.3 – Auxiliary Indicators

5 – Sustainability Assessment

5.1 – Multi-Criteria Analysis Results

5.1.1 – Estimation of Missing Data

5.1.2 – Criticality Factor and Sustainability Degree

5.1.3 – Sustainability Metric Severity Contribution

5.1.4 – Sensitivity Analysis

5.2 – Principal Component Analysis

5.2.1 – Green Design Criteria Principal Components

5.2.2 – Sustainability Metrics Principal Components

5.2.3 – Sensitivity Analysis

5.2.4 – Two-Way Cluster Analysis

6 – Conclusions
References

Appendix 1 – Micro-Data Extraction Through R
Appendix 2 – MATLAB Code for the Multi-Criteria Sustainability
Assessment
Appendix 3 – FAME Chain Inventory
Appendix 4 – FAEE Chain Inventory