Surface Active Ethylene Oxide Adducts

Foreword

Preface

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Ethylene Oxide


1.1 Properties

Physical and Chemical Properties

Explosive Properties

Physiological Properties

Storage

Safety Measures


1.2 Manufacturing Processes


1.2.1 Raw Material


1.2.2 Manufacture of Ethylene Oxide

References

Chapter 2 Production of Ethylene Oxide Adducts

History


2.1 Ethylene Oxide Addition


2.1.1 Reaction Mechanism


2.1.2 Distribution of Polymer Homologues


2.2 Classification of Ethylene Oxide Adducts on the Basis of Bond

Types


2.3 Industrial Production of Adducts


2.3.1 Processes in Common Use


2.3.2 Free-Flowing Solid Products


2.3.3 Production Figures


2.4 Surface Active Ethylene Oxide Adducts Produced by the Former IG-Farbenindustrie AG

I Ester Adducts

II Aliphatic Ether Adducts

III Cyclic Ether Adducts

IV Amide Adducts

V Amine Adducts

References

Chapter 3 Description of Ethylene Oxide Adducts


3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties


3.1.1 Structure


3.1.2 Solubility


3.1.3 Viscosity


3.1.4 Surface Activity


3.1.5 Adsorption of Adducts by Other Substances


3.1.6 Micelle Formation


3.1.7 Effect of Electrokinetic Potential


3.1.8 Antistatic Activity


3.1.9 Other Physical Properties


3.1.10 Chemical Stability


3.2 Functional Properties


3.2.1 Wetting Power


3.2.2 Foaming Power


3.2.3 Emulsifying Power


3.2.4 Dispersing Power and Protective Colloid Action


3.2.5 Solubilization


3.2.6 Levelling Power


3.2.7 Detergency and Cleansing


3.3 Biological Properties


3.3.1 Dermatological Activity


3.3.2 Medical Effect


3.3.3 Toxicity


3.3.4 Bactericidal Effect


3.3.5 Biodegradation and Waste Water Purification


3.4 Corrosion


3.5 Comparison of the Properties of Adducts Having Varying Numbers of Etho-Groups


3.6 Pure (Homogeneous) Surface Active Alkyl- and Alkylaryl-Polyoxyethylene Glycol Ethers

Preparation

Cloud Point

Surface Tension, Surface Films

Micelle Formation

Solubilization

Effect on Dispersion Stability

Comparison of Various Functional Properties of Pure and Technical Polyoxyethylene Derivatives

References

Chapter 4 Uses of Ethylene Oxide Adducts


4.1 Detergents and Cleaning Agents


4.1.1 Domestic and Industrial Laundry Detergents


4.1.2 Dishwashing Agents


4.1.3 Dry-Cleaning Detergents


4.1.4 Cleaners (Hard Surfaces)


4.1.5 Detergent Sanitizers


4.1.6 Polishes


4.2 The Pulp and Paper Industry


4.2.1 Reduction of Resin Content


4.2.2 Dispersion of Resin


4.2.3 Other Uses


4.3 The Man-Made Fibre Industry: Manufacture


4.3.1 Regenerated Natural Fibres Based on Cellulose: The Viscose Process


4.3.2 Synthetic Fibres: Manufacture


4.4 The Textile Industry


4.4.1 Wool


4.4.2 Silk


4.4.3 Cotton


4.4.4 Rayon


4.4.5 Man-Made Fibres: Processing


4.5 Pesticides


4.6 Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparations


4.6.1 Pharmaceutical Preparations


4.6.2 Cosmetic Preparations


4.6.3 Iodophors


4.7 Foods and Feeds


4.7.1 Foods


4.7.2 Feeds


4.8 Leather and Fur Industry


4.8.1 Leather Industry


4.8.2 The Fur Industry


4.9 The Metal Industry


4.9.1 Metal Cleaning


4.9.2 Metal Working


4.10 Paint, Varnish, and Plastics Industries


4.11 Mineral Oil Industry


4.11.1 Crude Oil Production


4.11.2 Breaking of Crude Oil Emulsions


4.11.3 Additives


4.12 Other Uses


4.12.1 Stabilization of Natural Rubber Latex


4.12.2 Self-Glazing Emulsions


4.12.3 Bitumen Emulsions and Additives


4.12.4 Photographic Emulsions


4.12.5 Silicone Emulsions


4.12.6 Emulsifiers


4.12.7 Mineral Technology


4.12.8 Mortar and Concrete Additives


4.12.9 Dispersing or Precipitating Agents for Inorganic Compounds


4.12.10 Dust Control


4.12.11 Antifoams


4.12.12 Fire Prevention


4.12.13 Antioxidants


4.12.14 Fertilizer Additives


4.12.15 Corrosion Inhibitors


4.12.16 Surface Coating for Glass


4.12.17 Antimist and De-Icing Products


4.12.19 Miscellaneous

References

Chapter 5 Modified Ethylene Oxide Adducts


5.1 Ether Esters


5.1.1 Ether Sulphates


5.1.2 Ether Phosphates


5.1.3 Miscellaneous Ether Esters


5.2 Etherified Adducts


5.2.1 Aliphatic Ethers of Adducts


5.2.2 Cyclic Ethers of Adducts


5.3 Carboxymethylated Adducts


5.4 Miscellaneous Terminal Groups


5.5 Quarternary Ammonium Compounds Having Etho-Groups

References

Chapter 6 Analysis of Ethylene Oxide Adducts


6.1 Qualitative Chemical Analysis


6.2 Quantitative Chemical Analysis


6.2.1 Gravimetric Determination of Adducts


6.2.2 Volumetric Determination of Adducts


6.2.3 Colorimetric Determination of Adducts


6.2.4 Determination of Oxyethylene Groups


6.2.5 Determination of the Hydroxyl Number


6.3 Other Methods

Cloud Point; Cloud-Point Titration

Physical Characteristics

Chromatographic Techniques

Spectroscopic Methods

Miscellaneous Methods


6.4 Microchemical Methods


6.5 Determination of Free Polyoxyethylene Glycols Present in Adducts

Salting-Out Methods

Chromatographic Techniques

Liquid-Liquid Extraction Techniques

Evaluation of Total Ethylene Oxide Content and of % OH-Groups


6.6 Determination of Adducts Present in Mixtures with Other Types of Surfactant

Chromatographic Techniques

Other Methods


6.7 Analysis of Anionic Adducts (Also in Mixtures with Other Surfactants)


6.8 Analysis of Cationic Surfactants in Mixtures with Adducts

References

List of Products

Introduction

Author Index

Firm Index

Subject Index

Register of Patents (Arranged in Order of Countries and Numbers)