Supercapacitors

Materials, Design, and Commercialization

1st Edition - March 20, 2024
Editors: Syam G. Krishnan, Hong Duc Pham, Deepak P. Dubal
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 4 7 8 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 4 7 7 - 5

Supercapacitors: Materials, Design, and Commercialization provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research trends and opportunities in supercapacitors, particularly in ter… Read more

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Supercapacitors: Materials, Design, and Commercialization provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research trends and opportunities in supercapacitors, particularly in terms of novel materials and electrolytes. The book addresses the transformation in supercapacitive technology from double layer capacitance to battery-type capacitance, providing a clear understanding of the conceptual differences between various charge storage processes for supercapacitors, charge storage based on materials and electrolytes, and calculation for capacitance for these charge processes. Detailed chapters discuss recent developments in materials, such as carbons, chalcogenides, MXene and phosphorene, various polymer nanocomposites, and polyoxometalates for supercapacitors.

This is followed by in-depth coverage of electrolytes, including the evolution of electrolytes from aqueous to water-in-salt electrolytes and their role in improving the energy density of supercapacitors. The final part of the book examines the role of artificial intelligence in the design of supercapacitors, and latest developments in translating novel supercapacitor technologies from laboratory-scale research to a commercialization.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
1. Introduction to supercapacitors, materials and design
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Materials realm for supercapacitors
1.3 Electrolytes for supercapacitors
1.4 Separators for supercapacitors
1.5 Categories and design of supercapacitors
1.6 Machine learning and supercapacitors
1.7 Future of supercapacitors as energy storage devices and their commercial markets
1.8 Conclusion
References
2. Nanocarbons and electric double-layer capacitors
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 EDLC charge storage mechanism
2.3 Nanocarbons—source and synthesis
2.4 Nanocarbons for electric double-layer capacitance
2.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
3. Categories of pseudocapacitor: intrinsic, extrinsic, and intercalation materials
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Charge storage process in supercapacitors
3.3 Difference between hybrid supercapacitor and hybrid energy storage devices
3.4 Units for electrochemical energy storage devices
3.5 Advances in materials for pseudocapacitors
3.6 Energy storage through intercalation reactions
3.7 New material trends in commercial pseudocapacitors
3.8 Conclusion
References
4. Electrochemical characterization and calculation methods of supercapacitors
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conclusion
References
5. Transition metal oxides/sulfides electrode–based supercapacitors
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The charge storage mechanism of pseudocapacitive supercapacitors
5.3 Transition metal oxides for supercapacitors
5.4 Transition metal sulfides for supercapacitors
5.5 Transition metal oxide composites as supercapacitor electrodes
5.6 Commercial possibilities of transition metal oxides/sulfides
5.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6. Conducting polymers and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Evolution of conducting polymers for electrochemical energy storage
6.3 Conducting polymers for supercapacitors
6.4 Conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors
6.5 Conducting polymers in flexible supercapacitors
6.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7. Metal–organic frameworks and their derivatives for supercapacitors
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pristine metal–organic frameworks
7.3 Metal–organic framework composites
7.4 Metal–organic framework derivatives
7.5 Metal–organic framework–based materials with different dimensionalities
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Supercapacitors based on MXene (carbides/nitrides) and black phosphorus electrodes
Abstract
8.1 Introduction of MXene
8.2 History and invention of MXene
8.3 Introduction of black phosphorus
8.4 Supercapacitors
8.5 MXene for supercapacitor applications
8.6 Black phosphorus for supercapacitor electrode
8.7 Conclusion
References
9. Polyoxometalates and redox-active molecular clusters for supercapacitors
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Redox properties of polyoxometalates
9.3 Polyoxometalates-based electrodes for supercapacitors
9.4 Polyoxometalates-based composite electrodes for supercapacitors
9.5 Hybrid capacitors based on polyoxometalates
9.6 Conclusions
References
10. Conventional supercapacitor electrolytes: aqueous, organic, and ionic
Abstract
Abbreviations
10.1 General introduction and basic properties
10.2 Aqueous-based electrolytes
10.3 Organic solvents–based electrolytes
10.4 Ionic liquid–based electrolytes
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Solid-state and gel-type supercapacitor electrolytes—polymers and cross-linkers
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemistry of solid-state and gel-type electrolytes
11.3 Solid-state electrolytes for supercapacitors
11.4 Gel-type electrolytes for supercapacitors
11.5 Influence of solid-state and gel electrolytes on stability of supercapacitors
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. “Water-in-salt” electrolyte—toward high-voltage aqueous supercapacitors
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 “Water-in-salt” electrolytes
12.3 Working mechanism of the water-in-salt electrolyte
12.4 Different types of “water-in-salt electrolytes” and their electrochemistry
12.5 Water-in-salt electrolytes for supercapacitors
12.6 Capacitance, energy, and power density of water-in-salt electrolytes
12.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
13. Deep eutectic solvents as green and cost-effective supercapacitor electrolytes
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Overview of deep eutectic solvent electrolytes and their properties
13.3 Deep eutectic solvent as an electrolyte in SCs
13.4 Conclusion and outlook
References
14. Device configuration—asymmetric versus hybrid supercapacitors
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Symmetric versus asymmetric SCs
14.3 Performance metrics in energy storage devices
14.4 Electrolytes
14.5 Performance comparison of symmetric and asymmetric SCs
14.6 Devices
14.7 Market trends and research target
14.8 From lab to commercialization
14.9 Conclusion
References
15. Machine learning and data-driven material exploration for supercapacitors
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Applications of machine learning in supercapacitors
15.3 Summary and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
16. Translation of supercapacitor technology from laboratory scale to commercialization
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Improvement in energy densities of supercapacitors
16.3 Commercialization of laboratory research
16.4 Future supercapacitor markets
16.5 Supercapacitors—a future power device
16.6 Conclusion
References
Index

Syam G. Krishnan

Dr. Syam G. Krishnan is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia. With a research background in nanomaterials for supercapacitors, Dr. Krishnan’s research focuses on synthesis, tailored morphology, and conductivity of metal oxides and their composites, ternary metal cobaltites, polymer nanocomposites, and activated carbon for supercapacitors. At QUT, he is working on recycling of battery materials for supercapacitors, metal-ion batteries, and wearable electronics. Prior to joining QUT, Dr. Krishnan worked as a Research Fellow in the Graphene and Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), at Sunway University, Malaysia. He has co-authored approx. 30 journal papers, co-authored 2 book chapters, and delivered several invited talks at conferences.

Affiliations and expertise

School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Australia

Hong Duc Pham

Dr. David (Hong Duc) Pham is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Australia. He obtained a Master’s degree in biofuel production at Pukyong National University (PKNU), Republic of Korea, before joining QUT to work on the development of novel organic semiconductor materials for perovskite solar cells for his PhD, where his PhD thesis was honoured by the Executive Dean’s commendation for outstanding doctoral thesis award. He gained a postdoctoral position in 2019, and recently obtained the QUT Early Career Researcher Scheme 2021. Dr. Pham’s research interests are in developing new materials and green solvents for energy conversion and storage devices, with special emphasis on potassium-ion batteries and nanogenerators. He has authored or co-authored approx. 35 peer-reviewed research papers, and is a member of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI).

Affiliations and expertise

Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Australia

Deepak P. Dubal

Deepak P. Dubal is a Professor at Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. With an extensive background in the field of nanomaterials for clean energy conversion and storage systems, Professor Dubal’s current research is focused on designing and engineering functional materials such as new oxides/nitrides, polyoxometalates (POMs), and conducting polymers and their hybrids for energy storage applications, with special emphasis on supercapacitors, Li-ion batteries, and beyond Li-ion batteries. He is working to develop an integrated system as a self-charging power source for wearable electronics and implantable medical devices.

Affiliations and expertise

School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, Brisbane, Australia