Superalloys, Supercomposites and Superceramics

Contributors Preface Foreword1. Introduction—Superalloys I. Superalloys II. Superalloy Applications III. Superalloy History References 2. Resources—Supply and Availability I. Introduction II. Strategic Materials III. Reserves and Resources IV. The Superalloys V. COSAM Program Summary VI. Concluding Remarks References3. Primary and Secondary Melt Processing—Superalloys I. Introduction II. Defects III. Cleanliness Evaluation IV. Melting Alternatives V. Vacuum Induction Melting VI. Vacuum Arc Remelting VII. Electroslag Remelting VIII. Electron Beam Cold Hearth Refining IX. Plasma Cold Hearth Refining X. Powder Metallurgy XI. Fine-Grain Casting XII. Melt Processing Summary XIII. The Future References 4. Metallurgy of Investment Cast Superalloy Components I. History of Superalloy Investment Casting II. Making the Superalloy Investment Casting Shell III. Production and Melting of Superalloy Ingot for Investment Casting IV. Investment Casting Superalloy Components V. Control of Microstructure through Solidification VI. Post-Cast Processing VII. Nondestructive Inspection of Superalloy Castings VIII. Future of Investment Cast Superalloy Components Acknowledgments References 5. Single Crystal Superalloys I. Introduction II. Directional Solidification Process III. Microstructure IV. Phase Stability V. Heat Treatment VI. Compositional Effects VII. Mechanical Properties VIII. Oxidation/Hot Corrosion Resistance IX. Future Directions References 6. Thermomechanical Processing of Superalloys I. Introduction II. Selection of the Optimum Manufacturing Practice III. Control of the Selected Process IV. Summary References 7. Alloying Effects on Hot Deformation I. Introduction II. Deformation Resistance at High Strain Rate III. Deformation Resistance at Slow Strain Rate IV. Hot Workability V. Summary Acknowledgment References 8. Powder Metallurgy and Oxide Dispersion Processing of Superalloys I. Introduction II. Powder Production and Characterization III. Consolidation IV. Defects and Cleanliness V. Post-Consolidation Processing VI. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References9. Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Alloys I. Introduction II. Microstructure of ODS Alloys III. Nanostructural and Microstructural Effects on Strength IV. Microstructural Instabilities V. Summary Acknowledgments References 10. Creep-Fatigue Interaction in Structural Alloys I. Introduction II. Creep-Fatigue Interaction III. Mechanisms and Models IV. Concluding Remarks References 11. Creep and Stress Rupture—Long Term I. Introduction II. Data Sources III. Evaluation of Creep-Rupture Data IV. Strain-Time Behavior V. Microstructural Stability and Ductility Consideration VI. Conclusion Acknowledgment References 12. Cyclic Deformation, Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ni-Base Alloys I. Introduction II. Fundamentals of Deformation in Superalloys III. Damage Accumulation IV. Fatigue Crack Propagation in Ni-Base Alloys V. Concluding Remarks References 13. Life Prediction and Fatigue I. Introduction II. High Temperature Alloys Investigated III. Development of Life Prediction Methods IV. Characterization of Crack Propagation in Superalloys V. Factors Influencing the Fatigue Strength of Superalloys VI. Development of New Alloys VII. Fatigue of Other Superalloys VIII. Closing Remarks References 14. High Temperature Corrosion I. Introduction II. Thermodynamics III. Fundamentals of High Temperature Corrosion IV. Corrosion by Mixed Oxidants V. Hot Corrosion of Metals and Alloys VI. Coatings VII. Summary References Appendix A 15. Hydrogen Embrittlement—Rocket Engine Applications I. Introduction II. Tensile Properties III. Creep Rupture IV. Fatigue V. Fracture Mechanics VI. Summary References16. Modeling of Ternary Phase Equilibrium by the Cluster Variation Method I. Introduction II. Thermodynamic Model III. Results for Ternary Alloys IV. Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgments References 17. Role of Refractory Elements in Strengthening of γ' and γ" Precipitation Hardened Nickel-Base Superalloys I. Introduction II. Planar Faults and Dislocation Configurations in the L12 Structure III. Deformation of Ni3Al ("-phase) IV. Deformation of /"Alloys V. Future Perspective References 18. Strength and Ductility of Intermetallic Compounds I. Introduction II. Structure of L12 Ordered Alloys III. Planar Faults and Dislocation Dissociation IV. Flow of L12 Materials V. Intergranular Fracture and Alloy Design VI. Summary Acknowledgment References 19. Fiber Reinforced Superalloys I. Introduction II. Fiber Development III. Matrix-Alloy Development IV. Composite Fabrication V. Composite Properties VI. Stress-Rupture Strength VII. Creep Resistance VIII. Fatigue IX. Impact Strength X. Oxidation and Corrosion XI. Thermal Conductivity XII. Composite Component Fabrication XIII. Concluding Remarks References 20. Structural Ceramics: Processing and Properties I. Introduction II. The Advanced Structural Ceramic Families and Their General Properties III. The Effect of Service Environment on Properties IV. Applications V. The Future References 21. Some Aspects of the High Temperature Performance of Ceramics and Ceramic Composites I. Introduction II. Creep Ductility III. Creep Crack Growth IV. High Temperature Flaws V. Ceramic Composites VI. Concluding Remarks References22. The Processing and Properties of Some C/C Systems I. Introduction II. Process Description III. Properties of C/C Composites IV. Improvement in Properties of 3-D C/C Composites V. Conclusion References Index