Sturkie's Avian Physiology

7th Edition - November 6, 2021
Editors: Colin G. Scanes, Sami Dridi
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 7 7 0 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 3 5 1 - 4

Sturkie's Avian Physiology, Seventh Edition is the classic comprehensive single volume on the physiology of domestic as well as wild birds. This latest edition is thoroughly re… Read more

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Sturkie's Avian Physiology, Seventh Edition is the classic comprehensive single volume on the physiology of domestic as well as wild birds. This latest edition is thoroughly revised and updated and features several new chapters with entirely new content on such topics as vision, sensory taste, pain reception, evolution, and domestication. Chapters throughout have been greatly expanded due to the many recent advances in the field.

This book is written by international experts in different aspects of avian physiology. For easy reading and searches, this book is structured under a series of themes, beginning with genomic studies, sensory biology and nervous systems, and major organs. The chapters then move on to investigate metabolism, endocrine physiology, reproduction, and finally cross-cutting themes such as stress and rhythms. New chapters on feathers and skin are featured as well.

Sturkie’s Avian Physiology, Seventh Edition
is an important resource for ornithologists, poultry scientists, and other researchers in avian studies. It is also useful for students in avian or poultry physiology, as well as avian veterinarians.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Part I. Undergirding themes
Chapter 1. The importance of avian physiology
1.1. Specific examples of the importance of avian physiology
1.2. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Avian genomics
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Genome
2.3. Genome assemblies
2.4. Connecting genome sequence to phenotype
2.5. Conclusions
Chapter 3. Transcriptomic analysis of physiological systems
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Early efforts
3.3. Nervous system
3.4. Endocrine system
3.5. Reproductive system
3.6. Immune system
3.7. Muscle, liver, adipose, and gastrointestinal tissues
3.8. Cardiovascular system
3.9. Hurdles and future developments
Chapter 4. Avian proteomics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Protein identification and analysis
4.3. Quantitative proteomics
4.4. Structural proteomics
4.5. Application of proteomics in avian research
4.6. Conclusions
Chapter 5. Avian metabolomics
5.1. Introduction to metabolomics
5.2. Methods of metabolomics
5.3. Applications of metabolomics to avian physiology
5.4. Conclusions
Chapter 6. Mitochondrial physiology—Sturkie's book chapter
6.1. Overview of mitochondria
6.2. Mitochondrial inefficiencies, oxidative stress, and antioxidants
6.3. Signal transduction and reverse electron transport
6.4. Matching energy production to energy need
Chapter 7. Evolution of birds
7.1. Introduction
7.2. The dinosaur–bird transition
7.3. The Mesozoic avifauna
7.4. Assembling the modern bird
7.5. Reproduction and development
7.6. The rise of modern birds
7.7. The shape of modern bird diversity
7.8. The impact of humans on birds
Chapter 8. Domestication of poultry
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Domestication
8.3. Conclusions
Part II. Sensory biology and nervous system theme
Chapter 9. The avian somatosensory system: a comparative view
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Body somatosensory primary afferent projections in different species
9.3. Ascending projections of the dorsal column nuclei
9.4. Telencephalic projections of thalamic nuclei receiving somatosensory input
9.5. Somatosensory primary afferent projections from the beak, tongue, and syrinx to the trigeminal column
9.6. Nucleus basorostralis
9.7. The meeting of the spinal and trigeminal systems
9.8. The somatosensorimotor system in birds
9.9. Somatosensory projections to the cerebellum
9.10. Magnetoreception and the trigeminal system
9.11. Summary and conclusions
Chapter 10. Avian vision
10.1. Introduction
10.2. What vision does?
10.3. Variations in avian vision
10.4. Variations in eyes
10.5. Bird eyes: function, structure, and variations
10.6. The visual fields of birds
10.7. Spatial resolution in birds
10.8. Contrast sensitivity
10.9. Closing remarks
Chapter 11. Avian hearing
11.1. Introduction: what do birds hear?
11.2. Outer and middle ear
11.3. Basilar papilla (cochlea)
11.4. The auditory brain
11.5. Summary
Chapter 12. Chemesthesis and olfaction
12.1. Chemical senses
12.2. Chemesthesis
12.3. Neural organization
12.4. Olfaction
12.5. Summary
Chapter 13. Taste in birds
13.1. Introduction
Chapter 14. Avian nociception and pain
14.1. Introduction
14.2. What evidence is required to demonstrate the capacity for pain?
14.3. Conclusions
Chapter 15. Magnetoreception in birds and its use for long-distance migration
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Magnetic fields
15.3. The Earth's magnetic field
15.4. Changing magnetic fields for experimental purposes
15.5. Birds use information from the Earth's magnetic field for various behaviors
15.6. The magnetic compass of birds
15.7. Do birds possess a magnetic map?
15.8. Interactions with other cues
15.9. How do birds sense the Earth's magnetic field?
15.10. The induction hypothesis
15.11. The magnetic-particle–based hypothesis
15.12. The light-dependent hypothesis
15.13. Irreproducible results and the urgent need for independent replication
15.14. Where do we go from here?
Chapter 16. The avian subpallium and autonomic nervous system
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Components of the subpallium
16.3. Components of the autonomic nervous system
16.4. Integration of the subpallium and ANS in complex neural circuits in birds: two examples involving vasoactive intestinal polypeptide as a regulator
16.5. Summary and conclusions
Part III. Organ system theme
Chapter 17. Blood
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Plasma
17.3. Erythrocytes
17.4. Blood gases
17.5. Leukocytes
17.6. Thrombocytes
17.7. Other cells types in avian plasma
17.8. Parasites and blood cells
17.9. Clotting
Chapter 18. The cardiovascular system
18.1. Introduction
18.2. Heart
18.3. General circulatory hemodynamics
18.4. The vascular tree
18.5. Control of the cardiovascular system
18.6. Environmental cardiovascular physiology
Chapter 19. Renal and extrarenal regulation of body fluid composition
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Intake of water and solutes
19.3. The kidneys
19.4. Extrarenal organs of osmoregulation: introduction
19.5. The lower intestine
19.6. Salt glands
19.7. Evaporative water loss
Chapter 20. Respiration
20.1. Overview
20.2. Anatomy of the avian respiratory system
20.3. Ventilation and respiratory mechanics
20.4. Pulmonary circulation
20.5. Gas transport by blood
20.6. Pulmonary gas exchange
20.7. Tissue gas exchange
20.8. Control of breathing
20.9. Defense systems in avian lungs
Chapter 21. Gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology
21.1. Anatomy of the digestive tract
21.2. Anatomy of the accessory organs
21.3. Motility
21.4. Neural and hormonal control of motility
21.5. Secretion and digestion
21.6. Absorption
21.7. Age-related effects on gastrointestinal function
21.8. Gastrointestinal microbiota
21.9. Intestinal barrier
Chapter 21A. Functional properties of avian intestinal cells
21A.1. Organization of the small intestine
21A.2. Development of the small intestine from the late embryonic to early posthatch period in chickens
21A.3. Cellular organization of the intestinal crypt and villi
21A.4. Expression of host defense peptides in intestinal cells
21A.5. Effect of intestinal pathogens and environmental factors on nutrient transporter and host defense peptide expression
21A.6. Tight junction complex between intestinal epithelial cells
21A.7. Chicken intestinal microbiota
21A.8. In ovo delivery of biomolecules
21A.9. In vitro systems: intestinal epithelial cell cultures and organoids
21A.10. Conclusion
Chapter 22. Avian bone physiology and poultry bone disorders
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Embryonic skeletal differentiation
22.3. Cartilage
22.4. Bone
22.5. Poultry bone disorders
22.6. Conclusion
Chapter 23. Skeletal muscle
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Diversity of avian skeletal muscle
23.3. Muscle structure and contraction
23.4. Skeletal muscle fiber types
23.5. Embryonic development of skeletal muscle
23.6. Postnatal or posthatch skeletal muscle development
23.7. Muscle development: function of myogenic regulatory factors
23.8. Growth factors affecting skeletal muscle myogenesis
23.9. Satellite cells and myoblast heterogeneity
23.10. Novel genes involved in avian myogenesis
23.11. Recent emerging breast muscle necrotic and fibrotic myopathies
23.12. The effect of fibrillar collagen on the phnotype of necrotic breast muscle myopathies resulting in fibrosis
23.13. Relationship of fibrillar collagen organization to the phnotype of breast muscle necrotic/fibrotic myopathies
23.14. Regulation of muscle growth properties by cell-membrane associated extracellular matrix macromolecules
23.15. Strategies to reduce myopathies
23.16. Summary
Chapter 24. Immunophysiology of the avian immune system
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Innate immune system recognition, sensing, and function
24.3. Acquired immune recognition and function
24.4. Gastrointestinal tract and immune system of poultry
24.5. Tissue immunometabolism: tissue homeostasis and tissue resident immune cells
Part IV. Metabolism theme
Chapter 25. Carbohydrate metabolism
25.1. Overview of carbohydrate metabolism in birds
25.2. Carbohydrate chains in glycoproteins
25.3. Lactate and pyruvate
25.4. Glycerol
25.5. Glycogen
25.6. Glucose and fructose utilization
25.7. Glucose transporters
25.8. Intermediary metabolism
25.9. Gluconeogenesis
25.10. Carbohydrate digestion and absorption
25.11. Putative roles of other monosaccharides
25.12. Conclusions
Chapter 26. Adipose tissue and lipid metabolism
26.1. Introduction
26.2. Development of adipose tissue
26.3. Structure, cellularity
26.4. Body composition
26.5. Functions of adipose tissue
26.6. Lipid metabolism
26.7. Factors affecting fat metabolism and deposition
26.8. Summary and conclusions
Chapter 27. Protein metabolism
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Major proteins
27.3. Muscle proteins
27.4. Other proteins
27.5. Digestion of proteins
27.6. Protein synthesis
27.7. Protein degradation
27.8. Control of protein synthesis and degradation
27.9. Proteins and reproduction
27.10. Amino acids and metabolism
27.11. Nitrogenous waste
27.12. Amino acid derivatives
27.13. Extranutritional effects of amino acids
27.14. Other uses of avian proteins
Chapter 28. Food intake regulation
28.1. Introduction
28.2. Peripheral regulation of food intake
28.3. Central nervous system control of food intake
28.4. Classical neurotransmitters
28.5. Peptides
28.6. Selection for single growth-related traits alters food intake control mechanisms
28.7. Other pathways involved in central appetite regulation
Part V. Endocrine theme
Chapter 29. Overviews of avian neuropeptides and peptides
29.1. Introduction
29.2. Summary
Chapter 30. Pituitary gland
30.1. Introduction
30.2. Embryonic development of the pituitary gland
30.3. Anatomy of the pituitary gland
30.4. Gonadotropins
30.5. Thyrotropin
30.6. Growth hormone
30.7. Prolactin
30.8. Pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides—adrenocorticotropic hormone, lipotropic hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and β-endorphin
30.9. Other anterior pituitary gland peptides/proteins
30.10. Pars tuberalis
30.11. Neurohypophysis
Chapter 31. Thyroid gland
31.1. Introduction
31.2. Thyroid gland structure and development
31.3. Thyroid hormone synthesis and release
31.4. Thyroid hormone metabolism and action
31.5. Physiological effects of thyroid hormones
31.6. Environmental influences on thyroid function
Chapter 32. Mechanisms and hormonal regulation of shell formation: supply of ionic and organic precursors, shell mineralization
32.1. Introduction
32.2. Structure, composition, and formation of the eggshell
32.3. Mineral supply: a challenge for calcium metabolism
32.4. Hormones involved in calcium metabolism of laying hens: vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and fibroblast growth factor-23
32.5. Intestinal absorption of calcium
32.6. Medullary bone
32.7. Uterine secretions of Calcium
32.8. Mineralization of the eggshell
Chapter 33. Adrenals
33.1. Anatomy
33.2. Adrenocortical hormones
33.3. Physiology of adrenocortical hormones
33.4. Adrenal chromaffin tissue hormones
Chapter 34. Endocrine pancreas
34.1. Introduction
34.2. Pancreas embryogenesis and development
34.3. Factors controlling pancreatic insulin and glucagon release in birds
34.4. Insulin and glucagon peptides
34.5. Glucagon and insulin receptors
34.6. General effects of glucagon and insulin
34.7. Experimental or genetical models
34.8. Conclusion
Part VI. Reproductive theme
Chapter 35. Reproduction in the female
35.1. Introduction
35.2. The ovary
35.3. The oviduct
35.4. The ovulatory cycle
35.5. Egg transportation and oviposition
35.6. The egg
Chapter 36. Reproduction in male birds
36.1. Introduction
36.2. Reproductive tract anatomy
36.3. Ontogeny of the reproductive tract
36.4. Development and growth of the testis
36.5. Hormonal control of testicular function
36.6. Spermatogenesis and extragonadal sperm maturation
36.7. Seasonal gonadal recrudescence and regression
Chapter 37. The physiology of the avian embryo
37.1. Introduction
37.2. The freshly laid egg
37.3. Incubation
37.4. Development of physiological systems
37.5. Artificial incubation
37.6. Conclusions and future directions
Part VII. Cross-cutting themes
Chapter 38. Stress ecophysiology
38.1. Introduction
38.2. Stress, energy, and glucocorticoids
38.3. Adrenocortical response to environmental change
38.4. Phenotypic plasticity and selection on the stress response
38.5. Field methods to study adrenocortical function
Glossary of terms
Chapter 39. Avian welfare: fundamental concepts and scientific assessment
39.1. Introduction
39.2. What is animal welfare?
39.3. Birds are sentient and their welfare should be considered
39.4. How can bird welfare be scientifically assessed?
39.5. Avian welfare research to date
39.6. Case study—evaluation of the potential for chickens to experience negative states due to carbon dioxide stunning
39.7. General conclusions
Chapter 40. Reproductive behavior
40.1. Introduction
40.2. Regulation of reproductive behavior
40.3. Environmental factors
40.4. Social factors
40.5. Age and experience
40.6. Endocrine and neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive behavior
Chapter 41. Growth
41.1. Introduction
41.2. Evolutionary perspectives of avian growth
41.3. Altricial versus precocial birds
41.4. Sexual dimorphism in growth
41.5. Growth hormone
41.6. Insulin-like growth factors
41.7. Thyroid hormones (hypothalamo–pituitary–thyroid axis)
41.8. Sex steroid hormones
41.9. Adrenocorticotropin and glucocorticoids (hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical axis)
41.10. Insulin
41.11. Growth factors
41.12. Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-α
41.13. Transforming growth factor-β
41.14. Bone morphogenetic protein
41.15. Fibroblast growth factors
41.16. Neurotrophins
41.17. Cytokines
41.18. Genetics and growth
41.19. Nutrition and growth
41.20. Environment and growth
Chapter 42. Circadian rhythms
42.1. Environmental cycles
42.2. Circadian rhythms
42.3. Photoreceptors
42.4. Pacemakers
42.5. Sites of melatonin action
42.6. Avian circadian organization
42.7. Molecular biology
42.8. Conclusion and perspective
Chapter 43. Circannual cycles and photoperiodism
43.1. Annual cycles
43.2. Annual cycles of birds
43.3. Circannual rhythms
43.4. Photoperiodism
43.5. Neuroendocrine regulation of photoperiodic time measurement
43.6. Molecular mechanisms of photoperiodism
43.7. Comparison to other vertebrate taxa
43.8. Conclusion
Chapter 44. Annual schedules
44.1. Introduction
44.2. Background: patterns of environmental variation and avian annual schedules
44.3. Effects of environmental cues on annual scheduling and underlying mechanisms
44.4. Adaptive variation in cue processing mechanisms as it relates to life in different environments
44.5. Integrated coordination of stages and carryover effects
44.6. Variation in scheduling mechanisms and responses to rapid environmental change
44.7. Effects of seasonality on constitutive processes
Chapter 45. Regulation of body temperature: patterns and processes
45.1. Introduction
45.2. The evolution of avian endothermy
45.3. Models of avian thermoregulation
45.4. Body temperature
45.5. Avenues of heat transfer and behavioral modifications
45.6. Metabolic heat production
45.7. Physiological control of thermoregulation
45.8. Development of thermoregulation
45.9. Avian thermoregulation and global heating
Chapter 46. Flight
46.1. Introduction
46.2. Scaling effects of body size
46.3. Energetics of bird flight
46.4. The flight muscles of birds
46.5. Development of locomotor muscles and preparation for flight
46.6. Metabolic substrates for endurance flight
46.7. The cardiovascular system
46.8. The respiratory system
46.9. Migration and long-distance flight performance
46.10. Flight at high altitude
Chapter 47. Physiological challenges of migration
47.1. Introduction
47.2. Adaptations of birds for long-duration migratory flights
47.3. Endocrinology of migration
47.4. Physiological aspects of migratory preparation and long-duration flight: fueling/flight cycle
47.5. Beyond systems
Chapter 48. Actions of toxicants and endocrine disrupting chemicals in birds
48.1. Introduction
48.2. Environmental chemicals: utilities and hazards?
48.3. Life cycle of chemicals: endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment
48.4. Classes of endocrine disrupting chemicals and their physiological actions
48.5. Methods for assessing risk
48.6. Frameworks for visualizing risk and effects from endocrine disrupting chemical exposure
48.7. Why are birds unique?
48.8. Investigating endocrine disrupting chemical effects in an avian model: the Japanese quail two-generation test
48.9. Conclusions
Chapter 49. Blood supplement
Chapter 50. Carbohydrate supplementary materials
Index

Colin G. Scanes

Dr. Colin G. Scanes is Professor Emeritus of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior at the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. He obtained his PhD from the University of Wales and his DSc from Hull University. His research interests include anthrozoology; animal physiology, nutrition, and production; and veterinary medicine. He has received numerous awards for his research in animal and agricultural sciences, most recently from the American Society of Animal Science. In addition to faculty positions with the University of Wisconsin, Iowa State University, and Mississippi State University, Dr. Scanes has worked various federal positions with the USDA, SANREM CRSP, DOE, and EPA FQPA. He has led the development of more than a dozen books, including the first edition of Animals and Human Society and seven editions of Sturkie’s Avian Physiology.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

Sami Dridi

Sami Dridi received his Accreditation to Supervise Research (HDR) in Structural Biology, Biochemistry, and Cell Signaling from the University of Paris XI. He got his PhD and master’s degrees in Molecular and Cellular Biology and Poultry Science from the National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine (INPL) and National Institute for Agronomic Researches (INRA), France. He joined several international teams such as UNC-Chapel Hill, University of Kentucky, University of Leuven (Belgium), ENITA Bordeaux (France), ENV Nantes (France), and West Virginia University as a postdoctoral fellow, contractual professor, or main investigator. He joined the University of Arkansas in 2013. He is currently a full professor in avian endocrinology and molecular genetics. He strives to consistently rise the next generation of poultry scientists and produce significant research that will bring both fundamental understanding as well as practical solutions to ongoing poultry problems.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA

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