Steroids in the Laboratory and Clinical Practice

1st Edition - August 2, 2023
Imprint: Elsevier
Author: John William Honour
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 1 2 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 8 1 2 5 - 6

Steroids in the Laboratory and Clinical Practice covers both basic chemistry and therapeutic application of steroids in a single source. The comprehensive reference addres… Read more

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Steroids in the Laboratory and Clinical Practice covers both basic chemistry and therapeutic application of steroids in a single source. The comprehensive reference addresses the specificity of steroid determinations to clarify confusion arising from the laboratory results. The book covers important advancements in the field and is a valuable addition in the literature addressing all existing knowledge gaps. This is a must have reference for pathologists, laboratorians, endocrinologists, analytical/clinical chemists and biochemists.

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Foreword
Part I: Chemistry and biochemistry of steroids
Introduction
Chapter 1.1: Chemistry of steroids
Abstract
1.1.1: Cholesterol and it’s derivatives
1.1.2: Functional substitution
1.1.3: Three-dimensional structure
1.1.4: Steroids by function
1.1.5: Chemistry of steroids
1.1.6: Industrial production of steroids
1.1.7: Chemical reactions with steroids
1.1.8: Commercial sources of steroids
1.1.9: Steroid metabolites
1.1.10: Synthesis of steroid conjugates
1.1.11: Reagents for immunoassay
1.1.12: Reagents for analysis of steroids with mass spectrometry
1.1.13: Summary
Appendix 1.1.1. Conjugates other than glucuronides and sulfates
Appendix 1.1.2. Synthesis of steroid conjugates
Appendix 1.1.3. Preparation of stable isotope-labeled steroids as internal standards in quantitative analysis by chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
References
Chapter 1.2: Sources of steroid hormones
Abstract
1.2.1: Introduction
1.2.2: Dietary cholesterol
1.2.3: Steroidogenic glands
1.2.4: Steroidogenesis in peripheral tissues
1.2.5: Summary
References
Chapter 1.3: Steroid biosynthesis
Abstract
1.3.1: Introduction
1.3.2: De novo synthesis of cholesterol
1.3.3: Cholesterol uptake and trafficking
1.3.4: Steroid-converting enzymes
1.3.5: Cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A)
1.3.6: Biosynthesis of steroid hormones
1.3.7: Summary
1.3.8: Further reading
References
Chapter 1.4: Regulation of steroid production
Abstract
1.4.1: Introduction
1.4.2: Adrenal cortex
1.4.3: Regulation of the reproductive organs
1.4.4: Redox regulation of steroidogenesis
1.4.5: Other regulators
1.4.6: Microbiota and regulation of steroids
1.4.7: Summary
References
Chapter 1.5: Steroids in blood and tissues
Abstract
1.5.1: Introduction
1.5.2: Cholesterol transport
1.5.3: Steroids in blood
1.5.4: Steroid transport in target cells
1.5.5: Transporters affected by steroids
1.5.6: Steroids in peripheral tissues (intracrinology)
1.5.7: Steroid transport out of cells (efflux)
1.5.8: Summary
References
Chapter 1.6: Recognition of steroids
Abstract
1.6.1: Introduction
1.6.2: Nuclear receptors
1.6.3: Steroid receptors
1.6.4: Receptors for adrenal steroids
1.6.5: Sex steroids
1.6.6: Coregulators
1.6.7: Epi-genetics
1.6.8: Nongenomic actions of steroids
1.6.9: Sexual dimorphism
1.6.10: Brain
1.6.11: Summary
1.6.12: Further reading
References
Chapter 1.7: Physiological effects of steroids
Abstract
1.7.1: Introduction
1.7.2: Adrenal corticosteroids
1.7.3: Sex steroids
1.7.4: Life events
1.7.5: Nongenomic actions of steroids
1.7.6: Other actions
1.7.7: Summary
References
Chapter 1.8: Breakdown and clearance of steroids
Abstract
1.8.1: Introduction
1.8.2: Hepatic catabolism of steroids
1.8.3: Transport of steroids for breakdown and renal clearance
1.8.4: Excretion of steroids in bile
1.8.5: Inhibitors of steroid metabolism
1.8.6: Peripheral steroid metabolism
1.8.7: Metabolism of specific steroids
1.8.8: Cholesterol to bile acids
1.8.9: Biliary excretion of cholesterol and enterohepatic circulation
1.8.10: Steroids in urine
1.8.11: Steroids in feces
1.8.12: Summary
References
Books
Papers
Further reading
Part II: Laboratory analysis of steroids
Introduction
Chapter 2.1: Samples for analysis
Abstract
2.1.1: Introduction
2.1.2: Preanalytical factors
2.1.3: Biological samples
2.1.4: Cell lines
2.1.5: Certified reference materials
2.1.6: Animals and models for human disease
2.1.7: Samples for analysis of regulatory peptides
2.1.8: Nonbiological samples
2.1.9: Summary
2.1.10: Further reading
References
Chapter 2.2: Steroid determination—Sample preparation
Abstract
2.2.1: Introduction
2.2.2: Analysis of steroids in serum and plasma
2.2.3: Sample preparation
2.2.4: Extraction of steroids from urine
2.2.5: Other sample matrices
2.2.6: Summary of sample preparation
2.2.7: Further reading
References
Books
Reviews
Chapter 2.3: Steroid determination—Purification of extracts
Abstract
2.3.1: Introduction
2.3.2: Chromatography
2.3.3: Summary
2.3.4: Further reading
References
Books
Chapter 2.4: Quantitative analysis of steroids
Abstract
2.4.1: Introduction
2.4.2: Examination of column, thin layer and paper chromatograms
2.4.3: GLC detectors
2.4.4: Detectors for HPLC
2.4.5: Immunoassay of steroids
2.4.6: Mass spectrometry
2.4.7: Analysis of unconjugated neutral steroids
2.4.8: Plasma steroid profiles
2.4.9: Steroids in urine
2.4.10: Assay validation
2.4.11: Selected applications
2.4.12: Data analysis of MS data
2.4.13: Steroid conjugates (glucuronides and sulfates)
2.4.14: New techniques
2.4.15: Point of care testing
2.4.16: Summary and future developments
2.4.17: Further reading
Appendix. References for interference in steroid immunoassays
References
Books
Chapter 2.5: Normal concentrations of steroids and their regulators in blood
Abstract
2.5.1: Introduction
2.5.2: Practices for hormone measurements
2.5.3: Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA)
2.5.4: Aldosterone and renin
2.5.5: Hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis
2.5.6: Neurosteroids
2.5.7: Steroid analysis in current laboratory practice
2.5.8: Other biochemical tests
2.5.9: Catheter studies
2.5.10: Life events
2.5.11: Genetic regulation of sex steroid concentrations
2.5.12: Summary
References
Chapter 2.6: Steroids in urine, other fluids and tissues
Abstract
2.6.1: Steroid concentrations in samples other than blood
2.6.2: Steroids in urine
2.6.3: Panels of steroids
2.6.4: Urinary steroid profiles
2.6.5: Other fluids
2.6.6: Tissues
2.6.7: Summary
2.6.8: Further reading
References
Chapter 2.7: Confirmatory tests in steroid endocrinology
Abstract
2.7.1: Introduction
2.7.2: Dynamic adrenal cortex tests
2.7.3: Aldosterone and renin
2.7.4: Gonadal function tests
2.7.5: Clinical tests
2.7.6: Catheter studies
2.7.7: Further potential static tests
2.7.8: Summary
References
Part III: Steroids in clinical practice
Introduction
Requests for laboratory tests
Steroid analysis and reporting
Chapter 3.1.1: Cortisol excess states
Abstract
3.1.1.1: Cortisol hypersecretion
3.1.1.2: Cushing’s disease/syndrome
3.1.1.3: Cushing’s disease or syndrome?
3.1.1.4: Genetic studies
3.1.1.5: Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome
3.1.1.6: Food dependent Cushings/GIP dependent
3.1.1.7: Summary
3.1.1.8: Further reading
References
Chapter 3.1.2: Cortisol deficiency
Abstract
3.1.2.1: Introduction
3.1.2.2: Identification of AI
3.1.2.3: Primary adrenal insufficiency
3.1.2.4: Disorders of cortisol synthesis
3.1.2.5: Adrenal dysgenesis/hypoplasia
3.1.2.6: Scheme for biochemical investigation of PAI
3.1.2.7: Disorders associated with syndromic features
3.1.2.8: Cholesterol disorders
3.1.2.9: Mitochondrial abnormalities
3.1.2.10: Peroxisome disorders
3.1.2.11: Defects of enzyme in endoplasmic reticulum
3.1.2.12: Tertiary adrenal insufficiency
3.1.2.13: Summary
References
Chapter 3.2.1: Hypergonadism
Abstract
3.2.1.1: Introduction
3.2.1.2: Androgen excess of newborn infant
3.2.1.3: Pseudo-precocious puberty
3.2.1.4: Iatrogenic causes of hyperandrogenism
3.2.1.5: Estrogen excess
3.2.1.6: Progesterone resistance
3.2.1.7: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 3.2.2: Hypogonadism
Abstract
3.2.2.1: Introduction
3.2.2.2: Hypogonadism in infant with ambiguous genitalia
3.2.2.3: Clinical recognition of causes of hypogonadism
3.2.2.4: Chromosomal defects in gonadal development (gonadal dysgenesis)
3.2.2.5: Biochemical investigations at birth
3.2.2.6: Investigations of hypogonadism in newborn infant
3.2.2.7: Pubertal failure or arrest
3.2.2.8: Hypogonadism in pregnancy
3.2.2.9: The menopause
3.2.2.10: Summary
References
Chapter 3.3.1: Mineralocorticoid excess
Abstract
3.3.1.1: Introduction
3.3.1.2: Mineralocorticoid hypertension
3.3.1.3: Primary aldosteronism
3.3.1.4: Secondary aldosteronism
3.3.1.5: Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 3.3.2: Hypoaldosteronism, pseudohypoaldosteronism and salt loss
Abstract
3.3.2.1: Introduction
3.3.2.2: Hypoaldosteronism
3.3.2.3: Hypoaldosteronism
3.3.2.4: Primary hypoaldosteronism
3.3.2.5: Treatment of CAH
3.3.2.6: Secondary hypoaldosteronism
3.3.2.7: Defects in aldosterone action (pseudohypoaldosteronism) (PHA)
3.3.2.8: Gordon’s syndrome (GS)
3.3.2.9: Secondary PHA type 3
3.3.2.10: Summary
References
Further reading
Index

John William Honour

Dr. Honour has 45 years of experience in analyzing steroids mainly by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry and applying these results to the investigation of patients with endocrine disorders. His work has included the diagnosis of inherited disorders of blood pressure, sex determination, infertility, osteoporosis, and salt balance in the body. He has long had an interest in the ability of bacteria to change steroids in the body and has used bacteria in test-tubes to achieve some changes in steroid structure which could not be easily achieved with chemicals. Several research projects have examined the safety of inhaled steroids with respect to effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Dr. Honour is an Honorary Senior Research Associate at the Institute for Women's Health at University College London and formerly a Consultant Clinical Scientist in Clinical Biochemistry at UCLH and Head of the specialist service for Steroid Endocrinology. The steroid laboratory maintains strong links with the clinical endocrinologists at UCL and the Hospital for Children at Great Ormond Street. Research in the unit covered the validation and use of mass spectrometry in steroid analysis for disorders of sex determination, adrenal diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome, safety of corticosteroids in treatment of asthma, links between birthweight and cardiovascular risk, and the enterohepatic circulation of steroids. Dr. Honour has more than 170 refereed publications and 19 book chapters covering a range of analytical, genetic and clinical aspects of steroids. He presented 175 papers at scientific conferences. He was scientific adviser to UKNEQAS for immunoassays, steroid accuracy and pediatric investigations. He served on two working parties for the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology with the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Society that produced guidelines on congenital adrenal hyperplasia and newborn screening. An EQA scheme for urinary steroids was operated from UCL globally with the collaboration of the Dutch Foundation for Quality in Clinical Chemistry (SKML). Dr Honour has maintained an interest in the detection of abuse of anabolic steroids in sport and has acted as an expert witness in cases of drug abuse in sport. He is an Associate Editor of the Annals of Clinical Biochemistry.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Research Associate, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, UK

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Steroids in the Laboratory and Clinical Practice

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