Steels

Structure, Properties, and Design

5th Edition - January 11, 2024
Authors: H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, R.W.K. Honeycombe
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 4 9 1 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 4 9 0 - 1

Steels: Structure, Properties and Design is an essential text and reference, providing indispensable foundational content for researchers, metallurgists, and engineers in industry… Read more

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Steels: Structure, Properties and Design is an essential text and reference, providing indispensable foundational content for researchers, metallurgists, and engineers in industry and academia. The book provides inspiring content for undergraduates, yet has a depth that makes it useful to researchers. Steels represent the most used metallic materials, possessing a wide range of structures and properties. By examining the properties of steels in conjunction with structure, the book provides a valuable description of the development and behavior of these materials- the very foundation of their widespread use. The new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated with 2 new chapters, expanded content throughout,and yet it retains its clear writing style, extensive bibliographies, and real-life examples. One of the new chapters deals with the additive manufacture of steels with a focus on structure and properties. The other has visionary applications of steel that lead to a dramatic reduction of the carbon dioxide burden, within a short period of time, and without compromising the quality of life that depends on steels.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Biography
Preface
1: Iron and its interstitial solutions
Abstract
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Allotropes of pure iron
1.3. Austenite to ferrite transformation
1.4. Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in solution
1.5. Summary
References
2: Strengthening of iron and its alloys
Abstract
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Work hardening
2.3. Interstitial solid-solution hardening or softening
2.4. Substitutional-solution hardening and softening
2.5. Grain size
2.6. Dispersion strengthening
2.7. Order strengthening
2.8. Overall strength
2.9. Some practical aspects
2.10. Limits to strength
2.11. Hundreds of times stronger than steel
2.12. Ten billion times stronger than steel
2.13. Summary
References
3: Iron-carbon equilibrium and plain carbon steels
Abstract
3.1. Iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram
3.2. Austenite-ferrite transformation
3.3. Austenite-cementite transformation
3.4. Kinetics of the γ→α transformation
3.5. Widmanstätten ferrite
3.6. Austenite-pearlite reaction
3.7. Ferrite-pearlite steels
3.8. Summary
References
4: Solutes that are substitutes for iron
Abstract
4.1. General principles
4.2. Alloying elements: γ and α phase fields
4.3. Distribution of alloying elements in steels
4.4. Alloying & kinetics of γ/α transformation
4.5. Structural changes due to alloying additions
4.6. Transformation diagrams for alloy steels
4.7. Light steels
4.8. Summary
References
5: Formation of martensite
Abstract
5.1. Introduction
5.2. General characteristics
5.3. Crystal structure of martensite
5.4. Crystallography of martensitic transformations
5.5. Morphology of ferrous martensites
5.6. Kinetics of martensitic transformation
5.7. Strength of martensite
5.8. Shape memory effect
5.9. Summary
References
6: Bainite
Abstract
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Upper bainite (≈400–550∘C)
6.3. Lower bainite (≈250–400∘C)
6.4. The shape deformation
6.5. Carbon in bainite
6.6. Kinetics
6.7. Transition from upper to lower bainite
6.8. Granular bainite
6.9. Tempering of bainite
6.10. Role of alloying elements
6.11. Use of bainitic steels
6.12. Summary
References
7: Acicular ferrite
Abstract
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Microstructure
7.3. Mechanism of transformation
7.4. Inclusions as heterogeneous nucleation sites
7.5. Nucleation of acicular ferrite
7.6. Summary
References
8: Heat treatment of steels: hardenability
Abstract
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Use of TTT and continuous cooling diagrams
8.3. Hardenability testing
8.4. Effect of grain size and chemical composition on hardenability
8.5. Quenching stresses and quench cracks
8.6. High-speed, large-scale heat treatment
8.7. Large-scale batch heat-treatment
8.8. Cryogenic treatment
8.9. Summary
References
9: Tempering of martensite
Abstract
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Tempering: cementite and transition carbides
9.3. Stages of tempering
9.4. Role of carbon content
9.5. Mechanical properties of tempered martensite
9.6. Tough, untempered, high-carbon martensite
9.7. Steels with strong carbide-forming elements
9.8. Maraging steels
9.9. Summary
References
10: Thermomechanical treatment
Abstract
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Controlled rolling of low-alloy steels
10.3. Dual-phase steels
10.4. TRIP-assisted steels
10.5. TWIP steels
10.6. Thermomechanically treated industrial steels
10.7. Ausforming
10.8. Summary
References
11: Embrittlement and fracture
Abstract
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Cleavage fracture in iron and steel
11.3. Factors influencing the onset of cleavage fracture
11.4. Criteria for the ductile-brittle transition
11.5. Practical aspects of brittle fracture
11.6. Hydrogen embrittlement
11.7. Attack by high-pressure hydrogen
11.8. Intergranular embrittlement
11.9. Irradiation embrittlement
11.10. Ductile or fibrous fracture
11.11. Summary
References
12: Stainless steel
Abstract
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Not always corrosion resistant
12.3. The iron–chromium–nickel system
12.4. Schaeffler diagram
12.5. Chromium-rich carbide in Cr-Ni austenitic steels
12.6. Precipitation of niobium and titanium carbides
12.7. Nitrides in austenitic steels
12.8. Intermetallic precipitation in austenite
12.9. Austenitic steels in practical applications
12.10. Oxidation resistant stainless steel
12.11. Duplex and ferritic stainless steels
12.12. Mechanically alloyed stainless steels
12.13. Transformation of metastable austenite
12.14. Summary
References
13: Weld microstructures
Abstract
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Fusion zone
13.3. Heat-affected zone
13.4. Friction stir welding of steels
13.5. Summary
References
14: Additive manufacture
Abstract
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Macrostructure
14.3. Powders
14.4. Thermomechanical processing of additively manufactured steel
14.5. Hybrid processing
14.6. Microstructure
14.7. Composites
14.8. Tuned damper
14.9. Summary
References
15: Nanostructured steels
Abstract
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Why yearn for exceedingly fine grains?
15.3. Production of nanostructured steel
15.4. Detrimental nanostructures in steels
15.5. Summary
References
16: Mathematical modelling
Abstract
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Example 1: alloy design
16.3. Example 2: properties of mixed microstructures
16.4. Methods
16.5. Kinetics
16.6. Finite element method
16.7. Neural networks
16.8. Summary
References
17: Visionary use of steels (CO2↓)
Abstract
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Buildings
17.3. Coral reef regeneration
17.4. Starship
17.5. Robust ships
17.6. Summary
References
Acronyms
Nomenclature
Index

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H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia

R.W.K. Honeycombe