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Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental Forensics
Fingerprinting and Source Identification
2nd Edition - February 3, 2016
Authors: Scott Stout, Zhendi Wang
Hardback ISBN:9780128096598
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 9 6 5 9 - 8
eBook ISBN:9780128039021
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 3 9 0 2 - 1
Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: Fingerprinting and Source Identification, Second Edition, provides users with the latest information on the tools and methods… Read more
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Standard Handbook Oil Spill Environmental Forensics: Fingerprinting and Source Identification, Second Edition, provides users with the latest information on the tools and methods that have become popular over the past ten years.
The book presents practitioners with the latest environmental forensics techniques and best practices for quickly identifying the sources of spills, how to form an effective response, and how to determine liability. This second edition represents a complete overhaul of the existing chapters, and includes 13 new chapters on methods and applications, such as emerging application of PAHi isomers in oil spill forensics, development and application of computerized oil spill identification (COSI), and fingerprinting of oil in biological and passive sampling devices.
Contains 13 new chapters on methods and applications, including emerging application of PAH isomers in oil drill forensics, the development and application of computerized oil spill identification (COSI), and the fingerprinting of oil in biological and passive sampling devices
Presents the latest technology and methods in biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons and its implications for source identification, surface trajectory modeling of marine oil spills, and identification of hydrocarbons in biological samples for source determination
Contains new case studies to illustrate key applications, methods, and techniques
Environmental Engineers, Marine Engineers, Petroleum Engineers and Environmental Scientists
List of contributors
Author biographies
1: Spill site characterization in environmental forensic investigations
Abstract
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Environmental site characterization and reconnaissance
1.3. Site entry and safety issues during the emergency response phase
1.4. Determination of geographic boundary and definition of different zones within the affected area: 1. terrestrial spills
1.5. Determination of geographic boundary and definition of different zones within the affected area: 2. marine/coastal waterborne oil spills
1.6. Collation of physical, ecological, and environmental data
1.7. Sampling plan and design: 1. spills with a known source
1.8. Sampling plan and design: 2. “mystery” spills
1.9. Data management
1.10. Conclusions
2: Sampling procedures for securing evidence for waterborne oil spill identifications
Abstract
2.1. Introduction
2.2. General remarks and requirements for sampling
2.3. Sample custody
2.4. Sampling organization
2.5. Oil sampling in marine environments
2.6. Sampling onboard vessels/suspected sources
2.7. Summary
3: Chemical fingerprinting methods and factors affecting petroleum fingerprints in the environment
Abstract
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Methods for chemical fingerprinting petroleum
3.3. Factors affecting the chemical fingerprints of petroleum
3.4. Summary
4: Petroleum biomarker fingerprinting for oil spill characterization and source identification
Abstract
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Oil chemistry
4.3. Chemistry of petroleum biomaker compounds
4.4. Analytical methodologies for petroleum biomarker fingerprinting
4.5. Fingerprinting petroleum biomarkers
4.6. Effects of weathering on biomarker fingerprinting
4.7. Conclusions
5: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon homolog and isomer fingerprinting
Abstract
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Hydrocarbon source signatures
5.3. Methods
5.4. Dominant hydrocarbon signatures
5.5. Saturated hydrocarbon signatures
5.6. Aromatic hydrocarbon signatures
5.7. Conclusions
6: Polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles as source diagnostics of petroleum pollutants in the marine environment
Abstract
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Sulfur compounds in crude oil and petroleum products
6.3. Influence of refinery processes on PASH patterns
6.4. PASH stability in the marine environment
6.5. Petroleum PASH analysis techniques
6.6. Petroleum PASH markers in environmental forensic investigations
6.7. Conclusions
7: Forensic studies of naphthenic acids fraction compounds in oil sands environmental samples and crude oil
Abstract
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Applications of mass spectrometric techniques in forensic investigations
7.3. Ultra–high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry
7.4. Gas chromatography Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
7.5. Two-dimensional gas chromatography mass spectrometry
7.6. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS)
7.7. Other analytical tools for oil sand environmental samples and crude oil forensics
7.8. Forensic study of NAFCs
7.9. Conclusions
8: Applications of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) in studying the source, transport, and fate of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment
Abstract
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC)
8.6. GC × GC insight to physical and chemical oil weathering
8.7. GC × GC for discovery
8.8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
9: Oil fingerprinting analysis using gas chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (GC–QTOF)
Abstract
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Principle of GC–QTOF
9.3. GC–QTOF in oil fingerprinting analysis
9.4. Forensic oil identification: a case study
9.5. Summary
Acknowledgment
10: Application of isotopic compositions in fugitive petroleum product identification and correlation
Abstract
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Isotopic compositions and their measurement
10.3. Bulk isotope ratios
10.4. Compound-specific isotope analysis
10.5. Other isotopes
10.6. Conclusions
11: Chemical fingerprinting of gasoline and distillate fuels
Abstract
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Chemical fingerprinting of gasoline and distillates
11.3. Sampling and handling considerations
11.4. Weathering of gasoline and distillates
11.5. Conclusions
12: Forensic fingerprinting of biodiesel and its blends with petroleum oil
Abstract
12.1. Introduction to biodiesel and biodiesel/petroleum oil blends
12.2. Introduction of biodiesel analysis techniques
12.3. Fingerprint analysis of biodiesel and its blends with petroleum oil
12.4. Case study of forensic identification of biodiesel and its blends
12.5. Weathering of biodiesel and its blends with petroleum oil
12.6. Summary
13: Chemical character of marine heavy fuel oils and lubricants
Abstract
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Heavy fuel oils
13.3. Lubricants
13.4. Conclusions
14: CEN methodology for oil spill identification
Abstract
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Intercalibrations
14.3. Objective and scope of the CEN methodology
14.4. Strategy for identifying the source of an oil spill
14.5. Visual characterization and preparation/cleanup of oil samples
14.6. Decision chart for identifying the source of spilled oil
14.7. Level 1 – GC/FID screening
14.8. Level 2 – GC/MS fingerprinting
14.9. Final evaluation and conclusions
14.10. The CEN methodology in practice: A case study
14.11. Summary
Acknowledgment
15: Development and application of online computerized oil spill identification – COSIWeb
Abstract
15.1. Introduction
15.2. History
15.3. Methodology
15.4. Database function
15.5. General findings
15.6. Administration of COSIWeb
16: A multivariate approach to oil hydrocarbon fingerprinting and spill source identification
Abstract
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Sample preparation and chemical analysis
16.3. Data preprocessing
16.4. Multivariate statistical data analysis
16.5. Data evaluation
16.6. Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
17: Advantages of quantitative chemical fingerprinting in oil spill identification and allocation of mixed hydrocarbon contaminants
Abstract
17.1. Introduction
17.2. Qualitative fingerprinting methods
17.3. Quantitative fingerprinting methods
17.4. Unraveling mixed-source oils using quantitative fingerprinting data
17.5. Summary
18: Statistical analysis of oil spill chemical composition data
Abstract
18.1. Background
18.2. Different chemical compounds for different investigations
18.3. Biomarkers
18.4. Univariate and bivariate approaches
18.5. Multivariate approaches
18.6. Summary
19: Biodegradation of oil hydrocarbons and its implications for source identification
Abstract
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Biochemistry of petroleum biodegradation
19.3. Subsurface biodegradation of petroleum
19.4. Factors limiting biodegradation
19.5. Microbial ecology of petroleum biodegradation
19.6. Conclusions: implications of biodegradation on identification
20: Photochemical effects on oil spill fingerprinting
Abstract
20.1. Introduction
20.2. Photochemical processes in the marine environment
20.3. Laboratory and field simulation tests
20.4. Photo-oxidation of oil hydrocarbons at sea
20.5. Effects of photo-oxidation on oil spill fingerprinting
20.6. Summary
21: Oil spill remote sensing: a forensics approach
Abstract
21.1. Introduction
21.2. Visible indications of oil
21.3. Optical sensors
21.4. Laser fluorosensors
21.5. Microwave sensors
21.6. Determination of slick thickness
21.7. Satellite remote sensing
21.8. Future trends
Recommendations
22: Water column sampling for forensics
Abstract
22.1. Why sample water?
22.2. Why is sampling oiled water uniquely so difficult?
22.3. Analytes of interest
22.4. Phase-partitioned components
22.5. Sampling depths of interest
22.6. Inherent sampling inaccuracies
22.7. Field quality control samples
22.8. Laboratory analysis
22.9. Forensic classification of water samples
22.10. Assessing oil phase patterns
22.11. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
23: Forensic trajectory modeling of marine oil spills
Abstract
23.1. Introduction
23.2. Forecasting and hindcasting oil spill movement
23.3. Oil spill transport
23.4. Evolution of an oil spill
23.5. Oil observations and the trajectory hindcast
23.6. Conclusions and challenges
Acknowledgments
24: Identification of hydrocarbons in biological samples for source determination
Abstract
24.1. Introduction
24.2. Determination of the route of hydrocarbon accumulation by biota
24.3. Biochemical indicators of PAH exposure in biota
24.4. Modes of toxic action of accumulated hydrocarbons
24.5. Case study: The Exxon Valdez oil spill
Index
No. of pages: 1142
Language: English
Published: February 3, 2016
Imprint: Academic Press
Hardback ISBN: 9780128096598
eBook ISBN: 9780128039021
SS
Scott Stout
Dr. Stout has more than 20 years of petroleum and coal industry experience. He specializes in chemical compositions of fuel-derived sources of contamination in terrestrial and marine environments, which includes crude oil, coal, gasoline and other substances. His research has been used for decision making by the United States Departments of Justice and Defense, and by the forest products, utility, railroad, wood treatment, maritime shipping, port operations, and oil and gas industries. Dr. Stout has authored or co-authored nearly 120 scientific papers and edited a textbook on the environmental forensics aspects of maritime oil spills.
Affiliations and expertise
NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice LLC, Rockland, MA
ZW
Zhendi Wang
Dr. Zhendi Wang is a senior research scientist and Head of Oil Spill Research of Environment Canada, working in the oil and toxic chemical spill research field. His specialties and research interests include: development of oil spill fingerprinting and tracing technology, environmental forensics of oil spill; oil properties, fate and behavior of oil and other hazardous organics in the environment; oil burn emission and products study; oil bioremediation; identification and characterization of oil hydrocarbons; and, spill treatment studies; applications of modern analytical techniques (such as GC, GC/MS, HPLC, LC/MS, SFE and SFC, and IC) to oil spill studies and other environmental science and technology.
Dr. Wang has continually and extensively led and been involved in various scientific projects, technology transfer, and national and international cooperative researches with the total funding over 3 million dollars. He has authored over 270 academic publications including 72 peer-reviewed articles and 4 invited reviews in the most respected journals in the environmental science and chemistry, and 8 books and book chapters. The productivity, excellence and achievements of Dr. Wang have established him as a national and international “leading authority on the topic”. He has won a number of national and international scientific honours and awards. Wang is also a member of America Chemical Society (ACS), the Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC), and the International Society of Environmental Forensics.
Affiliations and expertise
Senior Research Scientist and Head of Oil Spill Research, Emergencies, Science and Technology Division, Environment Canada