Spot Tests in Organic Analysis

ForewordChapter 1. Development, Present State and Prospects of Organic Spot Test AnalysisChapter 2. Preliminary (Exploratory) Tests General Remarks 1. Non-Chemical Proofs 2. Burning and Pyrolysis Tests 3. Examination of Ignition Residues Detection of Nonmetallic and Metallic Elements Bound Directly or Indirectly to Carbon 4. Carbon 5. Hydrogen 6. Halogens 7. Chlorine 8. Bromine 9. Iodine 10. Fluorine 11. Oxygen 12. Sulfur 13. Compounds with Groups Containing Sulfur and Oxygen 14. Selenium 15. Nitrogen 16. Compounds with Groups Containing Nitrogen and Oxygen 17. Sulfur and Nitrogen (Joint Detection) 18. Phosphorus 19. Arsenic 20. Antimony 21. Silicon 22. Mercury 23. Metals 24. Tests for Basic or Acidic Behavior 25. Detection of Occult Acidic Groups 26. Detection of Occult (Non-Basic) Amino Groups 27. Detection of Water-Soluble Salts of Organic Bases and Alkali Salts of Organic Acids 28. Detection of Water-Soluble Salts of Sulfonic and Sulfinic Acids 29. Detection of Water-Insoluble Bases and Acids 30. Detection of Compounds which React with Acids 31. Orientation Tests Based on Redox Reactions 32. The Le Rosen Test for Aromatic Compounds 33. Sulfonation Test for Aromatics 34. Pyrolysis Tests for Aromatic Compounds Containing Oxygen 35. Ehrlich Diazo Test for Compounds Capable of Coupling 36. Colmant Chloranil Test 37. Fuming-Off Test with Concentrated Nitric Acid 38. Fusion Test with Benzoin 39. Sinter Test with Mercuric Cyanide 40. Detection of Compounds which Split Off Water or Ammonia when Heated to 190° 41. Detection of Compounds which Yield Ammonia when Pyrolyzed 42. Detection of Compounds which Yield Ammonia when Heated with Caustic Alkali and Devarda Alloy 43. Detection of Compounds which Split Off Water when Heated to 180° 44. Detection of Compounds Containing Reactive >CH2 and - NH2 Groups 45. Solubility TestsChapter 3. Detection of Characteristic Functional Groups in Organic Compounds General Remarks A. Groups Containing Carbon and Hydrogen 1. O- and N-Meihyl Compounds (-OCH3 and >NCH3 Groups) 2. Ethylene Derivatives (-CH2-CH2- Group) 3. Vinyl Compounds (-CH=CH2 Group) 4. Propenyl Compounds (-CH=CH-CH3 Group) 5. Allyl Compounds (>C-CH=C< Group) 6. Benzal Compounds (C6H5CH= Group) B. Organic Halogen Compounds 7. Primary Halogenoalkyls (-CH2Hal Group) 8. Polyhalogen Compounds (-CHal3 and -CHHal2 Groups) 9. Organic Iodine Compounds C. Oxygen Compounds (Organic Derivatives of Water) 10. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols 11. Primary and Secondary Alcohols 12. Secondary Alcohols 13. Enols 14. Phenols 15. Ethers (R-O-R Group) 16. Ethoxy Compounds (-OC2H5 Group) 17. Alkyl Phenyl Ethers 18. Carbonyl Compounds (>CO Group) 19. Aromatic and α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds 20. Aldehydes (-CHO Group) 21. Aromatic Aldehydes 22. Aromatic and α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes 23. Aliphatic Ketones (-CH2-CO- Group) 24. Methyl Ketones (CH3-CO- Group) 25. Acetonyl Compounds (CH3-CO-CH2- Group) 26. Carboxylic Acids (-COOH Group) 27. Aliphatic and Aromatic Polycarboxylic Acids and Aralkyl Monocarboxylic Acids 28. Esters of Carboxylic Acids (-COO(R, Ar) Group) 29. Alkyl Esters of Carboxylic Acids (-COOR Group) 30. Phenyl Esters of Carboxylic Acids (-COOAr Group) 31. Alkyl and Aryl Acetates (CH3-COO- Group) 32. Anhydrides and Imides of Carboxylic Acids (-CO-(O,NH)-CO- Group) 33. Carboxylic Acid Chlorides (-COCl Group) D. Sulfur and Selenium Compounds 34. Thioketones and Thiols ( >CS and >CSH Groups) 35. Thiols (-SH Group) 36. Disulfides (-S-S- Group) 37. Xanthates (ROCSS-Group) 38. Aromatic Sulfinic Acids (ArSO2H Group) 39. Sulfones (>SO2 Group) 40. Aryl- and Aralkyl Sulfones 41. Sulfonic Acids (-SO3H Group) 42. Aliphatic Sulfonic Acids (R-SO3H Group) 43. Aromatic Sulfonic Acids (Ar-SO3H Group) 44. Esters and N-Organylamides of Sulfuric Acid 45. Sulfoxylate Compounds (-CH2-O-SONa Group) 46. Diselenides (-Se-Se- Group) 47. Seleninic Acids (-SeO2H Group) E. Nitrogen Compounds 48. Primary, Secondary and Methyl-Bearing Tertiary Alkyl-, Aryl- and Acyl Amines 49. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines 50. Primary and Secondary Amines 51. Primary and Secondary Alkylamines 52. Primary and Secondary Arylamines and Secondary Vinylamines 53. Salts of Primary Amines 54. Aromatic Primary Amines 55. Secondary Amines 56. Aliphatic Secondary Amines 57. Tertiary Amines 58. Ethyl Amines (>NC2H5 Group) 59. Dialkylarylamines (Ar-NRR Group) 60. Amides of Carboxylic and Sulfonic Acids 61. Amides and Imides of Carboxylic Acids (-CO-NH- Group) 62. Amides of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids (R-CONH2 Group) 63. N-Arylamides (RCONHAr Group) 64. Anilides of Carboxylic Acids ((R,Ar)CONHC6H5 G r o u p ) 65. Anilides of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids (RCONH-C5H6 Group) 66. Amidines (-C=NH-NH2 Group) 67. Guanidino Compounds (HN= C-NH-NH2 Group) 68. Nitriles (Cyanides) (-C≡N Group) 69. Aliphatic Nitriles (R-C≡N Group) 70. Compounds with -C≡N and >C=N- Groups 71. N-Cyano Compounds (>N-CN Group) 72. Hydrazine Compounds 73. Alkyl-, Aryl- and Acyl-Hydrazines (>N-NH2 Group) 74. Mono and Asym-di-Arylhydrazines (AR,R,H)AR>-N-NH2 Group) 75. Monoarylhydrazines (Ar-NHNH2 Group) 76. Monoarylhydrazones (>C=NNHAr Group) 77. Phenylhydrazones 78. Hydrazides of Carboxylic Acids (-CO-NHNH2 Group) 79. Acylphenylhydrazides (-CO-NH-NH-C6H5 Group) 80. Aldehyde Hydrazones (-CH=N-NH- Group) 81. Hydrazo Compounds (-NH-NH- Group) 82. Azo Compounds (-N=N- Group) 83. Azoxy Compounds (-N=+NN-NO Group) 90. Aliphatic Nitrosamines 91. Nitro Compounds (-NO2 Group) 92. Primary Aliphatic Nitro Compounds (R-CH2-NO2 Group) 93. Aromatic Nitro Compounds 94. Aromatic Polynitro Compounds 95. Nitrates, Nitrites, Nitroamines and Nitrosamines (-ONO2, -ΟΝΟ, >NNO2, and >NNO Groups) 96. Esters and Amides of Nitric Acid (-ONO2, and >N-NO2, Groups) 97. Thiocyanates (-SCN Group) 98. Amides of Thiocarboxylic Acids (-CSNH4, Group) 99. Dithiocarbamates (-SCS-NC< Group) 100. Sulfamic Acids (-NHSO2H Group) 101. Arylsulfohydroxamic Acids 102. N-Halosulfonamides (-SO2NHHal Group) F. Organic Compounds of P, As, Sb, Bi, and Hg 103. Triphenylphosphine, -Arsine, -Stibine, or -Bismuthine 104. Arsonic Acids (-AsO(OH)2 Group) 105. Stibonic Acids (-SbO(OH)2 Group) 106. Arylmercuric Salts (Ar-HgX Group) 107. Mercury Diaryls (Ar2Hg Group) 108. Alkyl Esters of Non-Carboxylie Acids 109. Methyl Esters of Non-Carboxy Lie AcidsChapter 4. Detection of Structures and Certain Types of Organic Compounds General Remarks 1. Vicinal Polyalcohols (>C(OH)-(HO)C< Type) 2. 7-Dehydrosterols 3. Phenoxy Compounds (C6H5O- Type) 4. Polyhydroxybenzenes (C6H6-n(OH)n Type) 5. m-Dihydroxybenzene Derivatives 6. m-Dihydroxyaryl Compounds (m-Ar(OH)2 Type) 7. Vic-Trihydroxyaryls 8. p-Hydroxy- and p-Alkoxy-Benzene Derivatives 9. Methylene Ethers of o-Diphenols 10. 1,2-Dioxo Compounds (-CO-CO- Type) 11. Aliphatic 1,2-Dioxo Compounds (R-CO-CO-R Type) 12. Aromatic 1,2-Dioxo Compounds and o-Quinones (Ar-CO-CO-Ar Type) 13. 1,2-Dioxo Compounds and Quinones 14. Quinones 15. o-Quinones 16. Naphthoquinones 17. p-Naphthoquinones 18. Anthraquinones 19. Carbohydrates 20. Reducing Sugars 21. Hexoses 22. Ketohexoses 23. o-Hydroxyaryl Carbonyl Compounds 24. o-Hydroxyarylaldehydes 25. p-Hydroxyarylaldehydes 26. p-Hydroxy- and p-Alkoxyaldehydes 27. Arylvinyl- and p-Hydroxy-(Alkoxy-)Aryl-Aldehydes 28. Polyhydroxyanthraquinones 29. Acyloins (Ar-CHOH-CO-Ar Type) 30. 5-Hydroxyflavonols 31. 1,2-Dicarboxylic Acids (C-COOH—C-COOH Type) 32. α-Halogenofatty Acids (-CHHalCOOH Type) 33. Uronic Acids 34. Salicylic Acid Derivatives 35. Phenoxyacetic Acids (Ar-O-CH2-COOH Type) 36. Phenol- and α-Naphthol-Sulfonic Acids 37. Naphthalenesulfonic Acids 38. Anthraquinonesulfonic Acids 39. N-Alkylanilines 40. N.N-Dialkylanilines 41. Diphenylamine and Derivatives 42. Halogenated Anilines 43. β-Hydroxyethylamines (>N-CH2-CH2-OH Type) 44. Amino Acids 45. Aliphatic Aminocarboxylic and -Sulfonic Acids 46. Aliphatic Aminocarboxylic Acids 47. α-Aminocarboxylic Acids (-CH-COOH-NH3 Type) 48. Proteins 49. Aniline- and Phenolsulfonic Acids 50. Aniline Derivatives Containing Strongly Acidic Groups in the Paraposition 51. Anilinearsonic and Anilinestibonic Acids 52. o- and Peri- Hydroxyarylamines 53. Aromatic Tertiary N-Ring Bases 54. Aromatic Heterocyclic Ring Bases 55. Pyrrole Derivatives 56. Indole Derivatives 57. Carbazole Derivatives 58. Pyridine Derivatives 59. Pyridine-Aldehydes 60. α-Carboxylic Acids of Aromatic Heterocyclic Bases 61. 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Derivatives 62. Urea and Derivatives (OC