Spinal Interneurons
Plasticity after Spinal Cord Injury
- 1st Edition - November 29, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Lyandysha Viktorovna Zholudeva, Michael Aron Lane
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 6 0 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 6 1 - 0
The spinal cord is comprised of four types of neurons: motor neurons, pre-ganglionic neurons, ascending projection neurons, and spinal interneurons. Interneurons are neurons th… Read more
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Request a sales quoteThe spinal cord is comprised of four types of neurons: motor neurons, pre-ganglionic neurons, ascending projection neurons, and spinal interneurons. Interneurons are neurons that process information within local circuits, and have an incredible ability for neuroplasticity, whether due to persistent activity, neural injury, or in response to disease. Although, by definition, their axons are restricted to the same structure as the soma (in this case the spinal cord), spinal interneurons are capable of sprouting and rewiring entire neural circuits, and contribute to some restoration of disrupted neural communication after injury to the spinal cord (i.e., “bypassing” the lesion site).
Spinal Interneurons provides a focused overview of how scientists classify interneurons in general, the techniques used to identify subsets of interneurons, their roles in specific neural circuits, and the scientific evidence for their neuroplasticity. Understanding the capacity for neuroplasticity and identity of specific spinal interneurons that are optimal for recovery, may help determine cellular candidates for developing therapies.
Spinal Interneurons provides neuroscientists, clinicians, and trainees a reference book exclusively concentrating on spinal interneurons, the techniques and experiments employed to identify and study these cells as part of normal and compromised neural circuits, and highlights the therapeutic potential of these cells by presenting the relevant pre-clinical and clinical work to date. People in industry will also benefit from this book, which compiles the latest in therapeutic strategies for targeting spinal interneurons, what considerations there are for the development and use of treatments, and how such treatments can not only be translated to the clinic, but how existing treatments should be appropriately reverse-translated to the bench.
- Comprehensive overview of techniques used to identify, characterize, and classify spinal interneurons and their role in neural circuits
- Description of the role that spinal interneurons play in mediating plasticity after compromise to spinal neural networks
- In-depth discussion of therapeutic potential of spinal interneurons for spinal cord injury and/or disease
Neuroscientists, clinicians, and trainees with an interest in the spinal cord
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication to Marion Murray (1937–2018): a leader in spinal cord injury research and a pioneer in advancing CNS plasticity
- List of contributors
- Preface
- Section I. Spinal interneurons — motor and sensory neuronal networks
- Chapter 1. The neuronal cell types of the spinal cord
- Introduction
- History of research on spinal cord neurons
- Classification systems for spinal cord interneuron cell types
- The dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord
- The ventral horn neurons of the spinal cord
- Future directions for understanding spinal cord neuron types
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 2. Identified interneurons contributing to locomotion in mammals
- Introduction
- Organization of spinal locomotor interneurons
- Spinal interneurons with locomotor functions
- Transcription factor code to identify interneuron populations
- Interneurons in a locomotor framework
- Plasticity of interneurons following spinal cord injury
- Future perspectives
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 3. Decoding touch: peripheral and spinal processing
- Introduction
- Part I: detecting touch
- What do cutaneous sensory neurons look like?
- The incredible heterogeneity of somatosensory neurons
- A quick sense of touch: Aβ fibers
- Touch encoding by skin sensory neurons: an integrative view
- Part II: processing touch information in the spinal cord
- Touching the spinal cord: LTMR inputs to the dorsal horn
- The middlemen: neurons of the dorsal horn
- Interneurons: more than a relay station
- Projection neurons: sending a message to the brain
- The spinal circuits of touch
- Interneurons involved in touch perception
- Projection neurons involved in touch perception
- LTMR circuits, what do they do?
- Touch influences the way we move and recover from spinal cord injury
- Cutaneous input modulates motor output
- Interneurons involved in touch-motor circuits
- Touch and motor recovery
- Future challenges and direction in unraveling spinal LTMR circuits
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 4. Spinal interneurons and pain: identity and functional organization of dorsal horn neurons in acute and persistent pain
- Introduction
- Molecular organization of the dorsal horn
- Lamina I
- Lamina II
- Laminae III–IV
- Acute pain signaling
- Spinal projection neurons in acute pain
- Lamina I projection neurons
- Laminae III–V projection neuron
- Spinal interneurons
- Laminae I–II interneurons
- Laminae III–V interneurons
- Spinal mechanisms of chronic pain
- Superficial SDH interneuron subpopulations and chronic pain
- Lamina II interneurons and chronic pain
- Somatostatin lineage interneurons
- Dynorphin interneurons
- Protein kinase C gamma interneurons
- Calretinin interneurons
- Laminae III–IV interneurons and chronic pain
- Neuropeptide Y interneurons
- Parvalbumin interneurons
- Transient VGLUT3 interneurons
- Cholecystokinin interneurons
- Early receptor tyrosine kinase interneurons
- Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 5. Cholinergic spinal interneurons
- Introduction
- Conclusions
- List of abbreviations
- Chapter 6. Spinal interneurons, motor synergies, and modularity
- Introduction
- The comparative neuroethology and evolutionary perspective on synergy
- Neuromechanics perspectives on motor synergies
- Neuroengineering with spinal interneuron systems
- Discussion and conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Section II. Spinal interneurons — a role in injury and disease
- Chapter 7. Propriospinal neurons as relay pathways from brain to spinal cord
- Introduction
- Direct and indirect pathways from the brain to spinal cord motor neurons
- Spinal interneurons propagate locomotor commands from supraspinal locomotor regions
- Dormant relay pathways after SCI: formation of maladaptive plasticity in injured spinal cord
- Therapeutic strategies for SCI: utilizing spinal interneurons
- Concluding remarks
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 8. Changes in motor outputs after spinal cord injury
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of motor outputs following injury
- Concluding remarks
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 9. Spinal interneurons and breathing
- Introduction
- Spinal interneurons integrated into respiratory networks
- Spinal respiratory networks
- Phrenic motor circuit
- Intercostal motor circuitry
- Abdominal motor circuitry
- SpINs and their role in neuroplasticity
- Respiratory SpINs following spinal cord injury
- Respiratory SpINs and degenerative disease
- Future perspectives
- List of abbreviations
- Chapter 10. Spinal interneuronal control of the lower urinary tract
- Introduction
- Spinal interneurons and micturition
- Distribution of spinal interneurons involved in micturition reflex circuitry
- Role of spinal interneurons in micturition function
- Plasticity of spinal interneurons following SCI
- Targeting interneurons for LUT therapeutics
- Concluding remarks
- Abbreviations
- Conflicts of interest
- Chapter 11. Spinal interneurons and autonomic dysreflexia after injury
- Introduction—characteristics of spinal cord interneurons
- Properties of interneurons related to autonomic function
- Role of interneurons in autonomic dysfunction after spinal cord injury
- Autonomic interneuronal plasticity in relation to autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 12. Human spinal networks: motor control, autonomic regulation, and somatic-visceral neuromodulation
- Introduction
- The discovery of complex human spinal cord circuitry
- The role of sensory processing in control of human locomotion
- Neuromodulation for motor control
- Translation to therapeutics and future directions
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 13. Spinal interneurons post-injury: emergence of a different perspective on spinal cord injury
- Introduction
- Role of spinal networks in coordinating movements
- Progress in spinal stimulation facilitating recovery of locomotor function
- Mechanisms of recovery of locomotor function
- Dynamics of spinal networks
- Chapter 14. A “Unified Theory” of spinal interneurons and activity-based rehabilitation after spinal cord injury
- Introduction
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 15. Spinal interneurons and cell transplantation
- Introduction
- Neural transplantation: lessons learned from preclinical models
- Differentiation and transplantation of human spinal cord neurons
- Conclusion: the future of clinical transplantation approaches for SCI
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 16. Spinal interneurons and cellular engineering
- Introduction
- Delivery of genetic material
- Genomic integration methods
- Conditional gene expression
- Neuromodulation through optogenetic, sonogenetic, or chemogenetic means
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 29, 2022
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 474
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128192603
- eBook ISBN: 9780128192610
LZ
Lyandysha Viktorovna Zholudeva
Dr. Lyandysha (Lana) Zholudeva is currently a Scientist at the Gladstone Institutes. Having a broad research experience beginning as an undergraduate in non-invasive imaging techniques for quantifying cellular metabolism (Creighton University), to completing her doctoral work in spinal cord injury, plasticity and repair (Drexel University College of Medicine), has contributed to a drive for translational science. Her current work is focused on engineering human spinal interneurons for spinal cord repair and disease modeling. Her ongoing research, which is supported by government funding, private foundations and philanthropic investments, has led to several patents for her discoveries.
Affiliations and expertise
Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USAML
Michael Aron Lane
Dr. Michael Aron Lane is an Associate Professor in the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy at the Drexel University College of Medicine. He is a Primary Investigator in the Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, where his research team is investigating the neuroplastic potential after spinal cord injury, and developing strategies to promote repair and recovery (e.g., activity-based therapies, neuromodulation and cellular transplantation). He is committed to maintaining a translational focus to his pre-clinical research and retains close ties with scientists, engineers, clinical professionals and people living with spinal cord injury. He is also deeply invested in the training of future scientists having served in multiple external workshops and courses on spinal cord injury, serving as co-director of a Neuroscience Summer Camp for High School students, and Co-Director of a graduate training program for spinal cord injury research funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Affiliations and expertise
Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Philadelphia, PA, USARead Spinal Interneurons on ScienceDirect