Spectroscopic Measurement
An Introduction to the Fundamentals
- 2nd Edition - January 12, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Author: Mark A. Linne
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 4 7 4 - 4
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 4 7 5 - 1
Spectroscopic Measurement: An Introduction to the Fundamentals, Second Edition contains the foundational topics associated with optical spectroscopic techniques, covering the ba… Read more
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Spectroscopic Measurement: An Introduction to the Fundamentals, Second Edition contains the foundational topics associated with optical spectroscopic techniques, covering the basic theory of applied spectroscopy and presenting alternative approaches to understand physical processes. Electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, molecular spectroscopy, optics, and radiation form the foundations of the field are all thoroughly covered. On top of these rest the techniques applying the fundamentals, including Emission Spectroscopy, Laser Induced Fluorescence, and Raman Spectroscopy. This comprehensive and fully updated second edition includes additional coaching and covers new material online broadening, nonlinear techniques such as coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy, and more.
Researchers not formally trained in these topics, but who apply spectroscopy in their work, will appreciate the detail contained in this book to ensure accuracy of their technique and/or to develop more sophisticated measurements.
Researchers not formally trained in these topics, but who apply spectroscopy in their work, will appreciate the detail contained in this book to ensure accuracy of their technique and/or to develop more sophisticated measurements.
- Presents measurement techniques in a concise treatment that other available literature lacks to explain
- Provides the audience with engineering analogues written by an engineer to explain basic physics to engineers
- Includes many new and useful graphics in the margins and boxes with supplementary material to immensely facilitate learning
Engineers (grad students, postdocs, faculty, researchers) and Analytical Chemists needing to understand the fundamentals of spectroscopy; PhD-level graduate courses. Physical chemists, atmospheric scientists, industrial researchers, etc. in the areas of combustion as well as many other areas such as CVD reactors, oxidation reactors, plasmas, chemical processing, supercritical processing, fine powder generation, exhaled human breath etc.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Spectroscopic Techniques
1.2 Overview of the Book
1.3 How to Use This Book
1.4 Concluding Remarks and Warnings
2 A BRIEF REVIEW OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Maxwellian Velocity Distribution
2.3 The Boltzmann Energy Distribution
2.4 Molecular Energy Distributions
2.5 Conclusions
3 THE EQUATION OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Some Definitions
3.2.1 Geometric Terms
3.2.2 Spectral Terms
3.2.3 Relationship to Simple Laboratory Measurements
3.3 Development of the ERT
3.4 Implications of the ERT
3.5 Photon Statistics
3.6 Conclusions
4 OPTICAL ELECTROMAGNETICS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Maxwell's Equations in Vacuum
4.3 Basic Conclusions from Maxwell's Equations
4.4 Material Interactions
4.5 Brief Mention of Nonlinear Effects
4.6 Irradiance
4.7 Conclusions
5 THE LORENTZ ATOM
5.1 Classical Dipole Oscillator
5.2 Wave Propagation Through Transmitting Media
5.3 Dipole Emission
5.3.1 Dipole Emission Formalism
5.3.2 Dipole Radiation Patterns
5.4 Conclusions
6 CLASSICAL HAMILTONIAN DYNAMICS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Hamiltonian Dynamics
6.3 Hamiltonian Dynamics and the Lorentz Atom
6.4 Conclusions
7 AN INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Perspective
7.3 Additional Components of Quantum Mechanics
7.4 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
7.5 Conclusions
8 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The One-Electron Atom
8.2.1 Definition of 𝑉𝑉
8.2.2 Approach to the Schrödinger Equation
8.2.3 Introduction to Selection Rules and Notation
8.2.4 Magnetic Moment
8.2.5 Selection Rules, Degeneracy, and Notation
8.3 Multi-Electron Atoms
8.3.1 Approximation Methods
8.3.2 The Pauli Principle and Spin
8.3.3 The Periodic Table
8.3.4 Angular Momentum Coupling
8.3.5 Selection Rules, Degeneracy, and Notation
8.4 Conclusion
9 MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Diatomic Molecules
9.2.1 Approach to the Schrödinger Equation
9.2.2 Rotation-Vibration Spectra and Corrections to Simple Models
9.2.3 A Review of Ro-Vibrational Molecular Selection Rules
9.2.4 Electronic Transitions
9.2.5 Electronic Spectroscopy
9.2.6 Selection Rules, Degeneracy, and Notation
9.3 Polyatomic Molecules
9.3.1 Symmetry and Point Groups
9.3.2 Rotation of Polyatomic Molecules
9.3.3 Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules
9.3.4 Electronic Structure
9.4 Conclusions
10 RESONANCE RESPONSE
10.1 Einstein Coeffcients
10.1.1 Franck-Condon and Hönl-London factors
10.2 Oscillator Strengths
10.3 Absorption Cross-sections
10.4 Band Oscillator Strengths
10.5 Conclusions
11 LINE BROADENING
11.1 Introduction
11.2 A Spectral Formalism
11.3 General Description of Optical Spectra
11.4 Homogeneous Broadening
11.5 Inhomogeneous Broadening
11.6 Combined Mechanisms: the Voigt Profile
11.7 A More Exact Spectral Formalism
11.8 Models for pressure broadening
11.8.1 The Modified Exponential Gap model
11.8.2 The Energy Corrected Sudden model
11.9 Line Mixing and the G-equation
11.10 Conclusions
12 POLARIZATION
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polarization of the Resonance Response
12.3 Absorption and Polarization
12.4 Polarized Radiant Emission
12.5 Photons and Polarization
12.6 Conclusions
13 RAYLEIGH AND RAMAN SCATTERING
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polarizability
13.3 Classical Molecular Scattering
13.4 Rayleigh Scattering
13.5 Raman Scattering
13.5.1 Placzek-Teller theory
13.5.2 Vibrational Raman scattering
13.5.3 Rotational Raman scattering
13.5.4 Raman Flowfield Measurements
13.6 Conclusions
14 THE DENSITY MATRIX EQUATIONS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Development of the DME
14.3 Interaction with an Electromagnetic Field
14.4 Multiple Levels and Polarization in the DME
14.5 Two-level DME in the Steady-state Limit
14.6 Conclusions
15 COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics and CARS
15.3 Phase Matching
15.4 Spectral Treatment for PCARS
15.4.1 The Linear Susceptibility
15.4.2 The Second-Order Terms
15.4.3 The Third-Order Susceptibility
15.5 Time Domain Treatment for PCARS
15.6 An example: fs/ps rotational CARS
15.7 Perspectives
15.8 Conclusions
APPENDICES
A Units
B Constants
1.1 Spectroscopic Techniques
1.2 Overview of the Book
1.3 How to Use This Book
1.4 Concluding Remarks and Warnings
2 A BRIEF REVIEW OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Maxwellian Velocity Distribution
2.3 The Boltzmann Energy Distribution
2.4 Molecular Energy Distributions
2.5 Conclusions
3 THE EQUATION OF RADIATIVE TRANSFER
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Some Definitions
3.2.1 Geometric Terms
3.2.2 Spectral Terms
3.2.3 Relationship to Simple Laboratory Measurements
3.3 Development of the ERT
3.4 Implications of the ERT
3.5 Photon Statistics
3.6 Conclusions
4 OPTICAL ELECTROMAGNETICS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Maxwell's Equations in Vacuum
4.3 Basic Conclusions from Maxwell's Equations
4.4 Material Interactions
4.5 Brief Mention of Nonlinear Effects
4.6 Irradiance
4.7 Conclusions
5 THE LORENTZ ATOM
5.1 Classical Dipole Oscillator
5.2 Wave Propagation Through Transmitting Media
5.3 Dipole Emission
5.3.1 Dipole Emission Formalism
5.3.2 Dipole Radiation Patterns
5.4 Conclusions
6 CLASSICAL HAMILTONIAN DYNAMICS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Hamiltonian Dynamics
6.3 Hamiltonian Dynamics and the Lorentz Atom
6.4 Conclusions
7 AN INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICS
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Perspective
7.3 Additional Components of Quantum Mechanics
7.4 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics
7.5 Conclusions
8 ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The One-Electron Atom
8.2.1 Definition of 𝑉𝑉
8.2.2 Approach to the Schrödinger Equation
8.2.3 Introduction to Selection Rules and Notation
8.2.4 Magnetic Moment
8.2.5 Selection Rules, Degeneracy, and Notation
8.3 Multi-Electron Atoms
8.3.1 Approximation Methods
8.3.2 The Pauli Principle and Spin
8.3.3 The Periodic Table
8.3.4 Angular Momentum Coupling
8.3.5 Selection Rules, Degeneracy, and Notation
8.4 Conclusion
9 MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Diatomic Molecules
9.2.1 Approach to the Schrödinger Equation
9.2.2 Rotation-Vibration Spectra and Corrections to Simple Models
9.2.3 A Review of Ro-Vibrational Molecular Selection Rules
9.2.4 Electronic Transitions
9.2.5 Electronic Spectroscopy
9.2.6 Selection Rules, Degeneracy, and Notation
9.3 Polyatomic Molecules
9.3.1 Symmetry and Point Groups
9.3.2 Rotation of Polyatomic Molecules
9.3.3 Vibrations of Polyatomic Molecules
9.3.4 Electronic Structure
9.4 Conclusions
10 RESONANCE RESPONSE
10.1 Einstein Coeffcients
10.1.1 Franck-Condon and Hönl-London factors
10.2 Oscillator Strengths
10.3 Absorption Cross-sections
10.4 Band Oscillator Strengths
10.5 Conclusions
11 LINE BROADENING
11.1 Introduction
11.2 A Spectral Formalism
11.3 General Description of Optical Spectra
11.4 Homogeneous Broadening
11.5 Inhomogeneous Broadening
11.6 Combined Mechanisms: the Voigt Profile
11.7 A More Exact Spectral Formalism
11.8 Models for pressure broadening
11.8.1 The Modified Exponential Gap model
11.8.2 The Energy Corrected Sudden model
11.9 Line Mixing and the G-equation
11.10 Conclusions
12 POLARIZATION
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Polarization of the Resonance Response
12.3 Absorption and Polarization
12.4 Polarized Radiant Emission
12.5 Photons and Polarization
12.6 Conclusions
13 RAYLEIGH AND RAMAN SCATTERING
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polarizability
13.3 Classical Molecular Scattering
13.4 Rayleigh Scattering
13.5 Raman Scattering
13.5.1 Placzek-Teller theory
13.5.2 Vibrational Raman scattering
13.5.3 Rotational Raman scattering
13.5.4 Raman Flowfield Measurements
13.6 Conclusions
14 THE DENSITY MATRIX EQUATIONS
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Development of the DME
14.3 Interaction with an Electromagnetic Field
14.4 Multiple Levels and Polarization in the DME
14.5 Two-level DME in the Steady-state Limit
14.6 Conclusions
15 COHERENT ANTI-STOKES RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Introduction to Nonlinear Optics and CARS
15.3 Phase Matching
15.4 Spectral Treatment for PCARS
15.4.1 The Linear Susceptibility
15.4.2 The Second-Order Terms
15.4.3 The Third-Order Susceptibility
15.5 Time Domain Treatment for PCARS
15.6 An example: fs/ps rotational CARS
15.7 Perspectives
15.8 Conclusions
APPENDICES
A Units
B Constants
- Edition: 2
- Published: January 12, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Language: English
ML
Mark A. Linne
Professor Mark Linne earned a Mechanical Engineering PhD at Stanford University in 1985 and as part of his thesis work he developed fiberoptic probes for laser-based absorption and fluorescence measurements of reactive species inside enclosed combustion reactors. He has been developing and using laser diagnostics for combustion, the atmosphere, and for electrochemistry ever since. He worked for 5 years as a laser development scientist at Spectra-Physics, the world’s largest manufacturer of scientific lasers.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Combustion Engines, University of Edinburgh, UKRead Spectroscopic Measurement on ScienceDirect