Sources, Fields, Measurements, and Applications

Contents

List of Contributors

Preface

Contents of Other Volumes


17. x Rays and Teleisotope ɤ Rays

I. Production of χ and ɤ Rays

II. Penetration and Scattering of Radiation

III. Spectral Distributions of Radiation

References


18. Distributed Radionuclide Sources

I. Introduction

II. General Aspects of Distributed Radionuclide Dose Calculation

III. The Formalism for Distributed Radionuclide Dose Calculation

IV. Application of the Formalism to Specific Models and Radionuclides

References


19. Electron Beams

I. Electron Beam Sources

II. Electron Energy Calibration

III. Dose Measurement

IV. Intensity Measurement and Monitoring

V. Theoretical Derivation of Electron Beam Parameters

VI. Measurement of Electron Beam Penetration

VII. Medical Application

References


20. Heavy Charged-Particle Beams

I. Introduction

II. Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter

III. Detectors of Heavy Charged Particles

IV. Measurement of Heavy Charged-Particle Beams

V. Techniques of Exposure

References


21. Reactor Neutron Dosimetry in Irradiation of Materials

I. Introduction

II. Reactor Neutron Radiation Characteristics

III. Characteristics of Radioactivation Detectors

IV. Methods of Determining Neutron Spectra Using Radioactivation Threshold Detectors

V. Influence of Reactor Neutron Spectrum on Radiation Effects in Metals

References


22. Dosimetry of Neutrons and Mixed n + ɤ fields

I. Introduction

II. Dosimetric Techniques

III. Environmental Measurements of Radiation Fields from Typical Neutron Sources

References


23. Neutrons From Accelerators and Radioactive Sources

I. Introduction

II. General Characteristics of Neutron Radiation Fields

III. Neutron Sources

IV. Background Radiations

V. Standards for Making Flux Density Measurements

References


24. Initial and Residual Ionizing Radiations from Nuclear Weapons

I. Introduction

II. Basic Physical Processes and Phenomena in Weapon Detonations

III. Ionizing Radiations

IV. Concluding Remarks

References


25. Natural and Man-Made Background Radiation

I. Introduction

II. Nature and Intensity of Background Radiation

III. Interpretation of Numerical Values of Background Radiation

IV. Measurement of Background Radiation

References


26. Dosimetry of Radiation in Space Flight

I. Introduction

II. Physical and Radiobiological Factors in Space Dosimetry

III. Experience on Space Missions

References


27. Ultrahigh-Energy Radiation and Uncommon Types of Particles

I. Introduction

II. Sources of Ultrahigh-Energy Radiation

III. Biophysics of Ultrahigh-Energy Radiation

IV. Description of Radiation Fields from Ultrahigh-Energy Machines

V. Ultrahigh-Energy Dosimetry with Ionization Chambers

VI. Counters, Foils, and Threshold Detectors

VII. Depth-Dose Measurements

VIII. Personnel Monitoring

References


28. Radiation Protection Dosimetry

I. Introduction

II. Development of Radiation Protection Standards

III. Present Values of Radiation Protection Standards

IV. Dosimetry of External Radiation

V. Dosimetry of Internal Radiation

VI. Dosimetry for the Protection of the Population

References


29. Radiobiological Dosimetry

I. Physical Aspects of Radiobiology

II. Practical Aspects of Absorbed Dose Specification

References


30. Use of x and ɤ Rays in Radiotherapy

I. Interactions of Radiation with a Scattering Medium

II. Dose Calculations in Radiotherapy

III. Integral Dose in Radiotherapy

IV. Effects of Body Inhomogeneities on Dose Calculations

References


31. Dosimetry in Implant Therapy

I. Introduction

II. Physical Properties of Radium

III. Physical Properties of Other Radioactive Isotopes

IV. Sources for Intracavitary and Interstitial Therapy

V. Intracavitary Therapy

VI. External Applicators

VII. Interstitial Therapy

VIII. Anticipated Developments in Interstitial and Intracavitary Therapy

References


32. Transition-Zone Dosimetry

I. Introduction

II. Biological Features of Transition Zones in the Human Body

III. Energy Absorption and Secondary Electron Release in Tissues

JV. Calculations of Dose in Transition Zones

V. Determination of Dose in Trabecular Bone

VI. Experimental Investigations of Dose in Transition Zones

VII. Particular Applications of Transition-Zone Dosimetry

References


33. Dosimetry in Industrial Processing

I. Introduction

II. Dosimetry at Electron Accelerator Plants

III. Dosimetry in C60ɤ-Ray Facilities

References

Appendix : Useful Physical Constants and Conversion Factors

Author Index

Subject Index