Solid–Liquid Separation

1. Introduction to Solid-Liquid Separation


1.1. Solid-Liquid Separation Processes


2. Characterization of Particles Suspended in Liquids


2.1. Introduction, the Reasons for Particle Characterization


2.2. Definitions of Particle Size


2.3. Types of Particle Size Distribution


2.4. Measures of Central Tendency


2.5. Presentation of Data


2.6. Sampling


2.7. Laboratory Measurement of Particle Size


2.8. On-Line Measurement Techniques

References


3. Efficiency of Separation of Particles from Fluids


3.1. Introduction


3.2. Basic Definitions and Mass Balance Equations


3.3. Basic Relationships Between ET, G(X) and the Particle Size Distributions of the Products


3.4. Modifications of Efficiency Definitions for Applications with an Appreciable Underflow-to-Throughput Ratio

Appendix 3.1. Errors in the Measurement of the Total Efficiency

Appendix 3.2. Errors in the Measurement of the Grade Efficiency

References


4. Coagulation and Flocculation


4.1. Introduction


4.2. The Colloidal Model


4.3. Electrokinetic Phenomena and the Zeta Potential


4.4 Practical Applications of the Zeta Potential


4.5 Flocculation by Polyelectrolytes


4.6. Other Considerations

References


5. Gravity Thickening

Nomenclature


5.1. Introduction


5.2. The Sedimentation Concept


5.3. Factors Affecting Sedimentation


5.4. Thickeners as Unit Processes

Appendix 5.1

References


6. Hydrocyclones


6.1. Introduction and Description


6.2. Liquid Flow Patterns


6.3. Motion of Suspended Particles


6.4. Prediction of Hydrocyclone Efficiency


6.5. Pressure Drop


6.6. Design Variables Affecting Performance


6.7. Design of a Hydrocyclone Installation


6.8. Multiple Hydrocyclone Arrangements Available


6.9. Applications of Hydrocyclones

Appendix 6.1

References


7. Separation by Centrifugal Sedimentation


7.1. Introduction


7.2. Theoretical Performance Predictions


7.3. Equipment


7.4. Factors Affecting the Choice of Centrifugal Equipment

References


8. Screening


8.1. Introduction


8.2. Screen Design


8.3. Screen Function


8.4. Screen Types


8.5. Screen Deck Materials


8.6 Screen Efficiency

Appendix 8.1. Dewatering Screen Applications

Appendix 8.2. Proof of Rectangular-Hole-Screen Efficiency Formula

Bibliography


9. Filtration Fundamentals


9.1. Introduction


9.2. Flow Rate-Pressure Drop Relations


9.3. Filtration Operations—Basic Equations, Incompressible Cakes


9.4. Filtration Operations—Basic Equations, Compressible Cakes


9.5. Relationship between Specific Cake Resistance, Porosity and Specific Surface


9.6. Cake Moisture Correction—Mass Balance

References


10. Filter Aids


10.1. Introduction


10.2. Commercially Available Filter Aid Powders


10.3. Applications of Filter Aids


11. Deep Bed Filtration


11.1. Introduction


11.2. Theory


11.3. Problems of Design and Operation


11.4. Future Developments

References


12. Pressure Filtration


12.1. Introduction


12.2. Pressure Filters


12.3. Optimum Cycle Times

References


13. Vacuum Filtration

Nomenclature


13.1. Introduction


13.2. Vacuum Filtration Equipment


13.3. Research into Filter Performance

Appendix 13.1

References


14. Centrifugal Filtration


14.1. Introduction


14.2. Flow through the Cake of a Filter Centrifuge


14.3. The Filtration Period in a Centrifugal Field


14.4. Measurement of the Intrinsic Permeability of a Filter Cake in a Centrifugal Field


14.5. Bypass Filtration Processes in Centrifugal Fields


14.6. Design and Operating Characteristics of Filter Centrifuges


14.7. Peculiarities of Pusher Centrifuges

Appendix 14.1. Compilation of Important Definitions

References


15. Cake Washing

Nomenclature


15.1. Introduction


15.2. Washing by Displacement


15.3. Reslurry Washing

References


16. Cake Dewatering

Nomenclature


16.1. Introduction


16.2. Definitions


16.3. Two-Phase Flow in Filter Cakes


16.4. Residual Saturation


16.5. Kinetics of Dewatering


16.6. Compression Dewatering


16.7. Cake Cracking

References


17. Filter Media


17.1. Introduction


17.2. Criteria for Filter Media for Specific Groups of Filters


17.3. Filter Media Materials


17.4. Stability and Strength of Filter Media


18. The Selection of Solid-Liquid Separation Equipment


18.1. Introduction


18.2. Sedimentation or Filtration?


18.3. Sedimentation Equipment


18.4. Filtration Equipment

Index