Solid Fuel Blending

Dedication

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Introduction to Fuel Blending

1.1 Overview

1.2 Fuel Blending for Solid Fuels

1.3 Objectives for Blending

1.4 Blending for the Steel Industry—The Development of Petrology

1.5 Typical Fuel Blends

1.6 Blends and Firing Systems

1.7 Conclusions

Chapter 2. Principles of Solid Fuel Blending

2.1 Introduction: Blending for Dollars

2.2 Designing the Most Favorable Fuel

2.3 Influences on the Most Favorable Fuel Blend

2.4 Developing a Fuel Blending Strategy

2.5 Formation of Pollutants

2.6 Fuel Blending Characteristics Influencing Deposition

2.7 Fuel Blending and Corrosion

2.8 Blending’s Impact on the Physical Characteristics of Solid Fuels

2.9 Management and Control of Fuel Blending

2.10 Conclusions

Chapter 3. Blending Coal on Coal

3.1 Introduction and Basic Principles

3.2 Blending of Coal for Combustion and/or Gasification Purposes

3.3 Combustion and Gasification Processes

3.4 Coals Used in Commercial Applications and Their Blending Potential

3.5 Kinetics and the Analysis of Coal Blend Reactivity

3.6 The Behavior of Inorganic Constituents

3.7 Managing the Coal-on-Coal Blending Process

3.8 Conclusions

Chapter 4. Blending Coal with Biomass

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Biomass and Coal Blending

4.3 Cofiring: Reducing a Plant’s Carbon Footprint

4.4 Other Reasons for Cofiring

4.5 Cofiring in the United States and Europe

4.6 Characteristics of Biomass

4.7 Reactivity Measures for Biomass

4.8 Ratios from Other Measures

4.9 Comparisons of Biomass to Coal

4.10 The Chemistry of Cofiring

4.11 Burning Profiles of Biomass–Coal Blends

4.12 Implications for Biomass–Coal Cofiring Systems

4.13 Case Studies in Cofiring

4.14 Conclusions

Chapter 5. Waste Fuel–Coal Blending

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Tire-Derived Fuel

5.3 Petroleum Coke

5.4 Waste Plastics and Paper

5.5 Hazardous Wastes

5.6 Conclusions

Chapter 6. Environmental Aspects of Fuel Blending

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Regulatory Climate as It Influences Blending and Cofiring

6.3 Blending for Environmental and Economic Reasons

6.4 Areas of Concern

6.5 Ash Management for Power Plants

6.6 Blending for Emission Benefits

6.7 Cofiring Biomass with Coal

6.8 Conclusions

Chapter 7. Modeling and Fuel Blending

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The Purposes of Modeling

7.3 Specific Applications of Modeling

7.4 Principles of Physical Modeling

7.5 The Basic Approach of Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling

7.6 Modeling for Blending Purposes

7.7 Limitations of Modeling

7.8 Conclusions

Chapter 8. Institutional Issues Associated with Coal Blending

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Institutional Issues Associated with Fuel Blending

8.3 Economic Considerations Associated with Blending

8.4 Process Modifications

8.5 Future U.S. and World Coal Production

8.6 Conclusions

Index