Soil Properties and Behaviour

PrefaceChapter 1. Nature of soils 1.1 Introduction Soil from a physical viewpoint Importance of physical properties 1.2 Origin of soil 1.3 Soil classification 1.4 Procedure for the mineralogical analysis of soils 1.5 Particle-size composition of soils Measurement of particle-size distribution Principles of sedimentation analysis Interpretation of accumulation curves 1.6 Basic soil properties Weight, and volume Consistency limits 1.7 SummaryChapter 2. Clay minerals in soils 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nature of clay minerals Definition Structure 2.3 Clay minerals common in soils Kaolinite Chlorite Clay mica (illite) Montmorillonite Vermiculite Interstratified minerals Allophane Attapulgite Clay-mineral mixtures Weathering of clay minerals Occurrence of clay minerals in soils 2.4 Identification of clay minerals X-ray diffraction Differential thermal analysis Infrared spectroscopy Electron microscopy 2.5 Surface area of clays 2.6 Water and ion adsorption at clay surfaces Hydration of clays Electric charge Exchangeable cations Diffuse ion-layers 2.7 Interaction of clay particles Repulsion Attraction Particle arrangement Flocculation and dispersion 2.8 Plasticity Liquid and plastic limits Interpretation of plastic limit and liquid limit 2.9 Rheotropy Rest-hardening and structure 2.10 SummaryChapter 3. Soil fabric and structure 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Structure and fabric 3.3 Granular soil packing 3.4 Clay soil fabric Fabric classification Particle arrangement in fabric units First- and second-order fabric characterization 3.5 Pore spaces and fabric 3.6 Techniques for direct, fabric viewing 3.7 Quantification of fabric 3.8 Fabric characteristics from sedimentation Fresh-water deposition Deposition in salt water 3.9 Fabric alteration by compaction and compression 3.10 SummaryChapter 4. Soil water 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Water content and its measurement Definitions Indirect measurement of water content 4.3 The concept of soil-water potential Buckingham's capillary potential Component potentials Formulation from reversible thermodynamics Formulation from irreversible thermodynamics Geometric concepts and soil-water potential Terminology and units 4.4 Water retention in soils Retention curves for different soils Forces of water retention in soils Hysteresis 4.5 Measurement of soil-water potential Measurement of water content at applied potentials Measurement of potential in situ Indirect measurements of potential 4.6 Secondary effects on water retention Entrapped air Temperature Effect of drying Rate of potential change Overburden load effects Fabric effects 4.7 Use of the potential concept General Predicting water under covered areas or in swelling soils Use of soil-water potential for clay soils 4.8 SummaryChapter 5. Water movement in soils 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Saturated flow Darcy's equation Kozeny-Carmen relationship Layered soils Factors affecting saturated flow Saturated flow in clays Steady-state flow 5.3 Unsaturated flow General considerations Unsaturated flow equations for no volume change Unsaturated flow equations for volume-change cases A generalized unsaturated flow equation 5.4 Moisture profiles and wetting front advance Diffusivity functions 5.5 Measurement of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, k or D Steady state, k Steady state, D Outflow method for k Infiltration method for D Field measurement of k Calculation of k from void-size distribution 5.6 Unsaturated flow mechanisms and behaviour Interaction of salt and clay Swelling in unsaturated flow Flow in allophane clays Flow due to thermal gradients Effect of solute gradients 5.7 Infiltration into soils in the field Distribution of water during infiltration Infiltration equations Factors affecting infiltration into soils Field capacity 5.8 SummaryChapter 6. Volume changes in clay soils 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shrinking Soil characteristics affecting shrinkage Crack formation during shrinking Measurement of shrinkage for samples 6.3 Swelling Soil characteristics affecting swelling Swelling pressure of soils Mechanism of swelling Summary of swelling 6.4 Volume changes in the field Prediction of heave from soil properties 6.5 SummaryChapter 7. Consolidation and compression 7.1 Introduction Compressibility, consolidation and creep Effective stresses 7.2 Consolidation of clay Review of the theory for one-dimensional consolidation 7.3 Laboratory consolidation test Estimation of total compression 7.4 Time and load-deformation curves Load-increment ratio 7.5 Soil structure in consolidation and compression Fabric changes in compression Temperature effect Structure and creep 7.6 SummaryChapter 8. Yield and failure 8.1 Introduction The concepts of yield and failure in soils Principal stress space 8.2 Yield criteria The maximum-stress theory The maximum elastic-strain theory The constant elastic-strain energy theory The maximum shear-stress theory The constant elastic strain-energy-of-distortion theory 8.3 Failure theories 8.4 Laboratory triaxial test techniques for strength measurement Axisymmetric triaxial test 8.5 Principal stress space and admissible yield or failure criteria The plastic potential 8.6 SummaryChapter 9. Granular soil strength 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Friction properties Apparent friction parameter, ϕ Sliding and interlocking friction 9.3 Laboratory measurement of granular soil strength Measurement of friction angle, ϕ Stress and strain 9.4 The intrinsic friction angle 9.5 Volumetric strain 9.6 SummaryChapter 10. Cohesive soil strength 10.1 Introduction Analytical and physical strength parameters 10.2 Pore-water pressure Components of pore-water pressure — fully saturated soil Pore pressures in a partly saturated clay Practical considerations in pore-water measurements Pore-pressure coefficients Laboratory determination of pore-pressure coefficients 10.3 Analytical shear strength parameters (from Mohr-Coulomb failure theory) 10.4 Mechanisms for development of shear strength Physical and physico-chemical components of friction and cohesion Fabric units and bonding in shear strength Shear strength interpreted from interparticle forces 10.5 Strength and soil structure Fabric and soil-water potential Interpretation of fabric change from Mohr-Coulomb diagram Anisotropic effects 10.6 Some methods and mechanisms for laboratory evaluation of strength parameters Separation of shear strength into cohesion and friction parameters Reaction rates and rate process 10.7 Yield and failure Plasticity analysis Yielding of bonded and unbonded clays Failure 10.8 SummaryChapter 11. Soil freezing and permafrost 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Geothermal profile 11.3 Freezing index 11.4 Frost penetration Diffusion Estimation of depth of frost penetration 11.5 Freezing in coarse-grained soils 11.6 Freezing in fine-grained soils 11.7 Heave and frost heaving pressures Calculation of frost heaving pressures Constraints and heaving pressures 11.8 Unfrozen water in frozen soils Soil-water potential and unfrozen water Water movement in frozen soils 11.9 Field frost heaving 11.10 Thermal erosion 11.11 SummaryAppendix 1. Intermolecular attraction, the hydrogen bond and the structure of waterAppendix 2A. Theoretical distribution of exchangeable ions around a single clay particleAppendix 2B. Theoretical distribution of cations between two charged platesAppendix 3. Soil flux and volume change in unsaturated-flow equationsReferencesAuthor indexSubject index