Smart Nanomaterials to Combat the Spread of Viral Infections

1. Infectious diseases: overview, challenges, and perspectives
Roberto Vazquez-Munoz

1.1 Introduction to infectious diseases

1.2 Challenges

1.2.1 The rise of emerging multidrug-resistant germs

1.2.2 Infections and the environment

1.2.3 Sociocultural component of infections

1.2.4 Advances of science and technology to combat infections

1.3 Novel and alternative solutions to combat infectious diseases

1.3.1 New antimicrobial and antiviral drugs

1.3.2 Antimicrobial surfaces and coating

1.3.3 Drug repurposing

1.3.4 Nanotechnology

1.4 Nanotechnology against infectious diseases

1.4.1 Antimicrobial nanomaterials

1.4.2 Antiviral nanomaterials

1.5 Perspectives

1.6 Book outline
References

2. Viral structure and stability in various biotic and abiotic environments
Arif Jamal Siddiqui<, Ritu Singh<, Sadaf Jahan, Nawaf Alshammari, Andleeb Khan, Riadh Badraoui, Deepika Arora and Mohd Adnan

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Animal viruses

2.2.1 Adenovirus

2.3 Plant viruses

2.3.1 Tobacco mosaic virus

2.4 Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages)

2.5 Structure of viruses

2.5.1 Icosahedral (cubical) symmetry

2.5.2 Helical symmetry

2.5.3 Complex symmetry

2.5.4 Nonenveloped viruses

2.5.5 Enveloped viruses

2.5.6 Envelope glycoproteins

2.5.7 Other structural proteins in enveloped viruses

2.5.8 Nucleocapsid

2.5.9 Structure of other enveloped viruses with round nucleocapsids

2.5.10 Enveloped viruses with helical nucleocapsids

2.6 Coronaviridae

2.6.1 SARS-CoV-2

2.6.2 Life cycle and transmission

2.6.3 COVID-19 clinical characteristics and complications

2.6.4 Structural and nonstructural proteins and role in pathogenesis

2.7 Viruses’ stability in the environment

2.8 Abiotic factors

2.8.1 Air

2.8.2 Temperature

2.8.3 Relative humidity

2.8.4 Water

2.8.5 Solid surfaces

2.9 Biotic factors

2.9.1 Age

2.9.2 Sex and gender

2.9.3 Population density

2.9.4 Blood group
References

3. General preventive measures to control the transmission and COVID-19 pandemic management: a public outreach
Karunendra Singh, Jaibir Kherb and Bhanu Pratap Singh

3.1 Introduction

3.2 COVID-19 virus

3.3 Different modes by which COVID-19 virus is transmitted

3.4 Preparedness and response to COVID-19

3.5 Financial management for COVID-19 pandemic

3.6 Management for communication and support for getting people vaccinated

3.7 Diagnostics management in clinical science

3.8 Outreach activities for the control of COVID-19

3.8.1 Available vaccine for COVID-19

3.9 Methods to prevent COVID-19 transmission

3.10 Conclusion

3.11 Prospects
References

4. Virucidal activity of nanomaterials for the viruses: a SARS-CoV-2 case study
Priya Chauhan and Annu Pandey

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Structural morphology of SARS-CoV-2

4.3 The mechanistic approach to infection: SARS-CoV-2

4.4 Nano-based technology for viral infections

4.5 The role of nanotechnology in the detection of SARS-CoV-2

4.5.1 Testing of nucleic acid

4.5.2 Point-of-care testing

4.5.3 Electrochemical sensors

4.5.4 Chiral biosensors

4.6 Virucidal activity of nanoparticles

4.7 Antiviral potential role of nanomaterials against CoV

4.7.1 Gold nanoparticles

4.7.2 Silver nanoparticles

4.7.3 Polymer-based materials

4.7.4 Quantum dots

4.8 Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches

4.9 Technologies based on nanomaterials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2

4.10 Conclusion
References

5. Role of metal nanoparticles for treatment of and prevention of viral infections
Emine Yavuz, Sami Dursun, Meryem Kara and Saliha Dinc

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Synthesis methods of antiviral metal nanoparticles

5.2.1 Physical methods

5.2.2 Chemical methods

5.2.3 Bioassisted methods

5.3 Antiviral applications of metal nanoparticles

5.3.1 Silver nanoparticles in antiviral applications

5.3.2 Gold nanoparticles in antiviral applications

5.3.3 Other metal nanoparticles in antiviral applications

5.4 Metal nanoparticlebased immune-mediated approaches against viral infections

5.4.1 AuNP-based nanovaccines

5.4.2 AgNP-based nanovaccines

5.4.3 Other metal nanoparticlebased nanovaccines

5.5 Conclusions and future aspects
References

6. Nanotechnology advancements in antiviral coatings to combat viral infection surfaces
Leticia Tessaro, Adriano Aquino, Ana Carolina de Morais Mirres and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Nanomaterials in surface antiviral coatings

6.2.1 Metal nanoparticles

6.2.2 Polymers

6.2.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials

6.2.4 Nanofibers

6.2.5 Quantum dots

6.3 Self-cleaning surfaces

6.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

7. Surface-modified biomaterials as disinfectants to combat viral infections: a SARS-COV-2 case study
Caifeng Ren and Jiangong Liang

7.1 Introduction

7.2 SARS-CoV-2 and its transmission in the environment

7.2.1 Morphology and structure

7.2.2 SARS-CoV-2 replication mechanism and infection route

7.2.3 SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the environment

7.2.4 Role of biodisinfectants in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2

7.3 Functionalized biomaterial disinfection is a new strategy for antiviral infection

7.3.1 Polymer-functionalized biomaterials

7.3.2 Nanoparticle-functionalized biomaterials

7.4 Action mechanism for disinfectants based on surface-modified biomaterials

7.4.1 Direct interaction with S protein

7.4.2 Preventing the adsorption and invasion of viruses

7.4.3 Destroying the nucleic acid structure of the virus

7.5 Challenges and limitations of disinfectants based on surface-modified biomaterials

7.6 Summarization
Acknowledgments
References

8. Functional nanoparticles as novel emerging antiviral therapeutic agents
S. Uday, Bikash Chandra Jha, Deepshikha Gupta, Rajeev Gupta and Tejendra K. Gupta

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Functional nanoparticles used as antiviral therapeutic agents

8.2.1 Silver nanoparticles

8.2.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials

8.2.3 Gold nanoparticles

8.2.4 Polymers and dendrimers

8.2.5 Intermetallic nanoparticles

8.3 Surface modifications of nanocarriers

8.4 Applications of nanoparticles for antiviral actions

8.4.1 Application in COVID-19 virus

8.4.2 Application of silver nanoparticles against some deadly viruses

8.4.3 Antiviral activity of iron oxide nanoparticles in H1N1 influenza A virus

8.4.4 Application of nanoparticles as antiviral agents against adenoviruses

8.5 Antiviral mechanisms of nanoparticles

8.6 Limitations and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

9. Potential of graphene-modified nanostructures for multifunctional personal protective clothing
Shovon Bhattacharjee, Rajib Chandra Das, Susmita Mondal, Md. Shafiul Islam and C. Raina MacIntyre

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Graphene and graphene derivatives

9.3 Properties of graphene and derivatives relevant to protective clothing

9.3.1 Mechanical properties

9.3.2 Thermal conductivity

9.3.3 Chemical activity

9.3.4 Flame retardancy

9.3.5 Electrical conductivity

9.3.6 Antimicrobial properties

9.3.7 Tribological behavior

9.4 Fabrication techniques of graphene-modified textile composites

9.4.1 In situ polymerization

9.4.2 Solution mixing

9.4.3 Melt compounding

9.5 Common graphene-modified textile composites

9.5.1 Polyester/graphene composites

9.5.2 Polyamide/graphene composites

9.5.3 Cotton/graphene composite

9.5.4 Silk/graphene and wool/graphene composites

9.5.5 Miscellaneous composites

9.6 Application of graphene-modified textile in personal protective equipment

9.6.1 Graphene textile-made personal protective equipment for pandemic control

9.6.2 Graphene textile for ultraviolet radiation protection

9.6.3 Ballistic application of graphene-modified textile in personal protective equipment

9.6.4 Miscellaneous application of graphene textile as personal protective equipment

9.7 Challenges

9.8 Conclusion
References

10. Role of nanocomposites for the prevention and treatment of viral infections in the health care system
Lakshmi Kanth Kotarkonda, Tej Prakash Sinha, Sanjeev Bhoi and Subhashini Bharathala

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Types of nanocomposites

10.2.1 Nonpolymeric nanocomposites

10.2.2 Polymeric nanocomposites

10.2.3 Biocomposites

10.3 Nanocomposites for the prevention of viral infections

10.3.1 Vaccines

10.3.2 Antiviral coatings

10.3.3 Masks and personal protective equipment

10.3.4 Nanosensors

10.3.5 Disinfection and sterilization

10.3.6 Molecularly imprinted polymers

10.4 Nanocomposites for treatment of viral infections

10.4.1 Replication inhibitors

10.4.2 Virus membrane inhibitors

10.4.3 Surface-functionalized nanocomposites

10.4.4 Nanocomposites coated with cell membranes

10.4.5 Antiviral nanomedicines

10.5 Antiviral mechanisms of nanocomposites

10.6 Applications of nanocomposites

10.6.1 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)

10.6.2 Influenza virus

10.6.3 Human immunodeficiency virus

10.6.4 Hepatitis B virus

10.6.5 Herpes simplex virus

10.6.6 Hepatitis C virus

10.6.7 Human papillomavirus

10.7 Conclusion
References

11. Role of copper nanostructures in household and clinical settings: past to present outlook
Nishant Verma and Siddhartha Panda

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Fabrication process

11.3 Growth mechanism

11.4 Application of copper nanostructures

11.4.1 Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides

11.4.2 Antimicrobial agents

11.4.3 Medical sensors

11.4.4 Nanomedicine

11.4.5 Wastewater treatment

11.5 Conclusion
References

12. Recent advances in antiviral coatings on facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic
Paresh Kumar Samantaray

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Contact-based antivirals

12.2.1 Metal and its oxides

12.2.2 Carbonaceous nanomaterials

12.2.3 Synthetic antivirals

12.2.4 Natural antivirals

12.2.5 Natural and synthetic coating polymer-based antivirals

12.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal antivirals

12.4 Current developments in antiviral masks

12.5 Conclusion and future outlook
References

13. Nanotechnology and materials science help fight against SARS-CoV-2
Sachin Mishra, Cansu Ilke Kuru and Fulden Ulucan-Karnak

13.1 Introduction

13.1.1 Economical perspective of COVID-19 for world economy

13.1.2 Information about SARS-CoV-2

13.2 Nanotechnology and material-based strategies to combat SARS-CoV-2

13.2.1 Surface disinfection and coatings

13.2.2 Disease diagnosis

13.2.3 Nucleic acid detection technology

13.2.4 Computed tomography scans

13.2.5 Nanotechnology-based sensors

13.3 Nanotechnology formulation aspects and their biomedical application

13.3.1 Drug carrier systems

13.3.2 Vaccines

13.4 Conclusions
References

14. Inorganicorganic hybrid capsules for efficient intracellular delivery of antiviral agents to disinfect and treat virus infections
Deepshikha Shahdeo and Sonu Gandhi

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Different organic and nonorganic nanoparticles

14.2.1 Organic nanomaterials

14.2.2 Inorganic nanomaterials

14.3 Antiviral theranostics developed from organic and inorganic nanohybrids

14.3.1 Influenza virus

14.3.2 Adenoviruses

14.3.3 Dengue virus

14.3.4 Herpes simplex virus

14.3.5 Hepatitis

14.3.6 Coronavirus

14.4 Future perspective

14.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References

15. Utilization of AI and IoT-based smart nanosystems for the control and management of COVID-19 pandemic
Gagan Kant Tripathi, Priyavand Bundela, Ambikesh Soni and Priyanka Dixit

15.1 Introduction

15.2 What is artificial intelligence

15.2.1 AI 1 IoT

15.2.2 Detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 using AI and IoT approaches

15.2.3 AI and IoT applications in COVID-19

15.2.4 Important role of AI and IoT in COVID-19

15.2.5 Challenges facing AI in IoT

15.3 Advanced nanosystems for diagnostic and therapeutic applications toward COVID-19

15.3.1 The causes of the second wave of COVID-19 as well as a strategy for preventing the third wave

15.3.2 Protocol fatigue

15.3.3 Mixed signal from the government

15.3.4 Urban mobility

15.3.5 Containment zones

15.3.6 Mutations

15.3.7 Increased testing

15.3.8 Asymptomatic persons

15.3.9 Inadequate health infrastructure

15.4 Meaning of wave at the time of pandemic

15.4.1 Reason for the occurrence of the waves

15.4.2 Global level situation of COVID-19 and application of AI and IoT and measures to control the pandemic

15.4.3 How to win the battle against COVID-19

15.5 Challenges and overcoming challenges

15.6 Conclusion
References

16. Potential socioeconomic approaches for commercialized antimicrobial applications
Priyanka Jangra, Geetanjali Negi, Anurag Sharma and Nagma Parveen

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Types of nanotechnology-based antivirals and antimicrobials

16.2.1 Self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces

16.2.2 Polymers with quaternary ammonium group as coating agents

16.2.3 Metal nanoparticle-coated surfaces

16.2.4 Light-induced surfaces for virus inactivation

16.2.5 Surface coating with antimicrobial peptides

16.2.6 Graphene derivatives as surface coatings

16.3 Effectiveness of the antiviral materials/coatings

16.3.1 Self-cleaning superhydrophobic surfaces

16.3.2 Polymeric coatings

16.3.3 Metal nanoparticle-coated surfaces

16.3.4 Light-induced surfaces

16.3.5 Antimicrobial peptides and their surface coatings

16.3.6 Graphene oxide derivatives and their surface coatings

16.4 Applications of the nanotechnology-based antiviral and antimicrobial materials and coatings: a socioeconomic perspective

16.4.1 Products in the market

16.4.2 Products in the pipeline and potential for commercialization

16.4.3 Challenges for the commercialization

16.5 Physiosocial and economic impacts of the nanotechnology-based antiviral and antimicrobial applications

16.5.1 Positive impacts

16.5.2 Negative impacts

16.6 Summary
References