Side Effects of Drugs Annual

1st Edition, Volume 42 - November 4, 2020
Imprint: Elsevier
Editor: Sidhartha D. Ray
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 3 3 0 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 3 2 9 - 3

Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data in Adverse Drug Reactions, Volume 42, first published in 1977, and continually published as a yearly update… Read more

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Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data in Adverse Drug Reactions, Volume 42, first published in 1977, and continually published as a yearly update to the voluminous encyclopedia Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs, presents clinicians and medical investigators with a critical survey of new data and trends in adverse drug reactions and interactions. Topics covered in this new release include Central Nervous System Stimulants and Drugs that Suppress Appetite, Antidepressants, Lithium, Drugs of Abuse, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Antipsychotic Drugs, Antiepileptics, Opioid Analgesics and Narcotic Antagonists, Anti-Inflammatory and Antipyretic Analgesics and Drugs Used in Gout, and much more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Special Reviews in SEDA 42
Table of Essays, Annuals 1–41
Abbreviations
ADRs, ADEs and SEDs: New perspectives
Introduction
Terminology
Immunological reactions
Vaccine-induced adverse effects
Analysis of toxicological reactions
Phytonutrient/nutrient-drug interactions
Grades of adverse drug reactions
FDA pregnancy categories/classification of teratogenicity
Chapter 1: Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that suppress appetite
Abstract
Introduction
Amphetamine and amphetamine derivatives [SEDA 36, 1; SEDA 37, 1; SEDA 38, 1; SEDA 39, 1; SEDA 40, 1; SEDA 41, 1]
Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxy-nmethylamphetamine; MDMA)
Methylphenidate [SEDA 36, 1; SEDA 37, 1; SEDA 38, 1; SEDA 39, 1; SEDA 40, 1; SEDA 41, 1]
Methylxanthines
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Vigilance promoting drugs
Drugs that suppress appetite [SEDA 37, 1; SEDA 38, 1; SEDA 39,1; SEDA 40,1; SEDA 41,1]
Parasympathomimetics [SEDA 34, 9; SEDA 36, 1; SEDA 37, 1; SEDA 38, 1; SEDA 39,1; SEDA 40,1; SEDA 41,1]
Memantine [SEDA 34, 1; SEDA 39, 1; SEDA 40, 1; SEDA 41,1]
Rivastigmine [SEDA 36, 1; SEDA 37, 1; SEDA 38, 1; SEDA 39, 1; SEDA 40, 1; SEDA 41,1]
Conclusion
Chapter 2: Antidepressant medications
Abstract
Introduction
Aminoketone antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Tetracyclic antidepressants
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Antidepressant polypharmacy
Antidepressant class effects
Conclusion
Chapter 3: Lithium
Abstract
Introduction
Cardiovascular
Nervous system
Neuromuscular
Renal/urinary tract
Endocrine
Sensory system
Second-generation effects
Pharmacogenomic chart
Chapter 4: Drugs of abuse
Abstract
Introduction
Prescription drugs
Hydromorphone
Oxycodone
Codeine
Methadone
Buprenorphine
Fentanyl and derivatives
Tramadol
CNS depressants
Lorazepam
Alprazolam
Lormetazepam
Gabapentin
CNS stimulants
Hallucinogens
Antipsychotics
Illicit drugs
Krokodil
Kratom
Stimulants, synthetic stimulants, and combinations containing stimulants
Cannabis, CBD, synthetic cannabis, and combinations including synthetic cannabis
Hallucinogens
Other designer drugs
Over the counter (OTC) drugs
Other drugs
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Drugs used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Abstract
Introduction
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine)
Memantine
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Sedatives and hypnotics
Abstract
Benzodiazepines [SEDA-41]
Long-term effects
Second-generation effects
Drug–drug interactions (DDIs)
Benzodiazepine receptor agonists/GABA receptor agonists (Z-drugs) [SEDA-41]
Drug–drug interactions
Non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists
Drug–drug interactions
Benzodiazepines
Chapter 7: Antipsychotic agents
Abstract
Introduction
First-generation antipsychotics
Second generation antipsychotics
Antipsychotic polypharmacy
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Anti-epileptic medications
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists
GABA reuptake inhibitors
GABA transaminase inhibitors
GABA analogs
Sodium channel blockers
Glutamate blockers
Neuronal potassium channel opener
Other mechanisms of action
Chapter 9: Opioid analgesics and narcotic antagonists
Abstract
Opioid agonists
Partial opioid agonist
Antagonist
Chapter 10: Anti-inflammatory and antipyretic analgesics and drugs used in gout
Abstract
Aniline derivatives [SEDA-40, 141; SEDA-41, 103]
Arylalkanoic acid derivatives [SEDA-40, 143; SEDA-41, 100]
Ketorolac [SEDA-37, 118; SEDA-40, 145]
Propionic acid derivatives [SEDA-41, 112]
Pyrazole derivatives [SEDA-41, 112]
Rx Comparative studies of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors
Salicylates [SEDA-40, 148]
Drugs used in the treatment of gout [SEDA-40, 148; SEDA-41, 113]
Febuxostat [SEDA-40,150; SEDA-41,113]
Chapter 11: General anesthetics and therapeutic gases
Abstract
Inhaled anesthetics
Desflurane
Nitrous oxide
Sevoflurane
Urinary tract
Intravenous anesthetic agents
Chapter 12: Local anesthetics
Abstract
Introduction
Lidocaine
Eutectic mixture of lidocaine (EMLA)
Bupivacaine
Levobupivacaine
Mepivacaine
Articaine
Ropivacaine
Conclusion
Chapter 13: Antihistamines (H1 receptor antagonists)
Abstract
Alcaftadine
Antazoline
Cetirizine (SEDA-41, 164)
Chlorpheniramine (SEDA-39, 157)
Desloratadine (SEDA-41, 164–165)
Diphenhydramine (SEDA-40, 212–213; SEDA-41, 165–166)
Fexofenadine (SEDA-39, 158; SEDA-40, 213)
Flunarizine (SEDA-41, 167–168)
Olopatadine
Promethazine (SEDA-40, 214)
Chapter 14: Drugs that act on the respiratory tract
Abstract
Inhaled glucocorticoids [SEDA-36, 241; SEDA-37, 195; SEDA-38, 153; SEDA-39, 161; SEDA-40, 217; SEDA-41, 171]
Leukotriene modifiers [SEDA-36, 245; SEDA-37, 197; SEDA-38, 160; SEDA-39, 166; SEDA-40, 219; SEDA-41, 172]
β2-Adrenoceptor agonists [SEDA-36, 245; SEDA-37, 197; SEDA-38, 155; SEDA-39, 163; SEDA-40, 220; SEDA-41, 173]
Anticholinergic drugs [SEDA-36, 245; SEDA-37, 197; SEDA-38, 158; SEDA-39, 165; SEDA-40, 222; SEDA-41, 175]
Anti-fibrotic therapies [SEDA-40, 224; SEDA-41, 177]
Monoclonal antibodies [SEDA-38, 161; SEDA-39, 167; SEDA-40, 225; SEDA-41, 179]
Chapter 15: Positive inotropic drugs and drugs used in dysrhythmias
Abstract
Cardiac glycosides [SEDA-40, 229–241; SEDA-41, 183–194]
Antidysrhythmic drugs
Inotropes
Chapter 16: Beta adrenergic antagonists and antianginal drugs
Abstract
Beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists [SEDA-36, 267; SEDA-37, 215; SEDA-38, 173; SEDA-40, 243; SEDA-41, 197]
Calcium channel blockers [SEDA-36, 270; SEDA-37, 219; SEDA-38, 175; SEDA-39, 246; SEDA-40, 243; SEDA-41, 199]
Inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation
Late-sodium channel (INA) inhibitors [SEDA-38, 176; SEDA-40, 243; SEDA-41, 203]
Chapter 17: Drugs acting on the cerebral and peripheral circulations
Abstract
Drugs used in the treatment of migraines
Drugs used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Peripheral vasodilators
Chapter 18: Antihypertensive drugs
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors [SEDA-39, 183–187; SEDA-40, 263; SEDA-41, 219–220]
Angiotensin receptor blockers [SEDA-40, 263–264; SEDA-41, 220–221]
Beta blockers [SEDA-40, 264–265; SEDA-41, 221–222]
Calcium channel blockers [SEDA-40, 265; SEDA-41, 222–223]
Diuretics [SEDA-41, 223–224]
Alpha-2 agonists [SEDA-41, 224]
Vasodilators [SEDA-41, 224–225]
Chapter 19: Diuretics
Abstract
Aldosterone receptor antagonists [SEDA-39, 193; SEDA-40, 275; SEDA-41, 235]
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors [SEDA-39, 191; SEDA-40, 269; SEDA-41, 227]
Loop diuretics [SEDA-39, 189; SEDA-40, 270; SEDA-41, 228]
Osmotic diuretics [SEDA-37, 241; SEDA-38, 202; SEDA-39, 192]
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics [SEDA-39, 192; SEDA-40, 273; SEDA-41, 232]
Chapter 20: Metals and metal antagonists
Abstract
Cation exchange resins [SEDA-35, 427; SEDA-36, 333; SEDA-37, 268; SEDA-38, 209; SEDA-39, 203; SEDA-40, 284; SEDA-41, 238]
Chromium
Deferasirox, deferiprone, and deferoxamine combined treatments
Heavy metal poisoning
Lead
Mangesium
Mercury
Chapter 21: Antiseptic drugs and disinfectants
Abstract
Aldehydes [SEDA-34, 377; SEDA-36, 339; SEDA-37, 273; SEDA-38, 211; SEDA-39, 209; SEDA-40, 289; SEDA-41, 251]
Guanidines
Benzalkonium compounds [SEDA-36, 341; SEDA-37, 273; SEDA-38, 213; SEDA-39, 212; SEDA-40, 292; SEDA-41, 253]
Triclosan [SEDA-34, 379; SEDA-36, 342; SEDA-37, 276; SEDA-39, 212; SEDA-40, 292; SEDA-41, 254]
Halogens
Chapter 22: Beta-lactams and tetracyclines
Abstract
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins
Penicillins
Tetracyclines and glycylcyclines
Chapter 23: Miscellaneous antibacterial drugs
Abstract
Aminoglycosides [SEDA-39, 229; SEDA-40, 311; SEDA-41, 269]
Fluoroquinolones [SEDA-39, 231; SEDA-40, 313; SEDA-41, 270]
Glycopeptides [SEDA-39, 234; SEDA-40, 314; SEDA-41, 273]
Oritavancin
Telavancin
Lincosamides [SEDA-39, 236; SEDA-40, 318; SEDA-41, 276]
Macrolides [SEDA-39, 236; SEDA-40, 318; SEDA-41, 276]
Oxazolidinones [SEDA-39, 238; SEDA-40, 319; SEDA-41, 277]
Linezolid [SEDA-39, 238; SEDA-40, 319; SEDA-41, 277]
Polymyxins [SEDA-39, 238; SEDA-40, 320; SEDA-41, 279]
Trimethoprim and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole [SEDA-39, 239; SEDA-40, 321; SEDA-41, 280]
Other antimicrobial drugs [SEDA-39, 240; SEDA-40, 322; SEDA-41, 281]
Lefamulin
Nitrofurantoin
Chapter 24: Antiprotozoal
Abstract
Artesunate–amodiaquine
Artemether–lumefantrine
Artesunate
Atovaquone
Atovaquone–proguanil
Benznidazole
Chloroquine
Dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine
Hydroxychloroquine
Mefloquine
Meglumine antimoniate
Metronidazole
Miltefosine
Ornidazole
Primaquine
Secnidazole
Chapter 25: COVID-19 pandemic: Case studies and perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Anti-viral therapies
Supportive medications
Famotidine (SEDA-26, 294)
Chapter 26: Antituberculosis and antileprosy medications
Abstract
Aminoglycosides
Bedaquiline
Clofazimine
Cycloserine
Dapsone
Ethambutol
Fluoroquinolones
Isoniazid
Linezolid
Pyrazinamide
Rifamycins
Terizidone
Chapter 27: Antihelminthic drugs
Abstract
Albendazole
Diethylcarbamazine
Ivermectin
Levamisole
Mebendazole
Praziquantel
Pyrantel pamoate
Chapter 28: Blood, blood components, plasma, and plasma products
Abstract
Albumin and derivates [SEDA-37, 403; SEDA-38, 335; SEDA-39, 331; SEDA-40, 415; SEDA-41, 373]
Blood transfusions [SEDA-37, 404; SEDA-38, 336; SEDA-39, 331; SEDA-40, 415; SEDA-41, 373]
Blood subsitutes [SEDA-37, 406; SEDA-38, 339; SEDA-39, 333; SEDA-40, 417; SEDA-41, 375]
Plasma and plasma products [SEDA-37, 407; SEDA-38, 340; SEDA-39, 333; SEDA-40, 417; SEDA-41, 375]
Plasma substitutes [SEDA-37, 408; SEDA-38, 341; SEDA-39, 334; SEDA-40, 418; SEDA-41, 376]
Immunoglobulins [SEDA-37, 409; SEDA-38, 342; SEDA-39, 335; SEDA-40, 419; SEDA-41, 377]
Coagulation proteins [SEDA-37, 411; SEDA-38, 344; SEDA-39, 336; SEDA-40, 421; SEDA-41, 379]
Erythropoietin and derivatives [SEDA-37, 413; SEDA-38, 346; SEDA-39, 338; SEDA-40, 422; SEDA-41, 381]
Thromboprotein and receptor agonists [SEDA-37, 414; SEDA-38, 347; SEDA-39, 339; SEDA-40, 423; SEDA-41, 382]
Stem cells [SEDA-37, 415; SEDA-38, 348; SEDA-39, 340; SEDA-40, 424; SEDA-41, 383]
Transmission of infectious agents through blood donation [SEDA-37, 414; SEDA-38, 347; SEDA-39, 340; SEDA-40, 423; SEDA-41, 383]
Chapter 29: Drugs that affect blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and hemostasis
Abstract
Anticoagulants
Prothrombotic agents
Anticoagulant reversal agents
Thrombolytic agents
Chapter 30: Gastrointestinal drugs (Jan 2019–Dec 2019)
Abstract
Acid-impacting agents
Anticonstipation and prokinetic
Antidiarrheal and antispasmodic agents
Antiemetic agents
Prostaglandins
Digestants
Antiinflammatory agents
Miscellaneous agents
Biologics
Steroids
Chapter 31: Immunomodulators
Abstract
Introduction
Immunosuppressive drugs
Immunoenhancing drugs
Chapter 32: Corticotrophins, corticosteroids, and prostaglandins
Abstract
Corticotrophins [SEDA-35, 719; SEDA-36, 603; SEDA-37, 491; SEDA-38, 425]
Systemic glucocorticoids [SED-15, 906; SEDA-33, 841; SEDA-34, 653; SEDA-35, 719; SEDA-36, 604; SEDA-37, 492; SEDA-38, 425]
Prostaglandins and analogues [SEDA-35, 000; SEDA-36, 604; SEDA-37, 494; SEDA-38428]
Epoprostenol
Iloprost
Misoprostol
Treprostinil
Conclusion and clinical consideration
Chapter 33: Sex hormones, related compounds and hormonal contraceptives including miscellaneous hormones
Abstract
Estrogen
Estradiol
Hormone therapy
Progesterone: Megestrol acetate
Ulipristal acetate
Progesterone
Hormonal contraceptives
Segesterone acetate
Estrogen receptor antagonist: Fulvestrant
Gonadotropins and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists
Second-generation androgen receptor antagonists
Testosterone replacement therapy
Tamoxifen
Aromatase inhibitors: Anastrozole
Melatonin
Terlipressin
Tolvaptan
Lanreotide autogel injection
Combined spinal–epidural analgesia with oxytocin infusion
Ergometrine
Tamoxifen
Intralesional injections of steroids
Intra-articular glucocorticoid
Anabolic steroids
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone
Chapter 34: Thyroid hormones, iodine and iodides, and antithyroid drugs
Abstract
Thyroid hormone
Methimazole
Methimazole 5% topical
Propylthiouracil
Agranulocytosis
Radioactive iodine
Carbimazole
Infant congenital malformations
Chapter 35: Insulin and other hypoglycemic drugs
Abstract
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) [SEDA-31, 691; SEDA-32, 772; SEDA-33, 893; SEDA-36, 647; SEDA-37, 523; SEDA-39, 435; SEDA-40, 537; SEDA-41, 493]
Biguanides [SEDA-34, 687; SEDA-36, 647; SEDA-37, 523–526; SEDA-38, 459–461; SEDA-39, 435–436; SEDA-40, 537–540; SEDA-41, 493–496]
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4Is) [SEDA-33, 894; SEDA-34, 688; SEDA-36, 648; SEDA-37, 526–528; SEDA-38, 454–457; SEDA-39, 436–439; SEDA-40, 540–541; SEDA-41, 496–497]
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists [SEDA-33, 896; SEDA-34, 690; SEDA-36, 650; SEDA-37, 528–530; SEDA-38, 457–458; SEDA-39, 439; SEDA-40, 541; SEDA-41, 497–498]
Insulins [SEDA-34, 685; SEDA-36, 645–647; SEDA-37, 521–523; SEDA-38, 453–454; SEDA-39, 439–441; SEDA-40, 541–542; SEDA-41, 498–499]
Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors [SEDA-33, 898; SEDA-34, 695; SEDA-36, 652; SEDA-37, 530–531; SEDA-38, 458–459; SEDA-39, 441–442; SEDA-40, 542–543; SEDA-41, 499–500]
Sulfonylureas (SUs) [SEDA-34, 695; SEDA-36, 652; SEDA-37, 531–532; SEDA-38, 461; SEDA-39, 442–443; SEDA-40, 543–544; SEDA-41, 501]
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) [SEDA-33, 899; SEDA-34, 696; SEDA-36, 653; SEDA-37, 532–534; SEDA-39, 443–444; SEDA-40, 544–545; SEDA-41, 501–502]
Chapter 36: Drugs that affect lipid metabolism
Abstract
Bile acid sequestrants
Cholesterol absorption inhibitors
Nicotinic acid derivative
Fibric acid derivatives
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Omega-3 fatty acids
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors
Red yeast rice
Chapter 37: Radiological contrast agents and radiopharmaceuticals
Abstract
Introduction
Iodinated contrast agents [SEDA-33, 963; SEDA-34, 749; SEDA-35, 863; SEDA-36, 695; SEDA-37, 583; SEDA-38, 493; SEDA-39, 483; SEDA-40, 579; SEDA-41, 531]
Iodinated contrast agents
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs)
Radiopharmaceuticals [SEDA-15, 3017; SEDA-33, 973; SEDA-34, 758; SEDA-35, 869; SEDA-36, 703; SEDA-37, 583; SEDA-38, 493; SEDA-39, 483; SEDA-40, 579; SEDA-41, 531]
Sodium iodide (131I)
Lutetium-177 (177Lu)
Radium-223 (223Ra)
Yttrium-90 (90Y)
Chapter 38: Drugs used in ocular treatment
Abstract
Introduction
Medications used to treat glaucoma
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications
Anti-inflammatory agents
Antimicrobials
Special review: Cannabis and the eye
Disclosure
Chapter 39: Complementary and alternative medicine
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Central nervous system
Endocrine
Hematology
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
Renal
Hepatic
Dermatology
Gastrointestinal
Pediatrics
Mind: Body therapies
Probiotics
Conclusions
Chapter 40: Cytostatic agents
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Other inhibitors
Monoclonal antibodies
Taxanes
Platinum compounds
Hormone therapies
Fluoropyrimidines
Miscellaneous agents
Reviewers
Index of Drugs
Index of Drug-Drug Interactions
Index of Adverse Effects and Adverse Reactions

Sidhartha D. Ray

Sidhartha D. Ray, PhD, FACN serves as a Senior Professor of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences at The Touro College of Pharmacy at Manhattan, New York. Prior to this he served as Professor of Pharmaceutical Sciences for nearly 2 decades at the Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences of Long Island University, New York, and as the founding chair of Pharmaceutical Science department at Manchester University College of Pharmacy, Indiana, USA. He has been in the health sciences academy for over 35 years mainly focusing on pharmacy teaching, research and service. Dr. Ray's research program focus on drug & chemical induced organ toxicology, mechanistic & molecular toxicology, adverse drug reaction mechanisms, side effects of a number of therapeutically relevant drugs and environmentally significant chemicals. Over the last two decades, Dr. Ray’s seminal discoveries have provided clear understandings on the dynamic role of apoptosis, necrosis and necraptosis during organotoxic reactions and have influenced the development of safety measures for a stunning variety of xenobiotics, phytochemicals and nutraceuticals. He is internationally recognized as a leader in the scientific community and was one of the front runners in exploring mechanisms of drug and chemical-induced programmed and un-programmed cell death in in-vivo models. His landmark studies on the interplay of bcl-2, bcl-xl, p53, bad and bax during acetaminophen induced cell death and its prevention by grape seed proanthocyanidin extract has earned worldwide citations. His peer recognition and acknowledged service contributions are reflected by his election into multiple international professional organizations, such as the Society of Toxicology (SOT), Society of Free Radical Biology & Medicine (SFRBM), American Society of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics (ASPET), American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) and American College of Nutrition (ACN). Dr. Ray is an Associate Editor of Encyclopedia of Toxicology (3rd Ed, Elsevier, 2014), and serves on the editorial boards of multiple prestigious international journals, including ‘Archives of Toxicology’ and ‘Oxidative Medicine & Cellular Longevity’. Based on his contributions to teaching, service and scholarship to health sciences in general, Dr. Ray received multiple prestigious awards, inc. the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology’s national research award (1996), ‘Fellow of the American College of Nutrition’ honor in 1999, David Newton Award for Excellence in Teaching Pharmacy (2005), the Biennial Abraham Krasnoff Memorial Award for Lifetime Scholarly Achievement (2008), Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy & Health Science’s ‘Wall-of-Fame’ honor (2011), the Society of Toxicology’s ‘Undergraduate Educator of the Year’ national award (2013), and the Manchester University’s ‘Outstanding Scholar of the Year’ award (2014). He currently serves on the SOT-NIH–NLM’s joint Toxlearn Project, SOT Undergraduate Task Force (2007 – present), and has previously served on the SOT’s Education Committee (2007 – 2010). In his lifetime, Dr. Ray has mentored research to numerous PharmD, MS, MD and PhD students in a number of areas of toxicology and biomedical sciences, made seminal contributions to the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, free radical biology, anticancer mechanism, phytochemicals, nutraceuticals & dietary supplements, and molecular safety sciences. Dr. Ray loves to promote ‘Lifelong Learning’ strategies to his students and clearly models his beliefs day in and day out. Visit URL: www.sidhartharay.com/ for more details.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Professor of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Touro College of Pharmacy, Touro University System, Manhattan, NY, USA

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