Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal-Metabolic Physiology and Pathophysiology
Sex, Gender and Function
- 1st Edition - November 29, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Editors: Jane Reckelhoff, Licy L. Yanes Cardozo, Noha Shawky
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 6 6 - 5
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 2 6 7 - 2
Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal-Metabolic Physiology and Pathophysiology: Sex, Gender and Function, the latest release in the Fundamentals of Physiology s… Read more
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Request a sales quoteSex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal-Metabolic Physiology and Pathophysiology: Sex, Gender and Function, the latest release in the Fundamentals of Physiology series, provides a fundamental overview on sex and gender differences in all aspects of physiology. The book shares information on sex and gender differences in a variety of topics in a single comprehensive volume. This book, published in association with the International Union of Physiological Sciences acts as a primer of information scientists can build upon with their own research in sex and gender-based research.
- Discusses how sex contributes to human cardiovascular/renal/metabolic disease (i.e., sex steroids, chromosomes, genes)
- Provides hot topics in sex/gender research
- Written by global leaders in their field of expertise
Biomedical researchers, including animal and human physiologistsStudents in physiology, pulmonology, medicine, cell biology and related areas
- Title of Book
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Editorial advisory board
- Copyright
- Contributors
- Preface
- Chapter 1. Sex differences in cardiovascular, renal, and metabolic responses to androgens
- Androgen biosynthesis, actions, and quantification
- Androgen excess in women
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
- PCOS diagnosis
- Androgen excess and cardiovascular diseases in women
- The adipose tissue is a key organ that mediates sex differences in cardiometabolic diseases
- The interplay between androgens and adipose tissue
- Cardiometabolic complications caused by an excess of androgens in female rodents
- Androgen excess and blood pressure regulation
- Mechanisms implicated in androgen-mediated increases in blood pressure: The renin-angiotensin system
- Insulin resistance and androgens
- Mechanisms mediating insulin resistance in androgen excess
- Adiponectin
- Leptin
- β-cell dysfunction
- Endogenous opioid signaling
- Oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation
- Other conditions associated with elevated androgen levels in women
- Androgen deficits in women
- Cardiometabolic management in PCOS
- Lifestyle interventions
- Insulin sensitizers
- Antiandrogens
- Myo-inositol
- Androgens in men and transmen
- Estrogen production and action
- Conclusions
- Funding
- Chapter 2. Long-term cardiovascular adaptations in women and her offspring following a pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia: Insight from clinical and experimental studies
- Introduction
- Physiological adaptations during pregnancy
- Cardiovascular risk during pregnancy: Introduction to preeclampsia
- Risk factors for preeclampsia
- Etiology of preeclampsia
- Long-term cardiovascular adaptations and risk: Maternal outcomes
- Introduction
- Clinical studies
- Preclinical studies
- Summary and perspectives
- Long-term cardiovascular adaptations and risk: Offspring
- Introduction
- Clinical studies
- Preclinical studies
- Summary and perspectives
- Maternal interventions
- Summary and perspectives
- Author contributions
- Chapter 3. Cardiovascular consequences in offspring of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Does sex matter?
- Introduction
- Intrauterine environment in PCOS pregnancies
- Birth weight in PCOS offspring. Is it a risk factor for later CVD?
- PCOS and lactation
- Animal models of hyperandrogenemic intrauterine environment
- Considerations for studying the impact of maternal PCOS on offspring health using experimental models
- Do experimental models of maternal PCOS also have abnormal birth weight offspring?
- Cardiovascular diseases in PCOS daughters and sons
- Mechanisms for increased BP in animal models of female offspring exposed to in-utero hyperandrogenemia
- Mechanisms for increased BP in animal models of male offspring exposed to in-utero hyperandrogenemia
- Conclusion
- Funding
- Chapter 4. Physiology of exercise at environmental extremes: Sex as a biological variable
- Introduction
- Physiological responses to environmental heat and cold stress
- Sex differences in physiological and pathophysiological responses to environmental heat stress
- Physiological responses to cold exposure
- Behavioral responses to cold exposure
- Sex differences in physiological and pathophysiological responses to cold exposure
- Peripheral vascular responses to cold exposure
- Biophysical/anthropometric aspects of thermoregulation
- Metabolic responses to cold exposure
- Nonshivering thermogenesis – brown adipose tissue
- Nonshivering thermogenesis – skeletal muscle
- Thermal behavior
- Pathophysiology and cold injury
- Sex differences in the pathophysiology of cold injury
- Physiological responses and adaptations to high terrestrial altitude
- Sex differences in physiological and pathophysiological responses to altitude exposure
- Ventilatory responses
- Cardiovascular and exercise performance
- Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythropoiesis
- Sympathoadrenal responses
- Acute mountain sickness and altitude pathophysiology
- Overall summary & conclusions
- Disclaimer
- Chapter 5. Dietary sodium, mineralocorticoid receptor, and sex differences in endothelial function
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Sex discrepancy in salt sensitivity, clinical and interventional studies
- Impaired renal function and salt handling: Predominance in males
- Vaso-dysfunction theory: Predominance in females
- Sex-specific vascular endothelial dysfunction & female prevalence of endothelial MR expression
- Conclusion
- Chapter 6. Sex differences in the cardiometabolic consequences of maternal weight loss in the offspring
- Scientific pregnancy investigations
- Sex as a biological variable
- Models of diet induced obesity
- Early intervention of maternal weight loss
- Offspring outcomes from adverse pregnancies
- Effect of maternal weight loss in a sex-dependent manner
- Rodent models of maternal cardiometabolic disease and offspring outcomes
- Pregnancy and offspring microbiome
- Microbial changes with maternal weight loss and effects on cardiometabolic disease
- Conclusions
- Chapter 7. Sex differences in relaxin responses in adults and with aging
- Introduction
- Expression of RLN family peptide receptors
- RLN signal transduction pathways
- RLN and tissue fibrosis
- Stimulation of NO production
- Inhibition of TGF-beta 1 signaling
- Upregulation of MMPs
- RLN and vasodilation
- Vasodilatory action of RLN in animal models of disease
- The vasodilatory actions of RLN directly affect renal function
- Interaction between estrogen, RLN and the RAS
- RLN and the AT2R in females
- Reinstating the RLN-RXFP1-AT2R axis in aged, hypertensive female rats
- Serelaxin clinical trials for heart failure
- Development of RLN mimetics
- Summary
- Chapter 8. Sex-biased mechanisms of metabolic syndrome-induced cardiovascular and retinal complications
- Introduction
- Metabolic syndrome
- Definition and prevalence
- Risk factors
- Pathophysiology
- Insulin resistance
- Chronic inflammation
- Oxidative stress
- Sex-biased mechanisms of MetS
- Sex-biased mechanisms in MetS-induced cardiovascular complications
- Sex-biased mechanisms in MetS-induced retinal complications
- Conclusions
- Chapter 9. Cardiovascular consequences of androgen gender affirming therapy in transmasculine individuals
- Highlighting the concern
- Quick definitions of terms
- Pharmacological use of androgens in people assigned female at birth (AFAB)
- Testosterone in gender-affirming hormone therapy (testo-GAHT)
- Cardiovascular effects of testo-GAHT
- Cardiovascular risk markers
- Blood pressure
- Changes in lipid metabolism
- Immunological components and hematological parameters
- End-organ damage
- Cardiovascular outcomes
- Potential mechanisms involved in the harmful cardiovascular effects induced by testo-GAHT
- Direct mechanisms whereby testosterone produces cardiovascular damage/dysfunction
- Effects on the heart
- Effects on the vasculature
- Indirect mechanisms whereby testosterone impacts cardiovascular performance
- Activation of the central and sympathetic nervous system
- Oxidative stress
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- Immune mechanisms
- Lipid metabolism
- Research challenges on the impact of testo-GAHT in the cardiovascular system
- Final remarks and future directions
- Chapter 10. Sex differences in stroke
- Introduction
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Risk factors of stroke
- Age
- Atrial fibrillation
- Sex-specific risk factors
- Pregnancy
- Oral contraceptive and hormone therapy in menopause
- Nonhormonal biological intrinsic sex differences
- Acute stroke management
- Symptoms
- Stroke severity
- Intravenous thrombolysis
- Endovascular thrombectomy
- Treatment of carotid artery stenosis
- Postacute stroke management
- Secondary prevention
- Rehabilitation
- Stroke outcome
- Disparity in clinical trials and the academic field
- Conclusion
- Chapter 11. Cardiovascular diseases in menopause
- Introduction
- Physiopatology mechanisms in menopause
- Factors contributing to hypertension in postmenopausic women
- Hypertension and cardiovascular disease in menopause
- Treatment
- Coronary heart disease and CV risk in women
- Dyslipidemias and women
- Conclusions
- Chapter 12. Androgens and acid–base homeostasis
- Introduction
- Renal ammonia metabolism overview
- Sex differences in renal ammonia metabolism
- Sexual dimorphisms in the response to acid challenges
- Testosterone alters renal ammonia metabolism
- Renal androgen receptor localization
- Role of the androgen receptor in renal ammonia metabolism
- Renal structure sexual dimorphisms and the role of androgens
- What is still needed in the field
- Chapter 13. Sex differences in hypertension
- Introduction
- Hypertension is age- and sex-dependent
- Age of onset
- Higher CVD risk at lower blood pressure thresholds
- Differences in awareness
- Sex-specific risk factors for hypertension
- Menarche
- Reproductive health
- Hormonal contraception
- Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
- Endometriosis
- Uterine fibroids
- Pregnancy
- Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP)
- Gestational diabetes (GDM)
- Preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)
- Menopause
- Menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
- Mechanisms contributing to sex differences in hypertension
- Sex hormone milieu
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
- Endothelin (ET) system
- Salt sensitivity
- Obesity
- Arterial pathophysiology
- Response to treatment
- Summary
- Chapter 14. Impact of androgens on cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and transgender men
- Transgender male identity
- Cardiovascular risk in transgender men
- Summary
- Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: November 29, 2024
- Imprint: Academic Press
- No. of pages: 312
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN: 9780443222665
- eBook ISBN: 9780443222672
JR
Jane Reckelhoff
Dr. Reckelhoff is professor and chair of the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and director of the Women’s Health Research Center at UMMC. She also worked as a critical care nurse for 11 years before completing her BS and PhD. Dr. Reckelhoff’s research focuses on the mechanisms responsible for the sex differences in blood pressure control and renal disease, postmenopausal hypertension, and polycystic ovary syndrome. She is currently serving as past president of the American Physiological Society made up of more than 10,000 members from around the world. She has received numerous awards, including the Harry Goldblatt Award in Cardiovascular Research from the American Heart Association (AHA) Council for High Blood Pressure Research, the Young Scholar Award from the American Society of Hypertension/Monarch Pharmaceuticals, the Lewis K. Dahl Award for Hypertension Research from the AHA Council on Hypertension, and the Ernest Starling Lecture Award from the American Physiological Society.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, Chair, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi, USALC
Licy L. Yanes Cardozo
Dr. Yanes Cardozo is an Associate Professor in the UMMC Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology. She received an MD from the National University of Asuncion, Paraguay, and then came to UMMC to perform a postdoctoral fellowship in basic research. After receiving a Scientist Development Grant from the American Heart Association, Dr. Yanes Cardozo decided to finish her residency and fellowship in order to see patients. Although she sees all types of endocrinology patients, including those receiving gender-affirming hormone therapy, her expertise is in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that is characterized by increased androgens, obesity and elevated blood pressure. She has been funded by NIH to study the role that adipose tissue plays in mediating the metabolic phenotype of PCOS. She is also the Director of Research for residents in the Department of Medicine.
Affiliations and expertise
Associate Professor, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi, USANS
Noha Shawky
Dr. Noha Shawky is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, having received her Ph.D. from Mansoura University in Egypt, and then came to UMMC for a postdoctoral fellowship. She was promoted to Assistant Professor in 2021 and is currently funded by an American Heart Association Career Development Award and is a project leader for the Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research COBRE, an NIH funded grant for junior investigators. Her research is on developmental programming of cardiovascular complications in offspring whose mothers have cardiovascular complications during pregnancy. She currently focuses on studying sex differences in the cardiorenal complications in adult offspring born to hyperandrogenemic females (a rat model of PCOS). PCOS women give birth to intrauterine growth-restricted offspring, a fact that could increase their risk of developing cardiovascular disease chronically. She has 18 publications.
Affiliations and expertise
Assistant Professor, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Mississippi, USARead Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular-Renal-Metabolic Physiology and Pathophysiology on ScienceDirect