Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's Disease
- 1st Edition - July 23, 2021
- Editors: Maria Teresa Ferretti, Annemarie Schumacher Dimech, Antonella Santuccione Chadha
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 3 4 4 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 3 4 5 - 7
Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Women’s Brain Project offers for the first time a critical overview of the evidence documenting sex and gender differenc… Read more
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteSex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Women’s Brain Project offers for the first time a critical overview of the evidence documenting sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease neurobiology, biomarkers, clinical presentation, treatment, clinical trials and their outcomes, and socioeconomic impact on both patients and caregivers. This knowledge is crucial for clinical development, digital health solutions, as well as social and psychological support to Alzheimer’s disease families, in the frame of a precision medicine approach to Alzheimer’s disease.
This book brings together up-to-date findings from a variety of experts, covering basic neuroscience, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, clinical trials development, socioeconomic factors, and psychosocial support. Alzheimer’s disease, the most common form of dementia, remains an unmet medical need for the planet. Wide interpersonal variability in disease onset, presentation, and biomarker profile make Alzheimer’s a clinical challenge to neuroscientists, clinicians, and drug developers alike, resulting in huge management costs for health systems and society. Not only do women represent the majority of Alzheimer’s disease patients, but they also represent two-thirds of caregivers. Understanding sex and gender differences in Alzheimer’s disease will lead to novel insights into disease mechanisms, and will be crucial for personalized disease management strategies and solutions, involving both the patient and their family.
Endorsements/Reviews:
"There is a clear sex and gender gap in outcomes for brain health disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, with strikingly negative outcomes for women. This understanding calls for a more systematic way of approaching this issue of inequality. This book effectively highlights and frames inequalities in all areas across the translational spectrum from bench-to-bedside and from boardroom-to-policy and economics. Closing the Brain Health Gap will help economies create recovery and prepare our systems for future global shocks." Harris A. Eyre MBBS, PhD, co-lead, Neuroscience-inspired Policy Initiative, OECD and PRODEO Institute. Instructor in Brain Health Diplomacy, Global Brain Health Institute, UCSF and TCD.
"Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's disease is the most important title to emerge on Alzheimer's disease in recent years.This comprehensive, multidisciplinary book is a must read for anyone with a serious interest in dementia prevention, diagnosis, treatment, care, cure and research. Precision medicine is the future of healthcare and this book represents an incredible and necessary resource to guide practice, policy and research in light of the fact that Alzheimer's disease disproportionately affects women. The combination of contributions from the most eminent experts and the most up-to-date research makes this an invaluable resource for clinicians, care providers, academics, researchers and policy makers. Given the complex nature of dementia and the multiple factors that influence risk and disease trajectory the scope of the book is both impressive and important covering sex differences in neurobiological processes, sex and gender differences in clinical aspects and gender differences linked to socioeconomic factors relevant to Alzheimer's disease. If you work in Alzheimer's disease, or indeed other dementias, then Sex and Gender Differences in Alzheimer's disease is a must have for your bookshelf." -- Sabina Brennan, PhD., C.Psychol.,PsSI., National representative for Ireland on Alzheimer Disease International's Medical and Scientific Advisory Panel
- Provides a comprehensive and critical review of sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease
- Features discussion of sex and gender differences in disease biology, treatment, and socioeconomic factors, including impact on caregivers
- Combines the knowledge and points-of-view of neuroscientists, medical doctors, psychologists, policymakers, health scientists, and clinical trial experts, for a 360-degree view on the topic and its possible implications
- Edited by the Women’s Brain Project, the leading NGO in the field of sex and gender differences in brain and mental health as the gateway to precision medicine
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Editors’ biography
- Foreword
- Section 1: Sex differences in fundamental neurobiological processes that are relevant to Alzheimer’s disease
- Introduction
- Chapter 1: Sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease animal models
- Abstract
- Overview of Alzheimer’s disease
- AD animal models
- Evidence for sex differences in AD animal models
- Limitations
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 2: Sex and sex hormone differences in hippocampal neurogenesis and their relevance to Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus
- The function of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus
- Neurogenesis and aging
- Sex differences in neurogenesis
- Sex differences in neurogenesis in the context of cognitive training
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Sex differences in Alzheimer’s disease
- Animal models for Alzheimer’s disease and sex differences
- Neurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease
- Neurogenesis in models of Alzheimer’s disease
- Estrogens and aging
- Estrogens and neurogenesis
- Estrogens and neurogenesis in the context of aging
- Estrogens, aging, and cognition
- Estrogens and neurogenesis in the context of Alzheimer’s disease
- Parity and neurogenesis
- Parity and Alzheimer’s disease
- Testosterone and neurogenesis
- Testosterone and neurogenesis in the context of aging and Alzheimer’s disease
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 3: Sex differences in microglia as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Microglia: Protection and pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
- Protective functions of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease
- Detrimental roles of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease
- Neuroinflammation
- Sex differences in the immune system
- Sex differences in microglia
- Aging microglia
- Interactions between AD, sex, and inflammation in the aged brain
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Section 2: Sex and gender differences in clinical aspects of Alzheimer’s disease
- Introduction
- Chapter 4: Sex differences in CSF biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sex differences in brain structure and function
- Sex differences in the core AD-related biomarkers
- Sex differences in CSF biomarkers of other mechanisms related to the development and progression of AD pathology and clinical symptoms
- Examples of sex-related factors that can influence the interpretation of AD-related biofluid biomarker results
- Future potential of blood-based biomarkers
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 5: Sex differences in neuroimaging biomarkers in healthy subjects and dementia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Structural MRI
- Functional MRI
- Perfusion SPECT
- DAT SPECT
- FDG-PET
- Amyloid PET
- Emerging PET modalities
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 6: Sex and gender differences in neuropsychological symptoms for clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Support
- Introduction
- Memory
- Language
- Executive function
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 7: Sex differences in psychiatric disorders and their implication for dementia
- Abstract
- Psychiatric disorders matter as modifiable risk factors for dementia over the entire life span
- Major depression: A relevant modifiable risk factor for dementia with sex- and gender-related implications
- Pharmacotherapy in the elderly: A major challenge with the risk of detrimental polypharmacy
- Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 8: Sleep disorders and dementia
- Abstract
- Why do we spend a third of life sleeping? An introduction to sleep and its main characteristics
- Sleep disorders and physiological sleep changes during aging
- Sex- and gender-related differences in sleep and sleep disorders
- Sleep disorders in Alzheimer’s disease
- Key points
- Insomnia: An independent risk factor for cognitive impairment
- Key points
- Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: A risk factor for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease
- Key points
- REM sleep behavior disorder: A relevant parasomnia and an early clinical biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases
- Key points
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 9: Hormones and dementia
- Abstract
- Sex differences are hormone differences
- Hormones and cognition
- Menopause and cognition
- Observational studies of hormone therapy use
- Interventional HT use
- Hormone therapy in younger women
- Hormones and cognition in men
- Gaps in knowledge
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 10: Sex and gender differences in genetic and lifestyle risk and protective factors for dementia
- Abstract
- Funding
- Introduction
- APOE allele
- Hormones, menopause, and andropause
- Andropause
- Cardiometabolic risk factors
- Smoking and alcohol consumption
- Physical activity and exercise
- Nutrition
- Sleep disturbances
- Neural reserve and resilience
- The stress axes
- Loneliness and social isolation
- Depression
- Response and adherence to multidomain lifestyle interventions
- Discussion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 11: Sex and gender considerations in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease: Current state and recommendations
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sex considerations in preclinical stages of clinical trials
- Sex and gender considerations in clinical trial stages involving human subjects
- Sex and gender considerations in Alzheimer’s disease clinical trials
- Conclusion
- Recommendations for considering sex and gender in clinical trials
- Chapter highlights
- Section 3: Gender differences in the socio-economic factors linked to Alzheimer’s disease
- Introduction
- Chapter 12: Gender and socioeconomic differences in modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia throughout the life course
- Abstract
- Inequality in early educational achievement
- Inequality in behavioral risk factors: Obesity and physical activity
- Inequality in clinical risk factors: Hypertension and diabetes
- Social support, social isolation, and depression
- Discussion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 13: Living with dementia and caregiving: Psychosocial considerations through the gender lens
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Family dynamics in the context of caregiving in individuals living with dementia
- Psychosocial interventions for individuals living with dementia and their caregivers
- The influence of gender on psychosocial interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 14: Sex and gender differences in caregiving patterns and caregivers’ needs
- Abstract
- What are the patterns of care?
- What are the implications of providing dementia care?
- Why do we observe different outcomes for male and female caregivers?
- Identified key support needs
- Barriers to support
- Is this likely to change in future?
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 15: Gender barriers to communication in Alzheimer’s disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Communication: Grounding concepts
- Ethical implications of effective communication
- Gender issues in IHC in general and implications for AD
- General strategies for communication with dementia and Alzheimer’s patients
- Communicating with caregivers of AD patients
- A research agenda in AD, gender, and communication
- Ten lessons learned about health communication avoiding gender biases in AD
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Chapter 16: Women and dementia policy: Redressing imbalance through gender transformative policies
- Abstract
- Acknowledging the imbalance: Where we are now
- Understanding the imbalance: How did we get here
- Addressing the imbalance: How do we change and move forward?
- Conclusion
- Chapter highlights
- Index
- No. of pages: 512
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: July 23, 2021
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780128193440
- eBook ISBN: 9780128193457
MT
Maria Teresa Ferretti
AS
Annemarie Schumacher Dimech
AS