Semi-Active Suspension Control Design for Vehicles

List of FiguresList of TablesAbout the AuthorsPrefaceAcknowledgementsNotationsChapter 1 Introduction and Motivations    1.1 Introduction and Historical Perspective    1.2 Semi-Active Suspensions    1.3 Applications and Technologies of Semi-Active Suspensions    1.4 Book Structure and Contributions    1.5 Model Parameter SetsChapter 2 Semi-Active Suspension Technologies and Models    2.1 Introduction to Suspension Modeling    2.2 Passive Suspension Systems         2.2.1 Coil Spring         2.2.2 Gas Spring         2.2.3 Ideal Damping Element in a Passive Suspension System    2.3 Controllable Suspension Systems: a Classification    2.4 Semi-Active Suspension Technologies         2.4.1 Electrohydraulic Dampers (EH Dampers)         2.4.2 Magnetorheological Dampers (MR Dampers)         2.4.3 Electrorheological Dampers (ER Dampers)         2.4.4 On “linearization” of Damping Characteristics    2.5 Dynamical Models for Semi-Active Shock Absorber         2.5.1 Classical Model for Semi-Active Shock Absorber          2.5.2 Control Oriented Dynamical Model         2.5.3 Simplified First-Order Model for Semi-Active Shock Absorber    2.6 ConclusionsChapter 3 Suspension Oriented Vehicle Models    3.1 Passive Vertical Quarter-Car Model         3.1.1 Nonlinear Passive Model         3.1.2 Equilibrium Points         3.1.3 LTI Passive Models         3.1.4 Quarter-Car Model Invariance Properties         3.1.5 Numerical Discussion and Analysis         3.1.6 Remarks on the Simplified Quarter-Car Model    3.2 Passive Vertical Half-Vehicle Models         3.2.1 Pitch Oriented Model         3.2.2 Numerical Discussion and Analysis    3.3 Passive Vertical Full Vehicle Model         3.3.1 Assumptions and Kinematic Equations         3.3.2 Full Vertical Dynamic Equations    3.4 Passive Extended Half-Vehicle Model         3.4.1 Nonlinear Model    3.5 Semi-Active Vertical Quarter-Car Model         3.5.1 Nonlinear and LTI Models         3.5.2 Toward LPV Models    3.6 ConclusionsChapter 4 Methodology of Analysis for Automotive Suspensions    4.1 Human Body Comfort and Handling Specifications         4.1.1 Comfort Specifications         4.1.2 Road-Holding Specifications         4.1.3 Suspension Technological Limitations: End-Stop         4.1.4 Quarter-Car Performance Specifications and Signals of Interest    4.2 Frequency Domain Performance Evaluations         4.2.1 Nonlinear Frequency Response Computation         4.2.2 Performance Index Computation         4.2.3 Numerical Discussion and Analysis    4.3 Other Time Domain Performance Evaluations         4.3.1 Bump Test         4.3.2 Broad Band White Noise Test    4.4 ConclusionsChapter 5 Optimal Strategy for Semi-Active Suspensions and Benchmark    5.1 General Rationale of the Solution         5.1.1 Objective and Assumptions         5.1.2 Optimization: General Idea    5.2 Cost Function Definitions    5.3 Optimization Problem Constraint Definitions         5.3.1 Dynamical Equality Constraints         5.3.2 Actuator Inequality Constraints    5.4 Problem Formulation and Resolution    5.5 Numerical Discussion and Analysis         5.5.1 Nonlinear Frequency Response         5.5.2 Performance Index         5.5.3 Results Analysis and Methodology Discussion         5.5.4 Bump Test    5.6 ConclusionsChapter 6 Classical Control for Semi-Active Suspension System    6.1 Comfort Oriented Semi-Active Control Approaches         6.1.1 Skyhook Control         6.1.2 Acceleration Driven Damper Control (ADD)         6.1.3 Power Driven Damper Control (PDD)    6.2 Road-Holding Oriented Semi-Active Control Approaches         6.2.1 Groundhook Damper Control (GH 2-States)         6.2.2 Groundhook Damper Control (GH Linear)    6.3 Performance Evaluation and Comparison         6.3.1 Comfort Oriented Strategies         6.3.2 Road-Holding Oriented Strategies         6.3.3 About the Trade-Off Comfort Versus Road-Holding    6.4 Modern Semi-Active Control Approaches         6.4.1 H∞ Clipped Control Approach         6.4.2 Predictive Approaches         6.4.3 Some Other Approaches    6.5 ConclusionsChapter 7 Mixed SH-ADD Semi-Active Control    7.1 Mixed Skyhook-ADD: The Algorithm    7.2 The 1-Sensor-Mix Algorithm    7.3 The Frequency-Range Selector         7.3.1 First Interpretation: Single-Tone Disturbance         7.3.2 Second Interpretation: Broadband Disturbance         7.3.3 Sensitivity of Mixed Strategies with Respect to α    7.4 Numerical Time-Domain Simulations         7.4.1 Pure Tone Signal         7.4.2 Bump Test    7.5 ConclusionsChapter 8 Robust H∞ “LPV Semi-Active” Control    8.1 Synthesis Model         8.1.1 System Model c         8.1.2 Actuator Model    8.2 “LPV Semi-Active” Proposed Approach and Scheduling Strategy          8.2.1 Basic Definition on LPV Polytopic Systems         8.2.2 Generalized LPV Plant g(ρ) and Problem Definition         8.2.3 Scheduling Strategy for the Parameter ρ    8.3 H∞ LMI Based “LPV Semi-Active” Controller Synthesis         8.3.1 Problem Feasibility and Controller Reconstruction         8.3.2 Numerical Issues and “LPV Semi-Active” Synthesis Algorithm    8.4 Controller Implementation and On-Line Scheduling    8.5 Controller Parametrization         8.5.1 Comfort Oriented Controller Parametrization (Controller 1)         8.5.2 Road-Holding Oriented Controller Parametrization (Controller 2)    8.6 Numerical Discussion and Analysis         8.6.1 Nonlinear Frequency Response         8.6.2 Performance Index         8.6.3 Bump Test    8.7 ConclusionsChapter 9 Conclusions and OutlookAppendix A Control Method Comparisons    A.1 Method Complexity Comparison         A.1.1 Skyhook 2-States and Skyhook Linear         A.1.2 ADD and PDD         A.1.3 Groundhook 2-States and Groundhook Linear         A.1.4 SH-ADD (and 1 Sensor Version)         A.1.5 LPV Semi-Active         A.1.6 (Hybrid) MPC Based    A.2 ConclusionsAppendix B Case Study    B.1 Description of the Actuator    B.2 Model of the Semi-Active Suspension System    B.3 Control Algorithms    B.4 Experimental Set-Up    B.5 Definition of the Test-Bench Experiments    B.6 Analysis of the Experimental ResultsReferencesIndex