Seismic While Drilling
Fundamentals of Drill-Bit Seismic for Exploration
- 1st Edition - June 30, 2004
- Authors: F.B Poletto, F. Miranda
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 3 9 2 8 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 7 4 3 4 - 2
The purpose of this book is to give a theoretical and practical introduction to seismic-while-drilling by using the drill-bit noise. This recent technology offers important… Read more
Purchase options
Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteThe purpose of this book is to give a theoretical and practical introduction to seismic-while-drilling by using the drill-bit noise. This recent technology offers important products for geophysical control of drilling. It involves aspects typical of borehole seismics and of the drilling control surveying, hitherto the sole domain of mudlogging.
For aspects related to the drill-bit source performance and borehole acoustics, the book attempts to provide a connection between experts working in geophysics and in drilling.
There are different ways of thinking related to basic knowledge, operational procedures and precision in the observation of the physical quantities. The goal of the book is to help "build a bridge" between geophysicists involved in seismic while drilling - who may need to familiarize themselves with methods and procedures of drilling and drilling-rock mechanics - and drillers involved in geosteering and drilling of "smart wells" - who may have to familiarize themselves with seismic signals, wave resolution and radiation. For instance, an argument of common interest for drilling and seismic while drilling studies is the monitoring of the drill-string and bit vibrations.
This volume contains a large number of real examples of SWD data analysis and applications.
Preface.
Acknowledgments.
About the authors.
Glossary of main symbols.
Unit conversion factors.
1. Introduction and overview.
1.1 Geophysics for exploration and drilling.
1.2 Conventional borehole seismic methods.
1.3 Motivation for seismic while drilling.
1.4 History of the use of the drill-bit signal.
1.5 Overview of the different approaches to SWD.
1.6 Seismic-while-drilling method.
1.7 Main products obtainable while drilling.
1.8 Measurement while drilling and SWD perspectives.
2. Principles of drilling.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Drilling a well.
2.3 Main well components.
2.4 Drilling offshore.
2.5 Directional and deviated wells.
2.6 Designing a well.
2.7 Classification of drill-bit types.
3. General theory: drill-bit seismic waves.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Reciprocity principle.
3.3 Normal while-drilling VSP.
3.4 Drill-bit seismic source.
3.5 Total drilling power.
3.6 Energy analysis in terms of drilling parameters.
3.7 Energy balance in rock fracture.
3.8 Radiation of energy from the bit (far-field effects).
3.9 Near-field effects.
3.10 Balance of the borehole and radiated power.
3.11 Drill bit versus conventional seismic sources.
3.12 Roller-cone bit as a periodic vibration source.
3.13 Roller-cone bit as a wideband seismic source.
3.14 PDC bit as a vibration source.
3.15 Analysis of PDC single-cutter forces.
3.16 Dynamic variation of PDC-cutter forces.
3.17 Summary of large bit-vibration modes.
3.18 Bit vibrations induced by mud pressure modulation.
3.19 Numerical examples of drill-bit vibrations.
3.20 Radiation properties of conventional sources.
3.21 Radiation from drill-bit and conventional sources.
4. General theory: drill-string waves and noise fields.
4.1 Introduction: drill-string vibration analysis.
4.2 Drill-string waves.
4.3 Attenuation of extensional waves.
4.4 Waves periodic and non-periodic drill strings.
4.5 Drill-bit mud waves.
4.6 Coupled pipe-mud-formation guided waves.
4.7 Summary of drill string waves.
4.8 Surface/rigsite noise wavefields.
4.9 Drill-string noise and borehole interactions.
4.10 Drill-string transmission line.
4.11 Bit/rock reflection coefficient.
4.12 Dual fields in the drill string.
5. Acquisition of SWD data.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Signal recognition and acquisition layout.
5.3 Pilot sensors and transducers.
5.4 Surface pilot sensors (rig pilots).
5.5 Downhole pilot sensors.
5.6 Use of dual sensors in drill strings.
5.7 Other pilot sensors at the rig.
5.8 SWD data-acquisition system.
5.9 SWD-data acquisition and drilling control.
5.10 Drilling depth and seismic depth.
5.11 Spatial sampling of SWD signals.
5.12 SWD-source pattern with bit deepening.
5.13 Onshore acquisition.
5.14 Receiver arrays in SWD.
5.15 Acquisition of shear and converted waves.
5.16 Survey preparation procedures.
5.17 Survey operations.
5.18 Summary of quality-control procedures.
5.19 Onshore 3D-SWD acquisition.
5.20 Offshore acquisition.
6. Preprocessing of SWD data.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Preprocessing.
6.3 SWD data in the crosscorrelated domain.
6.4 Stack of while-drilling data.
6.5 Deconvolution of the drill-bit source function.
6.6 Pilot deconvolution.
6.7 Discussion about pilot deconvolution.
6.8 Beam-steering deconvolution.
6.9 Deconvolution in rotation-angle domain.
6.10 Modeling of drill-string response.
6.11 Fitting with real data.
6.12 Drill-string waves in the correlated and deconvolved data.
6.13 Interpretation of drill-string multiples.
6.14 Rig ghost.
6.15 Processing of dual drill-string wavefields.
6.16 Pilot-delay correction.
6.17 Signal rephasing.
6.18 Example of preprocessing parameters.
7. Processing of signal and noise RVSP fields.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Entropy and repeatability of the drill-bit source.
7.3 Common-level stack of correlations with noise.
7.4 Selective stack by drilling parameters.
7.5 Noise cancellation by orthogonal pilot traces.
7.6 Noise separation by independent pilot traces.
7.7 Analysis of torsional pilot waves.
7.8 SWD with downhole-motor drilling.
7.9 RVSP processing of SWD-VSP seismograms.
7.10 Analysis of impulsive drill-bit signal.
7.11 Correction for geophone group-array filters.
7.12 Other SWD methods based on correlation.
8. Applications.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 SWD products.
8.3 Drilling and real-time migration.
8.4 Deviated-well monitoring.
8.5 Geological and lithological aspects.
8.6 Comparison of SWD and wireline VSP results.
8.7 Prediction by SWD in favorable conditions.
8.8 SWD in geologically-complex and poor-seismic-response area.
8.9 Crosshole SWD seismic survey.
8.10 3D-RVSP application.
8.11 While-drilling application of 3D-RVSP imaging.
8.12 New trends for SWD.
8.13 Geosteering.
Bibliography.
Name index.
Subject index.
Acknowledgments.
About the authors.
Glossary of main symbols.
Unit conversion factors.
1. Introduction and overview.
1.1 Geophysics for exploration and drilling.
1.2 Conventional borehole seismic methods.
1.3 Motivation for seismic while drilling.
1.4 History of the use of the drill-bit signal.
1.5 Overview of the different approaches to SWD.
1.6 Seismic-while-drilling method.
1.7 Main products obtainable while drilling.
1.8 Measurement while drilling and SWD perspectives.
2. Principles of drilling.
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Drilling a well.
2.3 Main well components.
2.4 Drilling offshore.
2.5 Directional and deviated wells.
2.6 Designing a well.
2.7 Classification of drill-bit types.
3. General theory: drill-bit seismic waves.
3.1 Introduction.
3.2 Reciprocity principle.
3.3 Normal while-drilling VSP.
3.4 Drill-bit seismic source.
3.5 Total drilling power.
3.6 Energy analysis in terms of drilling parameters.
3.7 Energy balance in rock fracture.
3.8 Radiation of energy from the bit (far-field effects).
3.9 Near-field effects.
3.10 Balance of the borehole and radiated power.
3.11 Drill bit versus conventional seismic sources.
3.12 Roller-cone bit as a periodic vibration source.
3.13 Roller-cone bit as a wideband seismic source.
3.14 PDC bit as a vibration source.
3.15 Analysis of PDC single-cutter forces.
3.16 Dynamic variation of PDC-cutter forces.
3.17 Summary of large bit-vibration modes.
3.18 Bit vibrations induced by mud pressure modulation.
3.19 Numerical examples of drill-bit vibrations.
3.20 Radiation properties of conventional sources.
3.21 Radiation from drill-bit and conventional sources.
4. General theory: drill-string waves and noise fields.
4.1 Introduction: drill-string vibration analysis.
4.2 Drill-string waves.
4.3 Attenuation of extensional waves.
4.4 Waves periodic and non-periodic drill strings.
4.5 Drill-bit mud waves.
4.6 Coupled pipe-mud-formation guided waves.
4.7 Summary of drill string waves.
4.8 Surface/rigsite noise wavefields.
4.9 Drill-string noise and borehole interactions.
4.10 Drill-string transmission line.
4.11 Bit/rock reflection coefficient.
4.12 Dual fields in the drill string.
5. Acquisition of SWD data.
5.1 Introduction.
5.2 Signal recognition and acquisition layout.
5.3 Pilot sensors and transducers.
5.4 Surface pilot sensors (rig pilots).
5.5 Downhole pilot sensors.
5.6 Use of dual sensors in drill strings.
5.7 Other pilot sensors at the rig.
5.8 SWD data-acquisition system.
5.9 SWD-data acquisition and drilling control.
5.10 Drilling depth and seismic depth.
5.11 Spatial sampling of SWD signals.
5.12 SWD-source pattern with bit deepening.
5.13 Onshore acquisition.
5.14 Receiver arrays in SWD.
5.15 Acquisition of shear and converted waves.
5.16 Survey preparation procedures.
5.17 Survey operations.
5.18 Summary of quality-control procedures.
5.19 Onshore 3D-SWD acquisition.
5.20 Offshore acquisition.
6. Preprocessing of SWD data.
6.1 Introduction.
6.2 Preprocessing.
6.3 SWD data in the crosscorrelated domain.
6.4 Stack of while-drilling data.
6.5 Deconvolution of the drill-bit source function.
6.6 Pilot deconvolution.
6.7 Discussion about pilot deconvolution.
6.8 Beam-steering deconvolution.
6.9 Deconvolution in rotation-angle domain.
6.10 Modeling of drill-string response.
6.11 Fitting with real data.
6.12 Drill-string waves in the correlated and deconvolved data.
6.13 Interpretation of drill-string multiples.
6.14 Rig ghost.
6.15 Processing of dual drill-string wavefields.
6.16 Pilot-delay correction.
6.17 Signal rephasing.
6.18 Example of preprocessing parameters.
7. Processing of signal and noise RVSP fields.
7.1 Introduction.
7.2 Entropy and repeatability of the drill-bit source.
7.3 Common-level stack of correlations with noise.
7.4 Selective stack by drilling parameters.
7.5 Noise cancellation by orthogonal pilot traces.
7.6 Noise separation by independent pilot traces.
7.7 Analysis of torsional pilot waves.
7.8 SWD with downhole-motor drilling.
7.9 RVSP processing of SWD-VSP seismograms.
7.10 Analysis of impulsive drill-bit signal.
7.11 Correction for geophone group-array filters.
7.12 Other SWD methods based on correlation.
8. Applications.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 SWD products.
8.3 Drilling and real-time migration.
8.4 Deviated-well monitoring.
8.5 Geological and lithological aspects.
8.6 Comparison of SWD and wireline VSP results.
8.7 Prediction by SWD in favorable conditions.
8.8 SWD in geologically-complex and poor-seismic-response area.
8.9 Crosshole SWD seismic survey.
8.10 3D-RVSP application.
8.11 While-drilling application of 3D-RVSP imaging.
8.12 New trends for SWD.
8.13 Geosteering.
Bibliography.
Name index.
Subject index.
- No. of pages: 546
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: June 30, 2004
- Imprint: Pergamon
- Hardback ISBN: 9780080439280
- eBook ISBN: 9780080474342
FP
F.B Poletto
Flavio Poletto worked from 1984 to 2019 at the Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale – OGS (former Osservatorio Geofisico Sperimentale), Italy. In 1988 he received the degree “Dottore in Fisica” from the University of Trieste. Since 1988, he has worked as a geophysicist on seismic-while-drilling (SWD) research by using the drilling noise to obtain reverse VSPs. He is the author of many papers and a monography on SWD, drill-string acoustics, co-author of patents regarding the drill-bit-noise separation for RVSP and Tunnel SWD. He received Honorable Mentions for papers selected in the category of the Best Paper in GEOPHYSICS (2001 and 2003), ASCE Best paper (MOONBIT) (2010), and “Legends-of-SWD” (2016) awards. His research activity includes borehole geophysics, acoustic and SWD, with applications extended to drilling diagnostics, geosteering, seismic interferometry, DAS, CCS, and Geothermal.
Affiliations and expertise
Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale (OGS), Sgonico (Trieste), ItalyFM
F. Miranda
Francesco Miranda received a BSc degree in Geology in 1984 and a PhD degree in Geophysics 1989 from UC Swansea (UK) with a thesis on Travel-time and Amplitude Tomography. He worked at DMT (Bochum, Germany) where he was active in research in seismic tomography, borehole seismic data acquisition and processing, processing of in seam seismic for coal fields, and special processing and acquisition techniques for surface 2D seismic. Since 1990 he has worked in the exploration and production Division at Eni in Milan, in the borehole seismic department. He has been actively involved in research in the field of Seismic While Drilling on which he is the author of many papers and in the field of cross-hole seismic and geosteering
Affiliations and expertise
ENI, S. Donato Milanese (MI), ItalyRead Seismic While Drilling on ScienceDirect