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Scaling Up of Microbial Electrochemical Systems

From Reality to Scalability

1st Edition - January 28, 2022

Editors: Dipak Ashok Jadhav, Soumya Pandit, S. Gajalakshmi, Maulin P Shah

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 7 6 5 - 1

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 7 6 6 - 8

Scaling Up of Microbial Electrochemical Systems: From Reality to Scalability is the first book of its kind to focus on scaling up of microbial electrochemical systems (MES) and… Read more

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Scaling Up of Microbial Electrochemical Systems: From Reality to Scalability is the first book of its kind to focus on scaling up of microbial electrochemical systems (MES) and the unique challenges faced when moving towards practical applications using this technology. This book emphasizes an understanding of the current limitations of MES technology and suggests a way forward towards onsite applications of MES for practical use. It includes the basics of MES as well as success stories and case studies of MES in the direction of practical applications.

This book will give a new direction to energy researchers, scientists and policymakers working on field applications of microbial electrochemical systems—microbial fuel cells, microbial electrolysis cells, microbial electrosynthesis cells, and more.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Chapter 1: Microbial electrochemical systems
Abstract
Acknowledgments
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Classification of METs
1.3: Conclusion
Chapter 2: A review on scaling-up of microbial fuel cell: Challenges and opportunities
Abstract
2.1: Introduction
2.2: MFC theory
2.3: Research gap of MFC
2.4: Operational and electrochemical limitations of MFC analysis
2.5: Technology development solution
2.6: Techno–economic viability
2.7: Pilot scale to industrial scale of MFC
2.8: Application of microbial fuel cell to the social relevance
2.9: Recent developments
2.10: Future improvements
2.11: Conclusion
Chapter 3: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in microbial electrochemical systems
Abstract
Acknowledgments
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Electroactive microorganisms (EAMs)
3.3: Formation of electroactive biofilms (EABFs)
3.4: Electron transfer mechanism
3.5: Effect of design, operational, and biological parameters on electroactivity of EABFs
3.6: Genetic engineering: An approach to enhance exoelectrogenesis
3.7: Applications of EABFs
3.8: Conclusions and future prospects
Chapter 4: Role of electroactive biofilms in governing the performance of microbial electrochemical system
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Role of electroactive biofilms in MES
4.3: Strategies for development of EAB
4.4: Microbes in EAB
4.5: Electron transfer in EAB
4.6: Methods to study EAB
4.7: Dynamic of EAB application
4.8: Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 5: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in the microbial electrochemical system
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Electroactive microorganism and biofilm formation
5.3: Factors affecting electroactive biofilm formation
5.4: Electron transfer mechanism in MES
5.5: Tools and techniques to study electroactive biofilms and microbial community analysis
5.6: Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 6: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in MES
Abstract
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Electroactive biofilms (EABs)
6.3: Anodic electroactive biofilm
6.4: Cathodic electroactive biofilm
6.5: Mechanism of electron within anodic EAB
6.6: Mechanisms of electron transfer in cathodic EABs
6.7: Tools and techniques used to study EABs
6.8: Applications of EABs
6.9: Conclusion
Chapter 7: Bioelectroremediation of wastes using bioelectrochemical system
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Drawbacks of conventional bioremediation
7.3: Phytoremediation
7.4: BES for ground water remediation
7.5: Practical obstacles in GW remediation suggests BES application
7.6: In situ bioelectroremediation: Ideal step
7.7: Bioelectroremediation: Future perspectives
7.8: Conclusion
Chapter 8: Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) as proton exchange membrane (PEM) in single chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs)
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Proton exchange membranes (PEM)
8.3: Present study
8.4: Designing and fabrication of single-chambered MFCs
8.5: Natural fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite as PEM in MFCs
8.6: Substrates used in MFCs
8.7: Inocula used in MFCs
8.8: Experimental design
8.9: Results in terms of electricity generation
8.10: Results in terms of COD removal
8.11: Results of the comparison of different proton exchange membrane (PEM) used in MFC with commercially available PEM-based MFC
8.12: Results in terms of electricity generation
8.13: Results in terms of COD removal
8.14: Conclusions
Chapter 9: Effects of biofouling on polymer electrolyte membranes in scaling-up of microbial electrochemical systems
Abstract
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Causes of biofouling in polymer electrolyte membrane
9.3: Mechanism of polymer electrolyte membrane biofouling
9.4: Effects of biofouling on MES performance
9.5: Methods to analyze membrane biofouling
9.6: Challenges confronted in scaling-up of MES
9.7: Preventive measures of membrane biofouling
9.8: Conclusion
Chapter 10: Advancement in electrode materials and membrane separators for scaling up of MES
Abstract
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Designing of reactor to scale-up
10.3: Electrode modification in scaling-up of MES
10.4: Membrane separators in MES
Chapter 11: Scale-up of bioelectrochemical systems: Stacking strategies and the road ahead
Abstract
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Scale-up: Issues and strategies
11.3: Stacking of BESs
11.4: Voltage reversal and prevention
11.5: Pilot-scale BESs for hydrogen/methane production
11.6: Scaled-up BESs for bioremediation
11.7: Conclusions and future perspective
Chapter 12: Application of microbial electrochemical system for industrial wastewater treatment
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Energy recovery in wastewater treatment systems
12.3: Industrial wastewater generation and the ecotoxicological impacts of the pollutants
12.4: Industrial wastewater treatment in microbial electrochemical systems
12.5: Recent advancements in scaling up microbial electrochemical systems
12.6: Economic and life cycle assessment
12.7: Conclusion
Chapter 13: Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology key players for improving efficacy of microbial fuel cell technology
Abstract
Acknowledgment
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Classification or types and design of MFC for electricity generation
13.3: Molecular mechanisms of electron transfer by diverse microbial regimes or electrogens for MFC technology
13.4: Existing physical- and chemical-based approaches for improving the MFC performance
13.5: Existing pitfalls or drawbacks of existing MFC technology
13.6: Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology impacts on improving MFC performance
13.7: Conclusion and future outlook
Chapter 14: Microbial electrochemical platform: A sustainable workhorse for improving wastewater treatment and desalination
Abstract
Acknowledgment
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Classification and general discussion about microbial electrochemical platform toward wastewater treatment and desalination
14.3: Potential role of existing native microbial regime in wastewater treatment and desalination
14.4: Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology impacts on improving strains or M/Os to improve the performance of MES/MFC toward wastewater treatment and desalination
14.5: Future outlook
Chapter 15: Scaling-up of microbial electrochemical systems to convert energy from waste into power and biofuel
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Scale-up of MET from laboratory level to pilot level
15.3: Stacking of microbial electrochemical systems: A major perspective for scaling-up
15.4: Continuous mode of operation of microbial electrochemical systems during scale-up
15.5: Challenges for field-level application of MET
15.6: Solutions to overcome limitation of MET
15.7: Future perspective
Chapter 16: Microbial fuel cell: Commercial aspect in terms of stacking and electrochemical perspective for scaling up
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Role of different materials in development of MFC
16.3: Strategies for development of MFC stacking
16.4: Modes of operation
16.5: MFC design for scale-up
16.6: Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 17: Scaling up and applications of microbial fuel cells
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Engineering design parameters for MFC scale-up
17.3: Process parameters for MFC scale-up
17.4: Criteria for scale-up
17.5: Market segmentation and SWOT analysis
17.6: Outlook
Chapter 18: Electrode modification and its application in microbial electrolysis cell
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Electrode modification
18.3: MEC operation using modified electrodes
18.4: Limiting factors affecting the electrode function
18.5: Conclusions
Chapter 19: Strategies in the direction of scaling-up aspects of microbial electrolysis cells
Abstract
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Thermodynamic basics and theoretical advantages
19.3: Advantages of MECs over water electrolysis
19.4: MECs for methanation and microbial electrosynthesis
19.5: Engineering challenges that must be tackled
19.6: Interference of methanogens in H2 MECs
19.7: Strategies in the direction of scaling-up aspects of microbial electrolysis cells
19.8: Conclusions
Chapter 20: Multi-stage constructed wetland microbial fuel cells: A new perspective for potential high-strength wastewater treatment under continuous operation
Abstract
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Fundamentals of electron transfer mechanism and design of CW-MFCs
20.3: Potential high-strength wastewater treatment
20.4: Multi-stage systems
20.5: Advantages of multi-stage systems
20.6: Challenges in operation and future directions
Chapter 21: Microbial fuel cells—Challenges for commercialization and how they can be addressed
Abstract
Acknowledgment
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Operating conditions and anodic constraints
21.3: Catholyte and cathodic conditions
21.4: Electrode materials
21.5: Proton exchange membrane
21.6: Oxygen reduction reaction catalysts
21.7: Design parameters and configurations
21.8: Scaling up and commercialization of MFC—Current status and challenges
21.9: Bottlenecks and future direction
21.10: Summary
Chapter 22: Utilization of human waste and animal urine for energy and resource recovery in microbial electrochemical system
Abstract
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Complexity of treatment of animal waste in a conventional wastewater treatment system and recovery options
22.3: Microbial electrochemical system (MES) for animal wastewater treatment
22.4: Animal waste treatment in MES
22.5: Mechanism and application of human waste and urine treatment in MES
22.6: Challenges and future perspectives for utilizing animal waste in MES
22.7: Conclusion
Chapter 23: Application of artificial intelligence methods for the optimization and control of bioelectrochemical systems
Abstract
Acknowledgment
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Background
23.3: AI-based methods for studying BES
23.4: Conclusion and future outlook
Chapter 24: Toward sustainable feasibility of microbial electrochemical systems to reality
Abstract
24.1: Microbial electrochemical systems
24.2: Challenges
24.3: Energy efficiency
24.4: Economic assessment
24.5: Life cycle assessment (LCA)
24.6: Sustainable priorities
24.7: Conclusion and future outlook
Index

Dipak Ashok Jadhav

Dipak Ashok Jadhav is a research professor at the Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, South Korea. His research interests lie in microbial fuel cells, bioelectrochemical systems, sanitation, bioenergy research, water management, and waste-to-energy.

Soumya Pandit

Dr. Soumya Pandit is a senior assistant professor at Sharda University, Greater Noida, Delhi NCR, India. He pursued his doctoral studies from Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur and completed his postdoctoral research work (PBC fellow) at the Department of Desalination and Water Treatment, The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research (ZIWR), Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. He is a recipient of North West University, South Arica Post-doctoral fellowship. He has authored 21 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and has authored 22 book chapters and published 3 Indian patents. He holds a BTech in Biotechnology and MTech. His current research focuses on microbial electrochemical systems for bioenergy harvesting, biohythane, bacterial biofilm and biofouling study, etc. He serves as a reviewer for Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, editorial board member in SCIREA Journal of Biology, and the Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (JKSEE).

Affiliations and expertise

Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India

S. Gajalakshmi

Dr. S. Gajalakshmi is an Assistant Professor and Head (i/c) at Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, with more than 15 years of experience in teaching and research. She is a Gold Medallist in BSc and MSc and has an MPhil and PhD in Environmental Science and Engineering from Pondicherry University. She was awarded ‘Best Teacher Award’, Pondicherry University for the years 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018. Her research interests are solid waste management, nutrient dynamics of soil, domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, energy, and microbial fuel cells. She has published over 50 publications in peer reviewed prestigious journals, has authored one book and contributed more than 10 chapters in other books. She is granted one patent on a unique wastewater treatment process and one patent published on novel process for ligninous waste treatment.

Affiliations and expertise

Centre for Pollution Control and Environmental Engineering, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, India

Maulin P Shah

Maulin P. Shah is a Microbial Biotechnologist with diverse research interest. His primary interest is the environment, the quality of our living resources and the ways that bacteria can help to manage and degrade toxic wastes and restore environmental health. Consequently, His work has been focused to assess the impact of industrial pollution on microbial diversity of wastewater following cultivation dependent and cultivation independent analysis.