Safety Design for Space Systems

2nd Edition - July 25, 2023
Editors: Tommaso Sgobba, Gary Eugene Musgrave, Gary Johnson, Michael T. Kezirian
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 6 5 4 - 3
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 5 6 5 5 - 0

The lack of widespread education in space safety engineering and management has profound effects on project team effectiveness in integrating safety during design. On one side, it… Read more

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The lack of widespread education in space safety engineering and management has profound effects on project team effectiveness in integrating safety during design. On one side, it slows down the professional development of junior safety engineers, while on the other side it creates a sectarian attitude that isolates safety engineers from the rest of the project team. To speed up professional development, bridge the gap within the team, and prevent hampered communication and missed feedback, the entire project team needs to acquire and develop a shared culture of space safety principles and techniques.The second edition of Safety Design for Space Systems continues to address these issues with substantial updates to chapters such as battery safety, life support systems, robotic systems safety, and fire safety. This book also features new chapters on crew survivability design and nuclear space systems safety. Finally, the discussion of human rating concepts, safety-by-design principles, and safety management practices have also been revised and improved. With contributions from leading experts worldwide, this second edition represents an essential educational resource and reference tool for engineers and managers working on space projects.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface to the first edition
Preface to the second edition
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Introduction
SubChapter 1.1. Space incidents
SubChapter 1.2. Designing safety in a space system
SubChapter 1.3. Staying hungry: the interminable management of risk in human spaceflight
SubChapter 1.4. Book structure and content
Chapter 2. The space environment: natural and induced
SubChapter 2.1. The atmosphere
SubChapter 2.2. Orbital debris and meteoroids
SubChapter 2.3. Acoustics
SubChapter 2.4. Radiation
SubChapter 2.5. Natural and induced thermal environments
SubChapter 2.6. Combined environmental effects
Chapter 3. Overview of bioastronautics
SubChapter 3.1. Space physiology
SubChapter 3.2. Physiological effects of space missions and space analogs
SubChapter 3.3. Health maintenance
SubChapter 3.4. Conclusion
Chapter 4. Space safety engineering and management
SubChapter 4.1. Introduction
SubChapter 4.2. Definitions and key principles
SubChapter 4.3. System safety engineering
SubChapter 4.4. Safety management system
Chapter 5. Safety policy and human rating
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Policies, regulations, and standards
5.3. Human rating
Chapter 6. Probabilistic risk assessment with emphasis on design
6.1. Basic elements of probabilistic risk assessment
6.2. Construction of a probabilistic risk assessment for design evaluations
6.3. Relative risk evaluations
6.4. Evaluations of the relative risks of alternative designs
Chapter 7. Safety considerations for the ground environment
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Ground support equipment
7.3. Documentation and reviews
7.4. Roles and responsibilities
7.5. Contingency planning
7.6. Flight hardware safety
7.7. Training
7.8. Hazardous operations
7.9. Tools
7.10. Human factors
7.11. Biological systems and materials
7.12. Electrical equipment and facilities
7.13. Radiation
7.14. Pressure systems
7.15. Explosive devices
7.16. Mechanical and electromechanical devices
7.17. Propellants
7.18. Cryogenics
7.19. Oxygen systems
7.20. Ground handling
7.21. Software safety
7.22. Summary
Chapter 8. Emergency and crew survival systems
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Emergency and crew survival capabilities
8.3. Personal protective equipment
Chapter 9. Space debris protection
SubChapter 9.1. Risk control measures
SubChapter 9.2. Emergency repair considerations for spacecraft pressure wall damage
Chapter 10. Docking systems design
SubChapter 10.1. Docking systems design and operations
SubChapter 10.2. Docking system standardization
Chapter 11. Parachute system design
11.1. Parachute systems
Chapter 12. Materials safety
SubChapter 12.1. Toxic offgassing
SubChapter 12.2. Stress-corrosion cracking
SubChapter 12.3. Conclusions
Chapter 13. Containment of hazardous materials
SubChapter 13.1. Toxic materials
SubChapter 13.2. Biohazardous materials
SubChapter 13.3. Shatterable materials
SubChapter 13.4. Containment design approach
SubChapter 13.5. Containment design methods
SubChapter 13.6. Safety controls
SubChapter 13.7. Safety verifications
SubChapter 13.8. Conclusions
Chapter 14. Propellant systems safety
SubChapter 14.1. Solid propulsion systems safety
SubChapter 14.2. Liquid propellant propulsion systems safety
SubChapter 14.3. Hypergolic propellants
SubChapter 14.4. Propellant fire
Chapter 15. Environmental impact of propulsion systems and green alternatives
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Current environmental concerns
15.3. Green propellants
15.4. Liquid propellants
15.5. Conclusions
Chapter 16. Life support systems safety
SubChapter 16.1. Atmospheric conditioning and control
SubChapter 16.2. Trace contaminant control
SubChapter 16.3. Assessment of water quality in the spacecraft environment: mitigating health and safety concerns
SubChapter 16.4. Waste management
SubChapter 16.5. Summary of life support systems
Chapter 17. Fire safety
SubChapter 17.1. Characteristics of fire in space
SubChapter 17.2. Design for fire prevention
SubChapter 17.3. Spacecraft fire detection
SubChapter 17.4. Spacecraft fire suppression
Chapter 18. Oxygen systems safety
SubChapter 18.1. Oxygen pressure system design
SubChapter 18.2. Oxygen generators
Chapter 19. Avionics safety
SubChapter 19.1. Introduction to avionics safety
SubChapter 19.2. Electrical grounding and electrical bonding
SubChapter 19.3. Safety critical computer control
SubChapter 19.4. Circuit protection: fusing
SubChapter 19.5. Electrostatic discharge control
SubChapter 19.6. Arc tracking
SubChapter 19.7. Corona control in high voltage systems
SubChapter 19.8. Extravehicular activity considerations
SubChapter 19.9. Spacecraft electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic compatibility control
SubChapter 19.10. Design and testing of safety critical circuits
SubChapter 19.11. Electrical hazards
SubChapter 19.12. Avionics lessons learned
Chapter 20. Software system safety
20.1. Introduction
20.2. The software safety problem
20.3. Current practice
20.4. Best practice
20.5. Summary
Chapter 21. Battery safety
21.1. Introduction
21.2. General design and safety guidelines
21.3. Battery types
21.4. Battery models
21.5. Hazard and toxicity categorization
21.6. Battery chemistry
21.7. Storage, transportation, and handling
Chapter 22. Space nuclear systems safety design
22.1. Introduction
22.2. Terminology and key principles
22.3. Types of space nuclear systems
22.4. Other uses for nuclear radiation in space
22.5. Radioactive material containment
22.6. Launch safety and accident environment
22.7. Launch safety risk constraint criteria
22.8. Design to minimize radioactive release risk
Chapter 23. Mechanical systems safety
subChapter 23.1. Safety factors
subChapter 23.2. Spacecraft structures
subChapter 23.3. Fracture control
subChapter 23.4. Pressure vessels, lines, and fittings
subChapter 23.5. Composite overwrapped pressure vessels
subChapter 23.6. Structural design of glass and ceramic components for space system safety
subChapter 23.7. Safety-critical mechanisms
Chapter 24. Pyrotechnic safety
24.1. Pyrotechnic devices
24.2. Electroexplosive devices
Chapter 25. Laser safety
25.1. Background
25.2. Laser characteristics
25.3. Laser standards
25.4. Lasers used in space
25.5. Design considerations for laser safety
25.6. Conclusions
Chapter 26. Extravehicular activity safety
26.1. Extravehicular activity environment
26.2. Suit hazards
26.3. Crew hazards
26.4. Conclusion
Chapter 27. Robotic systems safety
27.1. Introduction
27.2. Robotic applications for space systems
27.3. Hazard mitigation and risk reduction
27.4. Case studies
27.5. Summary
Appendix A. Probability of cancer casualty constraint for exposures to radioactive materials
Appendix B. Risk estimation methodology for RPS & RHU launch accidents
Index

Tommaso Sgobba

Tommaso Sgobba is Executive Director and Board Secretary of IAASS (International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety). Tommaso Sgobba has been IAASS first President in the period 2005-2013. Until June 2013 Tommaso Sgobba has been responsible for flight safety at the European Space Agency (ESA), including human-rated systems, spacecraft re-entries, space debris, use of nuclear power sources, and planetary protection. He joined the European Space Agency in 1989, after 13 years in the aeronautical industry. Initially he supported the developments of the Ariane 5 launcher, several earth observation and meteorological satellites, and the early phase of the European Hermes spaceplane. Later he became _Product Assurance and Safety Manager for all European manned missions on Shuttle, MIR station, and for the European research facilities of the International Space Station. He chaired for 10 years the ESA ISS Payload Safety Review Panel. He was also instrumental in setting up the ESA Re-entry Safety Review Panel. Tommaso Sgobba holds an M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering from the Polytechnic of Turin (Italy), where he was also professor of space system safety (1999-2001). He has published several articles and papers on space safety, and co-edited the text book “Safety Design for Space Systems”, published in 2009 by Elsevier, that was also published later in Chinese. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the books “Safety Design for Space Operations” (2013) and “Space Safety and Human Performance” (2017) also published by Elsevier. He is Managing Editor of the Journal of Space Safety Engineering and member of the editorial board of the Space Safety Magazine. Tommaso Sgobba is the inventor (patent pending) of the R-DBAS (Re-entry, Direct Broadcasting Alert System), to alert the air traffic of falling fragments from uncontrolled space system re-entry. Tommaso Sgobba received the NASA recognition for outstanding contribution to the International Space Station in 2004, and the prestigious NASA Space Flight Awareness (SFA) Award in 2007.

Affiliations and expertise

President, International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS) and former Head of the Independent Safety Office, European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands

Gary Eugene Musgrave

Dr. Gary Eugene Musgrave received his undergraduate training at Auburn University, where he received the Baccalaureate in Biological Sciences in 1969, and at the Georgia Institute of Technology, where he studied Electrical Engineering from 1971 until 1973. He received his graduate education at Auburn University, receiving the Master of Science in the field of Pharmacology/Toxicology from the School of Pharmacy in 1976, and the Doctor of Philosophy in the fields of Cardiovascular Physiology and Autonomic Neuropharmacology from the School of Veterinary Medicine in 1979. After completing his postdoctoral research, Dr. Musgrave was appointed Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Medicine at the Medical College of Virginia where he was Co-Investigator and the Engineering Project Director for a NASA sponsored investigation of the baroreflex regulation of blood pressure in astronauts during and after missions in space. This experiment ultimately was flown on the Spacelab “Space Life Sciences-1” mission. In 1982, Dr. Musgrave joined the NASA team at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, as an employee of the Management and Technical Services Company (MATSCO), a subsidiary of the General Electric Corporation, as the contractor manager for NASA’s Detailed Science Objective Program, where he was responsible for the development, certification, testing, and flight support for numerous items of medical hardware flown on various Space Shuttle missions. Dr. Musgrave retired from NASA during 2008 and presently resides in Tennessee, where he works as a consultant and educator. He is a member of the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, and its Academic Committee, and is Chief Editor of the 1st edition of Safety Design for Space Systems.

Affiliations and expertise

NASA-JSC ret., Safety Review Panel Chair, Vaiaku, USA

Gary Johnson

Gary Johnson began his career in 1964 at NASA Johnson Space Center as a project engineering in the Power Distribution and Sequencing Section for subsystem support of the Apollo sequencer system. Following various roles and responsibilities, last being Associate Director for Technical, Safety and Mission Assurance Directorate, he retired from NASA in 2006. From March 2007 to June 2010 he was an SAIC IPAO Contract technical consultant on the Constellation Program Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Standing Review Board for Safety, and from June 2007 to September 2012 he was an SAIC Safety & Mission Assurance Support Services Contract technical consultant for Apollo and Space Shuttle lessons learned training and Space Shuttle and International Space Station (ISS) S&MA Flight Safety Office assessments. As of October 2012, he has been an Aerospace Safety Consultant for J & P Technologies, supporting the SAIC Safety & Mission Support Engineering Services Contract to the NASA Johnson Space Center Safety & Mission Assurance Directorate, Flight Safety Office.

Affiliations and expertise

NASA-JSC ret., Space Consultant, Houston, TX, USA

Michael T. Kezirian

Dr. Kezirian has a Bachelors from Brown University (1989) and a Masters and Doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1992 and 1996 respectively), all in Chemical Engineering. He was an Associate Technical Fellow at the Boeing Company, most recently supporting the development of the Boeing Starliner CST-100, through the NASA Commercial Crew Program. For the Space Shuttle Program, he was the Boeing Safety Representative to the Mission Management Team and responsible for all safety products related to flight operations including flight readiness reviews and the resolution of on-orbit anomalies. In the Return to Flight activities following the Space Shuttle Columbia accident, Dr. Kezirian became the analysis lead of an integrated NASA cross agency to develop flight rationale to permit continued Shuttle flight operations. He is also a Fellow Member of IAASS, an Associate Fellow of the AIAA, and a member of the AIAA Standards Steering Committee, for which he oversaw the development of new standards for pressure vessels. He now teaches IAASS-sponsored, industry-focused courses on COPV design, certification, and operations. Dr. Kezirian is President of the International Space Station Foundation and is the founding editor-in-chief of the Journal of Space Safety Engineering, published by Elsevier. In 2009, he was awarded the NASA Astronaut Personal Achievement Award (Silver Snoopy).

Affiliations and expertise

Adjunct Professor of Astronautics Practice, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States

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Safety Design for Space Systems

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Tommaso Sgobba

Gary Eugene Musgrave

Gary Johnson

Michael T. Kezirian