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Rheumatology, 2-Volume Set
- 8th Edition - September 29, 2022
- Editors: Marc C. Hochberg, Ellen M Gravallese, Josef S. Smolen, Desiree van der Heijde, Michael E. Weinblatt, Michael H. Weisman
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 1 3 3 - 0
Covering both the scientific basis of rheumatology and practical, clinical information for rheumatologists and trainees, Rheumatology, 8th Edition, remains a leading text in t… Read more
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Request a sales quoteCovering both the scientific basis of rheumatology and practical, clinical information for rheumatologists and trainees, Rheumatology, 8th Edition, remains a leading text in this fast-changing field. Dr. Marc Hochberg and his team of worldwide editors and authors keep you abreast of recent advances in the field— all in a user-friendly, accessible manner. Fully updated from cover to cover, this two-volume text is designed to meet the needs of all practicing and academic rheumatologists as well as arthritis-related health care professionals and scientists interested in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.
Covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, therapeutic approach, and management of all major as well as rarely encountered rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.
Discusses clinical examination, imaging principles, differential diagnosis, established and novel therapies, perioperative evaluation, pain management, basic science, and genetics of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.
Uses a consistent, logical, reader-friendly format with templated chapters, concise text, and large-scale, state-of-the-art illustrations for efficient visual reference.
Contains new chapters covering pre-clinical disease and how to address these patients, common comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis; emerging therapies for systemic sclerosis; immune mediated complications of checkpoint inhibitors; the epidemiology of COVID-19 and rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, emerging treatments for osteoarthritis, and big data analytics.
Provides updates to key topics such as systems biology and its impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases, the microbiome in rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases, how to manage chronic pain in the patient with a rheumatic disease, drugs and reproductive health, and emerging therapies for patients with RA, SLE, spondyloarthritis, inflammatory muscle disease, and vasculitis.
Shares the knowledge and expertise of numerous new contributing authors, as well as new co-editor Dr. Désirée van der Heijde, who is an expert in psoriatic arthritis, spondyloarthritis, imaging, and clinical epidemiology.
Provides access to concise videos depicting the use of ultrasound for diagnosis and treatment.
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices. If you encounter issues with your eBook please contact Elsevier eBook+ support via [email protected].
- Cover image
- Title page
- Instructions for Online Access
- Table of Contents
- Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Section 1: Scientific Basis of Rheumatic Disease
- A.: Anatomy and Physiology
- 1. The synovium
- Abstract
- Definitions
- Embryology
- Structure
- Cell Origins and Recruitment
- Function
- Synovium as a Target for Immune-Mediated Disease
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 2. The articular cartilage
- Abstract
- Overall Tissue Organization
- Aggrecan
- Collagen Fibrillar Networks
- Molecules Interacting at the Cell Surface and Modulating Chondrocyte Behavior
- Other Molecular Functions
- Matrix Protein Fragments as Indicators of Disease
- Repair and Regeneration of Cartilage
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 3. Bone structure and function
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Organization of Bone
- Composition of Bone
- Bone Cells
- Growth, Modeling, Remodeling, and Repair
- References
- 4. Tendons and ligaments
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Classification of Disease Affecting Tendons and Ligaments
- Etiology of Tendinopathy, Enthesopathy, and Desmopathy
- Pathophysiology of Tendon and Ligaments
- Treatment of Tendon and Ligament Pathology
- Conclusions
- References
- 5. Biomechanics of peripheral joints and spine
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Biomechanics of Whole Joints and Spine
- Biomechanics of Tissues
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 6. Scientific basis of pain
- Abstract
- Nociception and Pain
- The Peripheral Basis of Pain
- The Central Basis of Pain
- Integrative View of Pain
- Conclusions
- References
- B.: Immunology and Inflammation
- 7. Principles of innate immunity
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sensing by Innate Immunity
- Phylogenetic Comparison of the Recognition System
- Critical Functions of Innate Immunity
- Molecular Mechanism of Sensor Signaling
- Sensors and Diseases
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 8. Principles of adaptive immunity
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Adaptive Immune System
- B Cells and Humoral Immunity
- T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity
- Immunologic Tolerance and Autoimmunity
- Conclusion
- References
- 9. Signal transduction in immune cells
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Membrane-Permeable Ligands that Bind Intracellular Receptors
- Steroid Hormone Receptors With Ligand-Binding, Dna-Binding, and Transactivation Domains
- Receptors With Intrinsic Enzymatic Activity
- Receptors that Associate With Enzymes
- Innate Recognition of Pathogens
- G Protein–Coupled Receptors
- Summary
- References
- 10. Cytokines
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Interleukin-1 Receptor Family
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily
- Type I and II Cytokine Receptors: Hematopoietin and Interferon Receptors
- Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Family Cytokines
- Other Cytokines
- References
- 11. Inflammation and its chemical mediators
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Cells of Inflammation
- Regulation and Modulation of Inflammatory Cells
- Inflammatory Mediators
- The Nervous System in Inflammation
- The Resolution of Inflammation
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 12. The complement system
- Abstract
- Classical Pathway
- Mannose-Binding Lectin Pathway
- Alternative Pathway
- Anaphylatoxins
- Regulation of the Complement System
- Complement in Disease
- Strategies for Therapeutically Targeting Complement
- Conclusions
- References
- 13. Osteoimmunology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Current Concepts in Osteoimmunology
- Osteoclasts as Triggers of Arthritic Bone Erosions
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Bone Erosion
- Intraarticular and Systemic Bone Loss in Rheumatic Disease
- Osteoimmunologic Aspects of Bone Formation in Rheumatic Disease
- Bone Marrow as a Niche for B-Cell Differentiation and Autoantibody Formation
- Conclusion
- References
- 14. Joint tissue destruction and proteolysis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Proteolytic Pathways of Connective Tissue Breakdown
- Extracellular Proteolysis
- Intracellular Pathways
- Osteoclastic Bone Resorption
- Model Systems of Joint Destruction
- Proteinase Deficiency in Murine Models of Arthritis
- Therapeutic Inhibition of Proteinases
- Repair of Connective Tissue Matrix
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 15. Principles of tissue engineering and cell- and gene-based therapy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Tissue Engineering
- Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
- Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Gene Transfer Strategies
- References
- C.: Systems Biology
- 16. Big Data analysis
- Abstract
- What Is Big Data?
- Sources of Big Data in Rheumatology
- Application and the Future of Big Data
- Ethics
- References
- 17. Principles and techniques in molecular biology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Human Genome Sequence and Biomedical Research
- Basic Manipulation of DNA: Cloning Vectors and Cutting and Pasting DNA Using Enzymes
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- DNA Sequencing
- Gene Transcription
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Regulation of Gene Expression and Protein–DNA Interactions
- Analysis of Gene Function
- Genetic Manipulation of Mice
- CRISPR-Cas9 and Genome Editing
- Analysis of Proteins
- Proteomics
- Molecular Biology: The New Pathology for Practicing Rheumatologists?
- References
- 18. Proteomics
- Abstract
- Proteomics—A Powerful New Tool for Personalized Medicine
- How Does a Mass Spectrometer Work?
- Main Proteomics Technologies
- How Can Proteomics Help Rheumatology?
- Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays
- Outlook
- References
- 19. Metabolomics
- Abstract
- We Are What We Eat: Metabolism Has Driven Our Development
- Metabolism Underpins Musculoskeletal Function
- Inflammation Perturbs Metabolism
- Metabolism and Immune Inflammation
- Metabolism in Rheumatology
- Metabolomics
- Acquiring Metabolomics Data
- Making Sense of the Data
- Applications of Metabolomics in Rheumatology
- Systemic Metabolic Effects
- Responses to Therapy
- Conclusions
- References
- 20. Epigenetics
- Abstract
- What Is Epigenetics?
- Molecular Epigenetics—The Basic Mechanisms
- Epigenetics in Disease
- References
- 21. Precision medicine and pharmacogenomics in rheumatology
- Abstract
- Pharmacogenomics
- Experimental Approaches and Considerations Regarding Study Design and Data Interpretation
- Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 22. The microbiome in rheumatic diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Microbiome
- The Microbiome in Animal Models of Inflammatory Arthritis
- The Microbiome in Human Inflammatory Arthritis
- Pharmacomicrobiomics
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 2: Clinical Basis of Rheumatic Disease
- 23. Principles of epidemiology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Defining the Pieces of an Epidemiologic Study
- Descriptive Epidemiology
- Analytic Epidemiology
- Measures
- Summary
- References
- 24. Principles of clinical outcome assessment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Purpose of Measuring a Clinical Outcome
- Multidimensional Health Status Instruments
- Assessment of Adverse Reactions
- Measurement in Clinical Trials
- References
- 25. Principles of health economics
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Concepts of Health Economic Analysis
- Economic Applications in Rheumatic Diseases
- Conclusion
- References
- 26. Principles of genetic epidemiology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Complex Rheumatic Diseases
- Rationale for Investigating the Genetic Basis of Rheumatic Diseases
- Approaches for Identifying Disease Genes
- Successful Examples of Candidate Association Studies
- Whole-Genome Association Studies of Rheumatologic Conditions
- New Horizons
- References
- 27. Interpreting the medical literature for the rheumatologist
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Levels of Evidence
- Randomized Controlled Trials or Observational Studies?
- Critical Appraisal I: Issues Pertaining to Randomized Controlled Trials
- Critical Appraisal II: Issues Pertaining to Observational Studies
- Critical Appraisal III: Issues Pertaining to Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies
- Conclusion
- References
- 28. Ethics in clinical trials
- Abstract
- Introduction
- “Ethical Guardrails” in Clinical Research
- Key Principles for Ethical Clinical Trials
- Selected Challenges in Clinical Trial Ethics
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Section 3: Approach to the Patient
- 29. History and physical examination
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Screening Assessment
- Assessing a Musculoskeletal Problem
- Interpretation
- References
- 30. Laboratory tests in rheumatic disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Laboratory Tests in Rheumatic Diseases
- Blood Cell Counts
- Biochemical Testing
- Serologic Testing
- Conclusion
- References
- 31. Aspiration and injection of joints and periarticular tissue and intralesional therapy
- Abstract
- Indications for Aspirating or Injecting Musculoskeletal Tissues
- Contraindications
- Other Therapeutic Injections
- Wrist and Hand
- Elbow Region
- Shoulder Region
- HIP Region
- Knee Region
- Ankle and Foot
- Intralesional Corticosteroid Treatment
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 32. Synovial fluid analysis
- Abstract
- Macroscopic Characterization
- Microscopic Analysis
- Wet-Preparation Microscopy
- Cell Counts
- Crystal Detection
- Noncrystalline Particulate Matter
- Ragocytes
- Cytocentrifuge Preparation
- Bacterial and Septic Arthritis
- Nonbacterial Infections
- Synovial Fluid Cytology
- Summary
- References
- 33. Minimally invasive procedures
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Arthrocentesis
- Biopsies
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 34. The skin in rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Approach to the Patient
- Major Systemic Connective Tissue Disorders
- Other Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
- References
- 35. Ocular manifestations of rheumatic diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Uveitis
- Scleral Disease
- Retinal Vascular Disease
- Optic Nerve Disease
- Orbital Disease
- Corneal Disease
- References
- 36. The cardiovascular system in rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction and Overview
- Coronary Artery Disease
- Atypical Coronary Disease in SARDs
- Coronary Arteritis
- Functional Coronary Artery Disorders
- Hypertension
- Heart Failure and Direct Myocardial Involvement
- Valvular Heart Disease
- Pericarditis
- Arrhythmias
- Pulmonary Hypertension
- Medication and the Heart
- Conclusion
- References
- 37. The lungs in rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Evaluation of Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease in the Rheumatic Diseases
- Lung Involvement in Rheumatic Diseases
- Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With the Rheumatic Diseases
- Conclusion
- References
- 38. The gastrointestinal tract in rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
- Bacterial Enteritis
- Celiac Disease
- Whipple’s Disease
- Polyarteritis Nodosa
- Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
- Behçet Disease
- Microscopic Colitis
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 39. The kidneys in rheumatic diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Approach to the Patient with Rheumatologic Disease and Suspected Kidney Disease
- Diagnostic Tools for Identification of Kidney Disease
- Kidney Involvement in Rheumatologic Diseases (Table 39.3)
- Nephrotoxicity of Antirheumatologic Pharmacologic Therapy
- Rheumatologic Complications of Kidney Disease
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 40. The nervous system in rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Central Nervous System
- Conclusion
- References
- 41. The muscles in rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Architecture
- Normal Muscle Contractile Function
- Muscle Involvement in Rheumatologic Conditions
- Clinical Assessment of Skeletal Muscle
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 42. Multimorbidity
- Abstract
- Introducing the Concept of Multimorbidity
- Impact of Multimorbidity
- Prevalence of Multimorbidity
- Impact of Distinct Morbid Conditions
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 4: Evaluation of the Patient: Imaging Techniques
- 43. Conventional radiography and computed tomography
- Abstract
- Conventional Radiography
- Computed Tomography
- References
- 44. Magnetic resonance imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Basic Principles
- Image Quality
- Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 45. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
- Abstract
- fMRI in Understanding the Mechanism of Pain
- fMRI in Patient Evaluation and Pain Management
- Future of fMRI in Clinical Application
- Summary
- References
- 46. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
- Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography in Rheumatology
- Nonmusculoskeletal Tissue Ultrasonography in Rheumatology
- Conclusion
- References
- 47. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Bone Scintigraphy
- Positron Emission Tomography
- Practical Issues
- References
- 48. Dual x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of bone
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
- Vertebral Fracture Assessment
- Monitoring of Therapy
- Evaluation of Cortical and Trabecular Bone
- Bone Biopsy
- Conclusions
- References
- 49. Use of imaging as an outcome measure in clinical trials
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General Aspects for Clinical Trials
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Axial Spondyloarthritis
- References
- Section 5: Principles of Management
- A.: General
- 50. The patient perspective
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Patient-Centered Care
- Conclusion
- References
- 51. Treatment recommendations and “treat to target”
- Abstract
- General Treatment Approaches to Rheumatic Diseases
- Treat-to-Target Concept
- References
- 52. Arthritis patient education, self-management, and health promotion
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Patient Education During the Clinical Encounter
- Factors Affecting Patient Adherence to Treatments
- Designing Patient Education Self-Management Programs
- Structure and Content of Arthritis Education and Self-Management Programs
- Evidence for the Effectiveness of Self-Management Education Programs
- Team Care, Team Roles, and Approaches to Management
- Public Health Approaches to Patient Education in Arthritis
- Technology and the Future of Arthritis Patient Education
- References
- 53. Principles of rehabilitation: physical and occupational therapy
- Abstract
- Rehabilitation and its Role in People with Disability Caused by Rheumatic Diseases
- Rehabilitation Adopts a Biopsychosocial Approach to Patients and Their Needs
- Patient-Centered Care is a Central Tenet of Rehabilitation
- Education of Patients and Caregivers is Important to Facilitate Self-Management and Adherence to Treatment Recommendations
- Adherence to an Individualized Structured Exercise Program is Fundamental to Self-Management
- Joint Protection and Energy Conservation are Important to Minimize Symptoms
- Occupational Rehabilitation is Important for Patients of Working Age
- Regular Monitoring and Follow-Up are Important
- References
- 54. Multidisciplinary approaches to managing chronic pain in arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Prevalence of Pain in Musculoskeletal and Rheumatologic Conditions
- Measurement of Pain
- Psychological Factors and Pain
- Physical Activity for the Relief and Self-Management of Pain
- Lifestyle Management of Rheumatologic Pain
- Patient Education and E-Health
- Novel Interventions for Pain Relief
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 55. Placebo, nocebo, caring, and healing in rheumatology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition
- Biological Mechanisms
- Conclusions
- References
- 56. Complementary and alternative medicine
- Abstract
- Overview
- Who Seeks Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Why
- Widely Used Complementary and Alternative Medicine Systems and Their Therapies
- Referral and Professional Practice
- References
- 57. Outcomes and perioperative management of patients with inflammatory arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing total joint arthroplasty
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Outcomes and Adverse Events
- Perioperative Management
- Perioperative Management of Comorbid Medical Conditions
- Conclusion
- References
- 58. Indications for and long-term complications of total hip and knee arthroplasty
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Indications
- Outcomes
- Complications
- Conclusion
- References
- 59. Medication management during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pregnancy
- Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Glucocorticoids
- Antimalarials
- Sulfasalazine
- Immunosuppressive Agents
- Tacrolimus
- Methotrexate
- Leflunomide
- Cyclophosphamide
- Intravenous Immunoglobulin
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockade and Inhibitors
- Rituximab, Other Biologic Agents, and Small Molecules
- Inadvertent Teratogenic Medication Exposure
- Paternal Medications Pre- and Postconception
- Conclusion
- References
- B.: Small Molecules
- 60. Principles of pharmacologic pain management
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Opioid Mechanisms
- The Evidence
- Patient Selection and Medication Management
- Adverse Drug Effects
- Dual-Action Opioids
- Alternative Medications for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
- References
- 61. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanism of Action
- Cyclooxygenase Isozyme Selectivity
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions
- Clinical Efficacy
- Adverse Effects
- Rational Selection of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Therapy
- References
- 62. Systemic glucocorticoids in rheumatology
- Nomenclature and Pharmacology
- Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Action
- Efficacy
- Adverse Effects
- Use in Pregnancy
- Practical Recommendations
- References
- 63. Methotrexate
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pharmacology
- Mechanism of Action
- Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Adverse Effects
- Folic Acid Supplementation
- Methotrexate Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recommendations
- Methotrexate in Other Rheumatic Diseases (Table 63.3)
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 64. Synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and leflunomide
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Parenteral Gold
- Bucillamine
- Sulfasalazine
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Leflunomide
- Tetracycline Derivatives: Minocycline and Doxycycline
- References
- 65. Immunosuppressive agents: cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of Action
- Pharmacokinetics
- Efficacy, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Use
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 66. Kinase inhibitors and other synthetic agents
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Tyrosine Kinases
- Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
- Other Kinase Inhibitors
- References
- C.: Biologic Agents
- 67. Overview of biologic agents
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Antibodies and the Humoral Immune Response
- Antibody Structure
- Structural Characterization of Approved Antibody Therapeutics
- Mechanisms of Action
- Placental Transfer of Biological Drugs
- Immunogenicity
- Specific MoA of Biological Drugs: Relating Structure to Function
- Future Directions
- References
- 68. Interleukin-1 inhibitors
- Abstract
- Interleukin-1 Family
- Therapeutic Inhibitors of Interleukin-1 in Rheumatic Diseases
- Interleukin-1 Inhibition for Periodic Fever Syndromes
- Other Autoinflammatory Disorders
- General Comments on Available Interleukin-1 Inhibitors
- References
- 69. Interleukin-6 inhibitors
- Abstract
- Tocilizumab
- Upcoming Agents
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 70. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanism of Action
- Biologic Effects
- Approved Indications and Practical Use
- Adalimumab (Humira)
- Etanercept (Enbrel)
- Infliximab (Remicade)
- Certolizumab Pegol (Cimzia)
- Golimumab (Simponi)
- Dose Reduction or Withdrawal of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
- Immunogenicity
- Switching Between Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Agents
- Expanded Indications
- Baseless Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
- Safety of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
- Monitoring
- Conclusion
- References
- 71. Interleukin-17, interleukin-12, and interleukin-23 inhibitors
- Abstract
- Potential Cytokine Targets in Rheumatic Diseases
- Interleukin-17
- Interleukin-23
- Significant Points
- Conclusion
- References
- 72. Inhibitors of T-cell costimulation
- Abstract
- Rationale for Targeting T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Costimulatory Signal in T-Cell Activation
- Abatacept
- Conclusions
- References
- 73. Inhibitors of B cells
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Roles of B Cells in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
- Efficacy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Factors Predicting Response to Rituximab
- Rituximab: Use in Connective Tissue Diseases
- Safety of Rituximab
- Inhibition of B-Cell Survival Factors
- Summary
- References
- 74. Emerging therapeutic targets
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anti-cytokines (Table 74.1)
- BAFF/TACI/APRIL
- IL-4/IL-13
- T CELLS (Table 74.2)
- Signaling Pathways (Table 74.3)
- Adhesion
- Glucocorticoid Analogues (Table 74.6)
- Immunoregulation
- Targeting Stroma
- Miscellaneous Interventions (Table 74.6)
- References
- 75. Biosimilars in rheumatology
- Abstract
- Definitions
- Development of Biosimilars
- Demonstration of Biosimilarity
- Biosimilars for Inflammatory Diseases
- Biosimilars in Development
- Immunogenicity
- Extrapolation of Indications
- Interchangeability
- Nomenclature
- Cost
- References
- 76. Infections in rheumatoid arthritis: biologic therapy and JAK inhibitors
- Abstract
- Rheumatoid Arthritis and Burden of Infection
- Prednisone
- Biologic Therapies and Risk for Infection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists and Risk for Infection
- Opportunistic Infections with Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
- Abatacept, Rituximab, Tocilizumab, and Anakinra
- Risk for Serious Bacterial and Opportunistic Infections
- JAK Inhibitors
- Prevention of Infection in Patients Treated with Biologics or Jak Inhibitors: Screening and Vaccination
- Intracellular Pathogens
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Section 6: Regional and Widespread Pain
- 77. Neck pain
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis of Neck Pain
- Clinical Assessment
- Clinical Examination
- Cervical Nerve Root Compression
- Investigations
- Treatment of Neck Pain
- Treatment—Cervical Nerve Root Compression
- Whiplash
- Conclusion
- References
- 78. Low back pain
- Abstract
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Evaluation
- Investigations
- Clinical Laboratory Tests
- Electrodiagnostic Studies
- Concerning Causes of Low Back Pain (Box 78.3)
- Mechanical Causes of Low Back Pain
- Management of Lumbar Spine Disorders
- References
- 79. The shoulder
- Abstract
- Functional Anatomy
- History and Physical Examination
- Rotator Cuff Tears, Tendinopathy, and Impingement
- Calcific Tendonitis
- Biceps Pathology and SLAP Tears
- Frozen Shoulder
- Glenohumeral Joint Instability
- Glenohumeral Arthritis
- Acromioclavicular Joint Instability
- Acromioclavicular Arthritis
- Lateral Clavicular Osteolysis
- Scapular Winging
- Scapulothoracic Crepitus
- Sternoclavicular Disorders
- References
- 80. The elbow
- Abstract
- Anatomy of the Elbow
- Clinical Evaluation
- Elbow Disorders
- References
- 81. The wrist and hand
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Evaluation
- Specific Disorders of the Wrist and Hand
- References
- 82. The hip
- Abstract
- Functional Anatomy
- Clinical Evaluation
- Radiographic Evaluation
- Specific Hip Disorders
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 83. The knee
- Abstract
- Structure of the Knee Joint
- Soft Tissue Anatomy
- Clinical Evaluation of a Patient With Knee Symptoms
- Specific Disorders of the Knee
- References
- 84. The ankle and foot
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Problems
- Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot
- Examination of the Foot and Ankle
- Local Ankle and Foot Problems
- Foot Problems Secondary to Systemic Conditions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 85. The temporomandibular joint
- Abstract
- Epidemiology, Etiology, and Classification
- Functional Anatomy
- Clinical Features
- Management
- Relationship to Other Chronic Pain Disorders
- References
- 86. Entrapment neuropathies and compartment syndromes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Upper Extremity
- Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndromes
- Median Nerve Compression Syndromes (Forearm Entrapment)
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
- Radial Nerve Compression Syndrome
- Lower Extremity
- Meralgia Paresthetica
- Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
- Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
- Morton Metatarsalgia (Morton Neuroma, Interdigital Neuritis)
- Compartment Syndromes
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 87. Complex regional pain syndrome
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History of CRPS
- Pathogenesis
- Criteria for the Diagnosis of CRPS
- CRPS in Children
- Treatment of CRPS
- CRPS in the Courtroom
- Parallels with the Opioid Epidemic
- Conclusions
- References
- 88. Fibromyalgia and related syndromes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
- Risk Factors
- The Continuum of Fibromyalgia to Fibromyalgianess
- Treatment
- Natural History
- References
- Section 7: Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 89. Classification and epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Disease Occurrence
- Environmental Factors
- Host Factors
- References
- 90. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis
- Introduction
- Clinical Evaluation
- Diagnosis
- Natural History
- Prognosis
- References
- 91. Extraarticular features of rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Skin Disease
- Hematologic Abnormalities
- Felty Syndrome
- Hepatic Abnormalities
- Pulmonary Involvement
- Cardiac Disease
- Ocular Involvement
- Neurologic Impairment
- Muscular Involvement
- Renal Abnormalities
- Amyloidosis
- Rheumatoid Vasculitis
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 92. Common comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Measurement of Comorbidity
- Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
- Venous Thromboembolism
- Malignancy
- Metabolic Disease
- Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
- Mental Health
- Fibromyalgia and Central Pain Sensitization
- Frequent Infections
- Gastrointestinal Disease
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- Chronic Kidney Disease
- Screening and Management of Comorbidities in Patients with RA
- Conclusion
- References
- 93. Imaging of rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Approach to Imaging and General Imaging Features
- Imaging Modalities
- Final Points
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 94. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis
- Introduction
- Strength of Genetic Contribution
- Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
- Major Histocompatibility Complex: Disease Susceptibility or Severity?
- Role of Non–Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
- Ethnic Differences in Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility
- Gene and Environment Interactions
- Conclusion
- Summary
- References
- 95. Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanisms of Induction of Experimental Arthritis
- Anticitrullinated Protein Antibodies and Arthritis Models
- The 3 R’s
- Conclusions
- References
- 96. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Rheumatoid Factors
- Anticitrullinated Protein/Peptide Antibodies
- Antibodies to Carbamylated (Homocitrullinated) Antigens
- Anti-RA33 Antibodies
- Anticollagen Antibodies
- Antibodies to Other Posttranslational Modifications
- Additional Antibodies
- The Impact of Immunoglobulin Glycosylation on Arthritis
- Autoantibodies and Disease Pathogenesis
- References
- 97. Pathogenesis and pathology of rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Normal Synovium
- Synovium in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Pannus
- Histologic Subtypes of RA Synovium
- Mechanisms of Chronic Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Cellular Immunology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- New Technologies in the Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Cells of Rheumatoid Synovium
- Synovial Fibroblasts
- Molecular Mediators in Rheumatoid Synovium
- Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Joint Destruction
- New Horizons in RA Pathogenesis Research
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 98. Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction and Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis Development
- The Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis Development Before Clinically Apparent Inflammatory Arthritis
- Nomenclature
- Prediction of Future Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 99. Assessment of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis and the measurement of outcomes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Disease Process (“Disease Activity”) and Its Consequence (“Disease Outcome”)
- Instruments for Assessing Disease Activity
- Instruments for Assessing Physical Function
- Instruments for Assessing Structural Progression
- Other Instruments: Fatigue, Work Productivity, and Comorbidity
- Conclusion
- References
- 100. Management of rheumatoid arthritis in csDMARD-naïve patients
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Early Diagnosis and Treatment
- Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD) Therapy
- Glucocorticoids
- csDMARD Strategies—Initial Monotherapy vs Combination Therapy
- Biologic/Targeted Synthetic DMARD Induction Strategies
- Treatment Stratification in Early RA
- Non-DMARD and Non-pharmacological Management
- References
- 101. Management of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with prior exposure to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs)
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Therapeutic Overview
- Guiding Principles of Treatment
- Adjusting Therapy to Achieve Targets
- Comparative Efficacy of Targeted DMARDs (tDMARDs)
- Treatment Withdrawal
- General Safety Monitoring of DMARD Therapies
- Fertility and Pregnancy
- Comorbid Disease
- Conclusions
- References
- 102. Multidisciplinary nonpharmacologic approach to rheumatoid arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Coping—Balancing Needs and Resources
- Patient Education and Counseling
- Exercise Therapy
- Hands-on Techniques and Physical Modalities
- Orthoses, Insoles, and Shoes
- Assistive Technology
- Nutrition
- Interventions Preventing Job Loss and Work Disability
- Multidisciplinary Team Care
- Digital Health Interventions
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Section 8: Pediatric Rheumatology
- 103. Evaluation of children with rheumatologic complaints
- Abstract
- History Taking for the Musculoskeletal System in Children
- Examination of the Musculoskeletal System
- Differential Diagnosis
- Musculoskeletal Syndromes and Benign Limb Pains
- Regional Syndromes: Hip
- Regional Syndromes: Knee
- Regional Syndromes: Foot
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 104. Classification and epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Abstract
- Classification of Childhood Arthritis
- Descriptive Epidemiology
- References
- 105. Clinical features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General Clinical Features
- Laboratory Investigations
- Clinical Features of Different Categories of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Table 105.3)
- Special Problems of Arthritis in Children
- References
- 106. Etiology and pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 107. Management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Treatment Recommendations for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Table 107.3)
- Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
- Corticosteroids
- Methotrexate
- Other Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Immunosuppressive Medications (Table 107.4)
- Biologic-Modifying Medications
- Studies of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug vs Biologic Combination Therapy for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Management of Pain
- Rehabilitation
- Management of Growth Retardation
- Complementary and Alternative Therapies
- Surgical Interventions
- Conclusion
- References
- 108. The juvenile-onset spondyloarthropathies
- Abstract
- Classification and Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Genetics
- Pathophysiology
- Evaluation of Disease Phenotype and Disease Activity
- Treatment Considerations
- Outcomes
- Conclusions
- References
- 109. Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases in children
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Juvenile-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- The Pediatric Inflammatory Myopathies: Juvenile Dermatomyositis
- Sjögren Disease in Children
- Scleroderma
- References
- 110. Rehabilitation and psychosocial issues in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Impacts
- Psychosocial Implications
- Evaluation
- Goals of Treatment: Evidence-Based Treatment and Outcome
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 9: Infection-Related Rheumatic Diseases
- A.: Infectious Arthritis
- 111. Bacterial native joint arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology, Origins of Arthritis, and Related Microbiology
- Clinical Presentation, Patients’ History, and Diagnosis
- Management of Bacterial Arthritis
- Resection, Arthrodesis, or Amputation
- Antibiotic Treatment
- Outcomes of Therapy
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 112. Mycobacterial, brucellar, fungal, and parasitic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Tuberculous Arthritis
- Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Infections
- Brucellosis
- Fungal Musculoskeletal Infections
- Parasitic Arthritis
- References
- 113. Viral infections
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Parvovirus B19
- Hepatitis B Virus
- Hepatitis C Virus
- Chikungunya and Other Alphaviruses
- Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I
- Other Viruses
- References
- B.: Other Infection-Related Disease
- 114. Lyme and other tickborne diseases
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Etiologic Agent
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Other Tickborne Diseases
- Treatment
- Post–Lyme Disease Symptoms
- Prevention
- References
- 115. Acute rheumatic fever
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Rheumatic Fever Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Pathology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Other Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Secondary Prevention
- References
- 116. Reactive arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Innate Immunity and Reactive Arthritis
- Chlamydia-Induced Reactive Arthritis
- Classification Criteria
- Genetic Factors
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Atypical Aspects of Reactive Arthritis
- Investigations
- Treatment
- Prophylaxis
- Prognosis and Natural History
- Summary: Key Elements of the Clinical Approach to Reactive Arthritis (Box 116.4)
- References
- Section 10: Spondyloarthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis
- 117. Classification and epidemiology of spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- The Historical Concept of Spondyloarthritis
- Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis
- Impact of Gender
- Conclusion
- References
- 118. Enthesopathies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History
- Anatomy and Pathology
- Enthesitis and the Pathogenesis of Spondyloarthritis
- Imaging
- Management
- References
- 119. Inflammatory back pain
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inflammatory Back Pain Criteria
- Inflammatory Back Pain in the Population
- Patient Referral Strategies
- Inflammatory Back Pain in Diagnosis
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 120. Clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Features
- Physical Examination Findings
- Laboratory and Imaging Investigations
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Clinical Assessment of axspa
- Burden of Disease and Prognosis
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 121. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of axial spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Polygenic Disease with a Predominant Autoinflammatory Nature
- Key Inflammatory Mediators in Spondyloarthritis
- Histopathology and New Bone Formation
- References
- 122. Genetics of axial spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- Genetic Epidemiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
- Non–Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
- Genetics of Acute Anterior Uveitis
- Ankylosing Spondylitis in East Asians
- Ankylosing Spondylitis in Africans
- Summary and Conclusions
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 123. Animal models of spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- HLA-B27 Transgenic Animals
- TNF Overexpression Models
- IL-23/IL-17 Pathway
- Beta-Glucan Induced Disease in Skg Mice
- Mechanical Loading
- Selective A20 Deficiency
- Microbiome
- Conclusion
- References
- 124. Imaging in spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Technical Aspects of Imaging in Axial Spondyloarthritis
- Importance of Imaging of the Sacroiliac Joints in Axial Spondyloarthritis
- Differential Diagnoses for Involvement of the Spine
- Future Directions
- References
- 125. Management of axial spondyloarthritis
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Current Perspectives
- Assessment of Efficacy of Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis
- Physical Therapy
- Nonbiologic Pharmacologic Therapy
- Management of Extraarticular Manifestations
- Surgical Intervention in Ankylosing Spondylitis
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 126. Classification and epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Epidemiology of Psoriatic Arthritis
- Risk Factors for PsA Among Patients with Psoriasis
- Classification
- Classification Versus Diagnosis
- Comorbidities Among Patients with PsA
- Conclusions
- References
- 127. Clinical features of psoriatic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History, Epidemiology, and Criteria
- Key Clinical Features: Skin and Joints
- Other Musculoskeletal Features
- Prognosis
- Comorbidities
- Investigations
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 128. Extraarticular manifestations and comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Extraarticular Manifestations
- Comorbidities
- References
- 129. Etiology and pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis
- Introduction
- Genetic Factors
- Environmental Factors
- Cells, Cytokines, and Pathways Involved in Skin and Joint Tissue Inflammation
- Immunopathology
- Pathologic Cartilage Resorption and Altered Bone Remodeling
- Conclusion
- References
- 130. Animal models of psoriatic arthritis
- Abstract
- Animal Model Strategies and Concept
- Challenges in the Development of Animal Models for Psoriatic Disease
- Animal Models of Psoriatic Arthritis
- Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives
- References
- 131. Management of psoriatic arthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Is Psoriatic Arthritis an Important Pathology?
- Assessment of Disease Activity and Outcome of Psoriatic Arthritis
- Is there a need for novel treatments in psoriatic arthritis?
- Nonsteroidal Antiiinflammatory Drugs and Glucocorticoids
- Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Health Benefits of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Psoriatic Arthritis
- Other Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
- Treatment Recommendations
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Section 11: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Related Diseases
- 132. Epidemiology and classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus for Clinical Studies and Trials
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Heterogeneity and Subtypes
- Descriptive Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Risk Factors for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Epidemiology of Major Adverse Outcomes Among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 133. Preclinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Importance of Understanding and Identifying Preclinical Lupus
- Healthy Individuals with Antinuclear Autoantibodies
- Clinical and Serologic Features of Healthy Individuals who Transition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Risk Factors for Transition in Relatives of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Environmental Exposures and Life Experiences in the Preclinical Period which Associate with Future SLE Development
- Clinical Manifestations and Transition of Patients with Incomplete, Potential, or Latent Lupus
- Transition of Patients with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Patients with Another Systemic Autoimmune Disease
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 134. Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Features
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 135. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Female Dominance of Lupus
- Rare Presentations of Lupus
- Genetic Association
- Genomic Mechanisms
- Risk Loci Identified in Cohort Association Studies
- The Promise of Genetics
- References
- 136. Immunopathology of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathology
- Properties of Immune Complexes
- Biology of Immune Complex Handling
- Complement and Fcγ Receptor Function: Targets for Treatment
- References
- 137. Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Spontaneous Mouse Models
- Induced Models
- Engineered Mouse Models
- References
- 138. Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Antinuclear Antibodies
- Antinuclear and Anticytoplasmic Autoantibodies
- “Antiphospholipid” Autoantibodies
- Cell Membrane Antigens
- Autoantibodies as the Initial Manifestation of Autoimmunity
- Mechanisms of Autoantibody Production in Lupus
- References
- 139. Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Genetic Susceptibility and Gender and Environmental Triggering Factors
- Innate Immune Responses
- Dendritic Cells and other Antigen-Presenting Cells
- Adaptive Immune Responses
- Local Factors Involved in Lupus Pathogenesis
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- 140. Drug-induced lupus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Aspects
- Summary
- References
- 141. Assessing disease activity and outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Global Disease Activity Indices
- Organ-Specific Indices
- Measures of Change in Disease Activity
- Health-Related Quality of Life
- Miscellaneous
- Conclusion
- References
- 142. Management of nonrenal and non–central nervous system lupus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Recommended Assessment and Monitoring of SLE Patients with Nonrenal/Non–Central Nervous System Manifestations
- Management of Musculoskeletal Manifestations
- Management of Cutaneous Manifestations
- Hematologic Involvement
- Management of Cardiopulmonary Manifestations
- Management of other Nonrenal/Non-CNS Manifestations
- Future Perspectives: Treat to Target in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- References
- 143. Management of central nervous system lupus
- Abstract
- Etiology of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Clinical Manifestations of Selected Neuropsychiatric Events
- Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Neuroimaging in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Events in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- References
- 144. Management of renal lupus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Therapeutic Agents in Lupus Nephritis
- Treatment Options and Recommendations
- End-Stage Renal Disease and Kidney Replacement Modalities
- References
- 145. Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnant patients and neonatal lupus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Prepregnancy Evaluation and Counseling
- Medication Use in Pregnancy
- Maternal and Fetal Complications During Pregnancy
- Pregnancy and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Management
- References
- 146. Sjögren syndrome
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Glandular Pathology
- Clinical Features
- Systemic Autoimmunity
- Association with other Autoimmune Diseases
- Lymphoproliferative Disease
- Natural History
- Classification Criteria
- Diagnostic Evaluation
- Assessment of Disease Activity
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathogenesis
- Management
- References
- 147. Antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
- Abstract
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Definition and History
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory Diagnosis
- Management
- Pregnancy Management
- Management of Other Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Alternative Therapies for Refractory and Difficult Cases
- References
- Section 12: Systemic Sclerosis
- 148. Classification and epidemiology of systemic sclerosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Disease Classification
- Very Early Disease Subset
- Epidemiology
- Influence of Age, Gender, Ethnicity
- Summary and Conclusion
- References
- 149. Clinical and serologic features of systemic sclerosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Clinical Features
- Serologic Features of Systemic Sclerosis
- Conclusions
- References
- 150. Etiology and pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Etiology
- Pathology
- Pathogenesis: Immunity, Vascular Injury, and Fibrosis
- Animal Models of Systemic Sclerosis
- References
- 151. Outcomes measures in systemic sclerosis
- Introduction
- Measuring Disease Activity, Damage, and Severity in Scleroderma
- Outcome Measures in Scleroderma
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 152. Management of systemic sclerosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Principles of Effective Management
- Clinical Trials in Systemic Sclerosis
- Disease-Modifying Therapies for Systemic Sclerosis
- Organ-Based Assessment and Treatments
- Summary
- References
- 153. Emerging therapies for systemic sclerosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Skin Fibrosis as Outcome for Clinical Trials
- Change in Clinical Trial Design for Emerging Therapies in SSc
- Development of Targeted Therapies for SSc
- Randomized Clinical Trials From 2018–2021 To Identify Emerging Therapies In Ssc
- Translation of The Emerging Therapies Into Clinical Use
- Summary
- References
- 154. Raynaud phenomenon
- Abstract
- History
- Nomenclature
- Epidemiology And Etiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Management
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 155. Localized scleroderma and scleroderma-like syndromes
- Abstract
- Localized Forms of Scleroderma
- Conditions that Mimic Scleroderma
- References
- Section 13: Inflammatory Muscle Disease
- 156. Clinical features, classification, and epidemiology of inflammatory muscle disease
- Abstract
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Differential Diagnosis
- Investigations
- Overview of the Natural History and Disease Prognosis
- Prognostic Considerations
- References
- 157. Etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory muscle disease (myositis)
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Muscle Biology and Physiology
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Inclusion Body Myositis
- Conclusion
- References
- 158. Clinical significance of autoantibodies in inflammatory muscle disease
- Introduction
- Myositis-Associated Autoantibodies
- Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies
- Dermatomyositis-Specific Autoantibodies
- Inclusion Body Myositis–Associated Antibody
- Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy–Associated Antibodies
- Conclusion
- References
- 159. Management of inflammatory muscle disease
- Abstract
- General Principles
- Assessing Disease Activity and Damage
- Drug Therapies
- Nonpharmacologic Treatments
- Management of Extramuscular Manifestations
- Future Directions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 160. Metabolic, drug-induced, and other noninflammatory myopathies
- Abstract
- Metabolic Myopathies
- Drug- and Toxin-Induced Myopathies
- Endocrine Myopathies
- Muscular Dystrophies
- Infectious Myopathies
- References
- Section 14: The Vasculitides
- 161. Classification and epidemiology of vasculitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Classification, Definitions, and Diagnostic Criteria for Vasculitis
- Historical Background
- Large-Vessel Vasculitis
- Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
- Small-Vessel Vasculitis
- Diagnostic Criteria for Vasculitis
- Epidemiology of Vasculitis
- Vasculitides Predominantly Affecting Large Vessels
- Vasculitides Predominantly Affecting Medium-Sized Vessels
- Vasculitides Predominantly Affecting Small Vessels
- Current Status
- References
- 162. Biology and immunopathogenesis of vasculitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Endothelium
- Immunopathogenesis of Vasculitides of Medium- and Small-Sized Arteries
- Immunopathogenesis of Large-Vessel Vasculitides
- Conclusion
- References
- 163. Polyarteritis nodosa and Cogan syndrome
- Introduction
- Polyarteritis Nodosa
- Cogan Syndrome
- Conclusion
- References
- 164. Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody–associated vasculitis
- Abstract
- Definition
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Epidemiology
- Classification and Definitions
- Clinical Features
- Investigations and Differential Diagnosis of Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
- Pathology
- Clinical Assessment of Vasculitis
- Therapies
- Treatments
- Outcomes
- References
- 165. Takayasu arteritis
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Management
- Outcome
- References
- 166. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Diagnosis
- Relationship Between Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis
- Pathology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Findings
- Laboratory Findings
- Imaging
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- References
- 167. Behçet disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory Features
- Disease Course and Prognosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management
- References
- 168. Kawasaki disease
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory Assessments
- Pathologic Features
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Treatment and Management
- References
- 169. IgA vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura)
- Abstract
- Definition
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- TreatmeNt
- Outcome and Prognosis
- References
- 170. Cutaneous vasculitis and panniculitis
- Abstract
- Classification
- Pathologic, Clinical, and Systemic Features
- Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management
- Conclusion
- References
- 171. Cryoglobulinemia
- Abstract
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Outcome
- Diagnosis and Classification
- Pathogenesis
- Therapy
- References
- 172. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system
- Abstract
- History
- Case Definition and Criteria
- Clinical Syndromes of Cerebral Vasculitis
- Clinical Findings
- Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Laboratory Investigations
- Brain Imaging
- Biopsy Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnostic Approach
- Treatment and Outcome
- References
- Section 15: Other Systemic Illnesses
- 173. Adult-onset Still disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation
- Classification and Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis and Functional Outcome
- References
- 174. Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases
- Abstract
- Key Points
- Introduction
- The Hereditary Episodic Fever Syndromes
- Neutrophilic Urticaria (The Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome, Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome, Muckle-Wells Syndrome, And Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease)
- Variable Rashes, High Serum Interleukin-18, and Variable Predisposition to Macrophage Activation Syndrome
- NLRP1-Associated Autoinflammation with Arthritis and Dyskeratosis
- Pustular Skin Rashes and Episodic Fevers
- Partially Interleukin-1–Mediated Pyogenic Disorders
- Pyogenic Disorders Caused by Non–Interleukin-1 Cytokine Dysregulation
- Vasculopathy and Panniculitis/Lipoatrophy Syndromes
- Vasculopathy and/or Vasculitis with Livedo Reticularis Syndromes
- Autoinflammatory Disorders with Granulomatous Skin Diseases
- Other Autoinflammatory Syndromes
- Syndromes Presenting with a Wider Clinical Phenotype
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 175. Sarcoidosis
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Immunopathogenesis
- Diagnostic Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Clinical Features
- Childhood Sarcoidosis
- Sarcoidosis Associations
- Natural History and Prognosis
- Management
- Monitoring of Therapy
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 176. Relapsing polychondritis
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis and Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathogenesis
- Management
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 177. The systemic amyloidoses
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Amyloidogenesis In Vivo
- AA Amyloid
- Aβ2-Microglobulin Amyloidosis (Aβ2m) (Dialysis Related Amyloidosis, DRA)
- AL (Immunoglobulin L-Chain Amyloidosis)
- The Transthyretin Amyloidoses (ATTR)
- Attacking the Deposits
- References
- 178. IgG4-related disease
- Abstract
- History and Overview
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory and Image Findings
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- References
- 179. Immune-mediated complications of checkpoint inhibitors
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanism of Action/Review of T-Cell Activation
- Immune-Related Adverse Events
- Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Directed Therapies
- Anti-Interleukin-6 Directed Therapies
- Anti-B-Cell Directed Therapies
- Anti-T-Cell Directed Therapies
- Other Targeted Therapies
- Use of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Preexisting Autoimmune Disease
- Conclusion
- References
- 180. The epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and rheumatic disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Rheumatic Diseases and Risk of Covid-19 and Related Outcomes
- Use of Antirheumatic Medications for the Management of Covid-19
- Autoimmune/Inflammatory Manifestations of Covid-19
- Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on People With Rheumatic Disease
- References
- Section 16: Osteoarthritis
- 181. Epidemiology and classification of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definitions of Osteoarthritis
- Mortality Rate in Osteoarthritis
- Conclusion
- References
- 182. Local and systemic risk factors for incidence and progression of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Systemic Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis
- Local Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis
- Hip Osteoarthritis
- Hand Osteoarthritis
- Risk Factors for Pain in Osteoarthritis
- Risk Factors for Function Limitation and Disability in Osteoarthritis
- References
- 183. Clinical features of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition
- Symptoms (Box 183.1)
- Signs (BOX 183.1)
- Clinical Presentations
- Evaluation
- Mortality
- Conclusion
- References
- 184. Animal models of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Why do we need osteoarthritis models?
- How do we Model Osteoarthritis in Animals?
- What components of disease are being modeled?
- Osteoarthritis Models: A Historical Perspective
- How Good are the Osteoarthritis Models as Models of Human Disease?
- Current Rodent Osteoarthritis Models
- Genetic Modification
- Animal Model Limitations
- Conclusion
- References
- 185. Pathogenesis and pathology of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Normal Joint: Anatomy, Physiology, and Function
- Joint Pathology in Osteoarthritis
- Pathogenetic Concepts in Osteoarthritis
- Disease Risk Factors Inform Pathogenesis
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 186. Genetics and epigenetics of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Early Heritability Studies
- Traits and Outcomes Studied in the Genetics of Osteoarthritis
- Twin and Family Studies
- Familial Disorders Associated with Osteoarthritis
- Epigenetics of Osteoarthritis
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 187. Imaging of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Conventional Radiography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Ultrasound
- Other Imaging Modalities
- Considerations for Future Research in Osteoarthritis Imaging
- Summary
- References
- 188. Assessment of the patient with osteoarthritis and measurement of outcomes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Biomedical Versus Biopsychosocial Perspective in Assessment of Patients with Osteoarthritis
- Fundamental Differences between Patient Assessment in Clinical Research Versus Routine Clinical Practice
- The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
- Selection of Measures for Evaluation of Patients with Osteoarthritis
- Responsiveness and Interpretation of Change in Patient Status
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 189. Preclinical and early osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Definition of Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis
- Evidence for Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis
- Detection of Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis
- Progression of Osteoarthritis
- Triggering Mechanisms
- Treatment Paradigms
- Potential Benefits to an Early Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
- Summary
- References
- 190. Management of osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Core Principles in Osteoarthritis Management
- Individualized Treatment
- Multidisciplinary Approach
- Behavioral, Psychosocial, and Physical Interventions
- Pharmacologic Treatments
- Intraarticular Therapy
- Surgical Interventions
- Issues Specific to the Management of Hand Osteoarthritis
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 191. Emerging treatments for osteoarthritis
- Abstract
- Emerging Symptomatic Treatments (Fig. 191.1)
- Emerging Dmoads (Fig. 191.1 and Table 191.1)
- Cell and Cell-Derived Therapies
- Research Avenues in Therapeutics
- References
- Section 17: Crystal-Related Arthropathies
- 192. Epidemiology and classification of gout
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Westernization and Gout Trends
- Case Definitions and Classification Criteria
- Prevalence of Gout
- Incidence of Gout
- Risk Factors for Hyperuricemia and Gout
- References
- 193. Etiology and pathogenesis of gout
- Abstract
- Urate Physiology
- Urate Production and Excretion
- Hyperuricemia
- Monosodium Urate Crystal Formation
- The Gout Flare
- Advanced Gout
- The Genetics of Gout
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 194. Clinical features of gout
- Abstract
- Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia
- Acute Gout Flares
- Intervals Between Gout Flares
- Advanced Tophaceous Gout
- References
- 195. Management of gout and hyperuricemia
- Abstract
- Treatment of Arthritis and Hyperuricemia in Gout
- Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Gout
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 196. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nomenclature
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Other Forms of Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
- Triggers of Acute Attacks of Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Arthritis
- Associated Diseases
- Familial Forms of Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
- Diagnostic Strategies
- Treatment
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 197. Basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition disease
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Structure and Function
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Management
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 18: Metabolic Bone Disease
- 198. Epidemiology and classification of osteoporosis
- Introduction
- History
- Fracture Epidemiology
- Implications for Prevention
- Future Projections
- Conclusion
- References
- 199. Clinical evaluation and clinical features of osteoporosis
- Abstract
- Osteoporosis: Definition and Diagnosis
- Clinical Evaluation
- Investigations
- Diagnosis
- Morbidity and Mortality
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 200. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Determinants of Peak Bone Mass
- Determinants of Bone Loss
- Pathogenesis of Bone Loss
- References
- 201. Biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Bone Turnover
- Bone Remodeling
- Bone Turnover Assessment
- Bone Cells
- Practical Aspects
- Choice of Bone Turnover Markers
- Diseases and Drugs
- Osteoporosis
- Bone Turnover Markers in Men
- Conclusion
- References
- 202. Management of osteoporosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Recommendations for Treatment
- Evaluation for Secondary Osteoporosis
- Treatment
- Pharmacologic Interventions
- Teriparatide (Anabolic Therapy) Vs Antiresorptive Therapy
- Mangement of Vertebral Fractures
- References
- 203. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of Glucocorticoid Bone Loss
- Epidemiology
- Investigations
- Management
- Care Gap in the Screening, Prevention, and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
- Conclusion
- References
- 204. Osteomalacia, rickets, and renal osteodystrophy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Calcium, Phosphorous, and Vitamin D Metabolism
- Effect of Vitamin D on Bone Metabolism
- Causes of Osteomalacia and Rickets
- Clinical Evaluation of Osteomalacia and Rickets
- Clinical Findings
- Strategies for the Treatment and Prevention of Osteomalacia
- Renal Osteodystrophy
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 205. Paget disease of bone
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Imaging
- Laboratory Findings
- Differential Diagnosis
- Complications and Natural History
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Section 19: Other Arthropathies and Miscellaneous Disorders
- 206. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Criteria and Characteristic Description
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Management
- References
- 207. Neuropathic arthropathy
- Abstract
- History
- Etiology
- Clinical Features
- Imaging
- Laboratory Investigations and Histologic Analysis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathogenesis
- Management
- Conclusion
- References
- 208. Osteonecrosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathologic Features
- Clinical Features
- Imaging
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management
- References
- 209. Rheumatoid manifestations of endocrine and metabolic diseases and treatments
- Abstract
- Acromegaly
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Thyroid Disease
- Adrenal Disorders
- Lipid Disorders
- Statin Drug–Associated Muscle Syndromes
- Other Drug-Associated Musculoskeletal Manifestations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- 210. Hemophilia-associated arthritis
- Abstract
- Hemophilia
- Von Willebrand Disease
- Hemophilic Arthritis
- Management
- Complications of Hemophilic Arthritis
- Current Issues in Treatment of Hemophilia
- Summary
- References
- 211. Rheumatologic manifestations of hemoglobinopathies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Thalassemia
- References
- 212. Hemochromatosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The Hemochromatosis Arthropathy
- Chondrocalcinosis
- Spinal Involvement
- Radiologic Appearance
- Pathophysiology
- Osteoporosis
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acknowledgment
- References
- 213. Gaucher disease
- Abstract
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management
- References
- 214. Digital clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
- Abstract
- History
- Epidemiology
- Classification
- Clinical Features
- Investigations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Etiology And Pathogenesis
- Management
- References
- 215. Miscellaneous arthropathies
- Abstract
- Cancer-Related Musculoskeletal Syndromes
- Other Systemic Syndromes With Rheumatologic Features
- Musculoskeletal Syndromes Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease
- References
- 216. Heritable connective tissue disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction to Genetic Disorders of the Skeleton and Associated Soft Tissues
- Disorders of Bone Density
- Skeletal Dysplasias
- Marfan Syndrome (MIM154700) and Related Conditions
- Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
- Disorders of Bone Density
- Skeletal Dysplasias and Related Conditions
- Other Miscellaneous Conditions
- Enzyme Defects and the Skeleton
- References
- 217. Hypermobility syndrome
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Genetics
- Diagnostic Criteria for Conditions Presenting to Rheumatology With Associated Hypermobility
- Clinical Musculoskeltal Associations With Joint Laxity (Known and Postulated)
- Extraarticular Associations
- Differentiating Between Chronic Widespread Pain Conditions (Including Fibromyalgia) and Hypermobile Joints With Associated Pain
- Rehabilitation
- Summary
- References
- 218. Bone tumors
- Introduction
- Metastatic Carcinoma to Bone
- Hematologic Malignancies
- Primary Bone Tumors
- References
- Appendix:. Classification and Diagnostic Criteria
- Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Adult-Onset Still Disease
- Antiphospholipid Syndrome
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
- Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
- Fibromyalgia
- Gout
- Hypermobility
- Igg4-Related Disease
- Inflammatory Muscle Disease
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Kashin-Beck Disease
- Macrophage Activation Syndrome Complicating Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Reactive Arthritis
- Relapsing Polychondritis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Sjögren Syndrome
- Spondyloarthritis
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
- Systemic Sclerosis And Scleroderma
- Vasculitis
- Index
- Confidence is ClinicalKey
- Rheumatic Disease Clinics
- No. of pages: 2128
- Language: English
- Edition: 8
- Published: September 29, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780702081330
MH
Marc C. Hochberg
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Public Health; Head, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USAEG
Ellen M Gravallese
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Division of Rheumatology; Director of Translational Research, Musculoskeletal Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School and University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center; Myles J. McDonough Chair in Rheumatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MassachusettsJS
Josef S. Smolen
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Medicine, Chairman, Department of Medicine III, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna;Chairman, Second Department of Medicine, Center for Rheumatic Diseases, Hietzing Hospital, Vienna, AustriaDv
Desiree van der Heijde
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Rheumatology; University Hospital Maastricht; Maastricht, NetherlandsMW
Michael E. Weinblatt
Affiliations and expertise
John R. and Eileen K. Riedman Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; R. Bruce and Joan M. Mickey Distinguished Chair in Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USAMW
Michael H. Weisman
Affiliations and expertise
Cedars-Sinai Chair in Rheumatology, Director, Division of Rheumatology, Professor of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA