Rheumatology, 2-Volume Set

8th Edition - July 29, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Marc C. Hochberg, Ellen M Gravallese, Josef S. Smolen, Desiree van der Heijde, Michael E. Weinblatt, Michael H. Weisman
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 1 3 3 - 0

Covering both the scientific basis of rheumatology and practical, clinical information for rheumatologists and trainees, Rheumatology, 8th Edition, remains a leading text in t… Read more

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Covering both the scientific basis of rheumatology and practical, clinical information for rheumatologists and trainees, Rheumatology, 8th Edition, remains a leading text in this fast-changing field. Dr. Marc Hochberg and his team of worldwide editors and authors keep you abreast of recent advances in the field— all in a user-friendly, accessible manner. Fully updated from cover to cover, this two-volume text is designed to meet the needs of all practicing and academic rheumatologists as well as arthritis-related health care professionals and scientists interested in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.

Cover image
Title page
Instructions for Online Access
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Scientific Basis of Rheumatic Disease
A.: Anatomy and Physiology
1. The synovium
Abstract
Definitions
Embryology
Structure
Cell Origins and Recruitment
Function
Synovium as a Target for Immune-Mediated Disease
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
2. The articular cartilage
Abstract
Overall Tissue Organization
Aggrecan
Collagen Fibrillar Networks
Molecules Interacting at the Cell Surface and Modulating Chondrocyte Behavior
Other Molecular Functions
Matrix Protein Fragments as Indicators of Disease
Repair and Regeneration of Cartilage
Acknowledgment
References
3. Bone structure and function
Abstract
Introduction
Organization of Bone
Composition of Bone
Bone Cells
Growth, Modeling, Remodeling, and Repair
References
4. Tendons and ligaments
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of Disease Affecting Tendons and Ligaments
Etiology of Tendinopathy, Enthesopathy, and Desmopathy
Pathophysiology of Tendon and Ligaments
Treatment of Tendon and Ligament Pathology
Conclusions
References
5. Biomechanics of peripheral joints and spine
Abstract
Introduction
Biomechanics of Whole Joints and Spine
Biomechanics of Tissues
Acknowledgment
References
6. Scientific basis of pain
Abstract
Nociception and Pain
The Peripheral Basis of Pain
The Central Basis of Pain
Integrative View of Pain
Conclusions
References
B.: Immunology and Inflammation
7. Principles of innate immunity
Abstract
Introduction
Sensing by Innate Immunity
Phylogenetic Comparison of the Recognition System
Critical Functions of Innate Immunity
Molecular Mechanism of Sensor Signaling
Sensors and Diseases
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. Principles of adaptive immunity
Abstract
Introduction
The Adaptive Immune System
B Cells and Humoral Immunity
T Cells and Cell-Mediated Immunity
Immunologic Tolerance and Autoimmunity
Conclusion
References
9. Signal transduction in immune cells
Abstract
Introduction
Membrane-Permeable Ligands that Bind Intracellular Receptors
Steroid Hormone Receptors With Ligand-Binding, Dna-Binding, and Transactivation Domains
Receptors With Intrinsic Enzymatic Activity
Receptors that Associate With Enzymes
Innate Recognition of Pathogens
G Protein–Coupled Receptors
Summary
References
10. Cytokines
Abstract
Introduction
Interleukin-1 Receptor Family
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily
Type I and II Cytokine Receptors: Hematopoietin and Interferon Receptors
Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Family Cytokines
Other Cytokines
References
11. Inflammation and its chemical mediators
Abstract
Introduction
The Cells of Inflammation
Regulation and Modulation of Inflammatory Cells
Inflammatory Mediators
The Nervous System in Inflammation
The Resolution of Inflammation
Acknowledgments
References
12. The complement system
Abstract
Classical Pathway
Mannose-Binding Lectin Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Anaphylatoxins
Regulation of the Complement System
Complement in Disease
Strategies for Therapeutically Targeting Complement
Conclusions
References
13. Osteoimmunology
Abstract
Introduction
Current Concepts in Osteoimmunology
Osteoclasts as Triggers of Arthritic Bone Erosions
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Bone Erosion
Intraarticular and Systemic Bone Loss in Rheumatic Disease
Osteoimmunologic Aspects of Bone Formation in Rheumatic Disease
Bone Marrow as a Niche for B-Cell Differentiation and Autoantibody Formation
Conclusion
References
14. Joint tissue destruction and proteolysis
Abstract
Introduction
Proteolytic Pathways of Connective Tissue Breakdown
Extracellular Proteolysis
Intracellular Pathways
Osteoclastic Bone Resorption
Model Systems of Joint Destruction
Proteinase Deficiency in Murine Models of Arthritis
Therapeutic Inhibition of Proteinases
Repair of Connective Tissue Matrix
Acknowledgments
References
15. Principles of tissue engineering and cell- and gene-based therapy
Abstract
Introduction
Tissue Engineering
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Gene Transfer Strategies
References
C.: Systems Biology
16. Big Data analysis
Abstract
What Is Big Data?
Sources of Big Data in Rheumatology
Application and the Future of Big Data
Ethics
References
17. Principles and techniques in molecular biology
Abstract
Introduction
The Human Genome Sequence and Biomedical Research
Basic Manipulation of DNA: Cloning Vectors and Cutting and Pasting DNA Using Enzymes
Polymerase Chain Reaction
DNA Sequencing
Gene Transcription
Gene Expression Profiling
Regulation of Gene Expression and Protein–DNA Interactions
Analysis of Gene Function
Genetic Manipulation of Mice
CRISPR-Cas9 and Genome Editing
Analysis of Proteins
Proteomics
Molecular Biology: The New Pathology for Practicing Rheumatologists?
References
18. Proteomics
Abstract
Proteomics—A Powerful New Tool for Personalized Medicine
How Does a Mass Spectrometer Work?
Main Proteomics Technologies
How Can Proteomics Help Rheumatology?
Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Arrays
Outlook
References
19. Metabolomics
Abstract
We Are What We Eat: Metabolism Has Driven Our Development
Metabolism Underpins Musculoskeletal Function
Inflammation Perturbs Metabolism
Metabolism and Immune Inflammation
Metabolism in Rheumatology
Metabolomics
Acquiring Metabolomics Data
Making Sense of the Data
Applications of Metabolomics in Rheumatology
Systemic Metabolic Effects
Responses to Therapy
Conclusions
References
20. Epigenetics
Abstract
What Is Epigenetics?
Molecular Epigenetics—The Basic Mechanisms
Epigenetics in Disease
References
21. Precision medicine and pharmacogenomics in rheumatology
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics
Experimental Approaches and Considerations Regarding Study Design and Data Interpretation
Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
22. The microbiome in rheumatic diseases
Abstract
Introduction
The Microbiome
The Microbiome in Animal Models of Inflammatory Arthritis
The Microbiome in Human Inflammatory Arthritis
Pharmacomicrobiomics
Conclusion
References
Section 2: Clinical Basis of Rheumatic Disease
23. Principles of epidemiology
Abstract
Introduction
Defining the Pieces of an Epidemiologic Study
Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytic Epidemiology
Measures
Summary
References
24. Principles of clinical outcome assessment
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose of Measuring a Clinical Outcome
Multidimensional Health Status Instruments
Assessment of Adverse Reactions
Measurement in Clinical Trials
References
25. Principles of health economics
Abstract
Introduction
Concepts of Health Economic Analysis
Economic Applications in Rheumatic Diseases
Conclusion
References
26. Principles of genetic epidemiology
Abstract
Introduction
Complex Rheumatic Diseases
Rationale for Investigating the Genetic Basis of Rheumatic Diseases
Approaches for Identifying Disease Genes
Successful Examples of Candidate Association Studies
Whole-Genome Association Studies of Rheumatologic Conditions
New Horizons
References
27. Interpreting the medical literature for the rheumatologist
Abstract
Introduction
Levels of Evidence
Randomized Controlled Trials or Observational Studies?
Critical Appraisal I: Issues Pertaining to Randomized Controlled Trials
Critical Appraisal II: Issues Pertaining to Observational Studies
Critical Appraisal III: Issues Pertaining to Randomized Controlled Trials and Observational Studies
Conclusion
References
28. Ethics in clinical trials
Abstract
Introduction
“Ethical Guardrails” in Clinical Research
Key Principles for Ethical Clinical Trials
Selected Challenges in Clinical Trial Ethics
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Section 3: Approach to the Patient
29. History and physical examination
Abstract
Introduction
Screening Assessment
Assessing a Musculoskeletal Problem
Interpretation
References
30. Laboratory tests in rheumatic disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Laboratory Tests in Rheumatic Diseases
Blood Cell Counts
Biochemical Testing
Serologic Testing
Conclusion
References
31. Aspiration and injection of joints and periarticular tissue and intralesional therapy
Abstract
Indications for Aspirating or Injecting Musculoskeletal Tissues
Contraindications
Other Therapeutic Injections
Wrist and Hand
Elbow Region
Shoulder Region
HIP Region
Knee Region
Ankle and Foot
Intralesional Corticosteroid Treatment
Acknowledgments
References
32. Synovial fluid analysis
Abstract
Macroscopic Characterization
Microscopic Analysis
Wet-Preparation Microscopy
Cell Counts
Crystal Detection
Noncrystalline Particulate Matter
Ragocytes
Cytocentrifuge Preparation
Bacterial and Septic Arthritis
Nonbacterial Infections
Synovial Fluid Cytology
Summary
References
33. Minimally invasive procedures
Abstract
Introduction
Arthrocentesis
Biopsies
Acknowledgment
References
34. The skin in rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Approach to the Patient
Major Systemic Connective Tissue Disorders
Other Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
References
35. Ocular manifestations of rheumatic diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Uveitis
Scleral Disease
Retinal Vascular Disease
Optic Nerve Disease
Orbital Disease
Corneal Disease
References
36. The cardiovascular system in rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction and Overview
Coronary Artery Disease
Atypical Coronary Disease in SARDs
Coronary Arteritis
Functional Coronary Artery Disorders
Hypertension
Heart Failure and Direct Myocardial Involvement
Valvular Heart Disease
Pericarditis
Arrhythmias
Pulmonary Hypertension
Medication and the Heart
Conclusion
References
37. The lungs in rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Evaluation of Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease in the Rheumatic Diseases
Lung Involvement in Rheumatic Diseases
Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease Associated With the Rheumatic Diseases
Conclusion
References
38. The gastrointestinal tract in rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Bacterial Enteritis
Celiac Disease
Whipple’s Disease
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
Behçet Disease
Microscopic Colitis
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
39. The kidneys in rheumatic diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Approach to the Patient with Rheumatologic Disease and Suspected Kidney Disease
Diagnostic Tools for Identification of Kidney Disease
Kidney Involvement in Rheumatologic Diseases (Table 39.3)
Nephrotoxicity of Antirheumatologic Pharmacologic Therapy
Rheumatologic Complications of Kidney Disease
Acknowledgment
References
40. The nervous system in rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Conclusion
References
41. The muscles in rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy and Architecture
Normal Muscle Contractile Function
Muscle Involvement in Rheumatologic Conditions
Clinical Assessment of Skeletal Muscle
Acknowledgment
References
42. Multimorbidity
Abstract
Introducing the Concept of Multimorbidity
Impact of Multimorbidity
Prevalence of Multimorbidity
Impact of Distinct Morbid Conditions
Conclusion
References
Section 4: Evaluation of the Patient: Imaging Techniques
43. Conventional radiography and computed tomography
Abstract
Conventional Radiography
Computed Tomography
References
44. Magnetic resonance imaging
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Principles
Image Quality
Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods
Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
45. Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Abstract
fMRI in Understanding the Mechanism of Pain
fMRI in Patient Evaluation and Pain Management
Future of fMRI in Clinical Application
Summary
References
46. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography
Abstract
Introduction
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography in Rheumatology
Nonmusculoskeletal Tissue Ultrasonography in Rheumatology
Conclusion
References
47. Bone scintigraphy and positron emission tomography
Abstract
Introduction
Bone Scintigraphy
Positron Emission Tomography
Practical Issues
References
48. Dual x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of bone
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnosis of Osteoporosis
Vertebral Fracture Assessment
Monitoring of Therapy
Evaluation of Cortical and Trabecular Bone
Bone Biopsy
Conclusions
References
49. Use of imaging as an outcome measure in clinical trials
Abstract
Introduction
General Aspects for Clinical Trials
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Axial Spondyloarthritis
References
Section 5: Principles of Management
A.: General
50. The patient perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Patient-Centered Care
Conclusion
References
51. Treatment recommendations and “treat to target”
Abstract
General Treatment Approaches to Rheumatic Diseases
Treat-to-Target Concept
References
52. Arthritis patient education, self-management, and health promotion
Abstract
Introduction
Patient Education During the Clinical Encounter
Factors Affecting Patient Adherence to Treatments
Designing Patient Education Self-Management Programs
Structure and Content of Arthritis Education and Self-Management Programs
Evidence for the Effectiveness of Self-Management Education Programs
Team Care, Team Roles, and Approaches to Management
Public Health Approaches to Patient Education in Arthritis
Technology and the Future of Arthritis Patient Education
References
53. Principles of rehabilitation: physical and occupational therapy
Abstract
Rehabilitation and its Role in People with Disability Caused by Rheumatic Diseases
Rehabilitation Adopts a Biopsychosocial Approach to Patients and Their Needs
Patient-Centered Care is a Central Tenet of Rehabilitation
Education of Patients and Caregivers is Important to Facilitate Self-Management and Adherence to Treatment Recommendations
Adherence to an Individualized Structured Exercise Program is Fundamental to Self-Management
Joint Protection and Energy Conservation are Important to Minimize Symptoms
Occupational Rehabilitation is Important for Patients of Working Age
Regular Monitoring and Follow-Up are Important
References
54. Multidisciplinary approaches to managing chronic pain in arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Prevalence of Pain in Musculoskeletal and Rheumatologic Conditions
Measurement of Pain
Psychological Factors and Pain
Physical Activity for the Relief and Self-Management of Pain
Lifestyle Management of Rheumatologic Pain
Patient Education and E-Health
Novel Interventions for Pain Relief
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
55. Placebo, nocebo, caring, and healing in rheumatology
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Biological Mechanisms
Conclusions
References
56. Complementary and alternative medicine
Abstract
Overview
Who Seeks Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Why
Widely Used Complementary and Alternative Medicine Systems and Their Therapies
Referral and Professional Practice
References
57. Outcomes and perioperative management of patients with inflammatory arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus undergoing total joint arthroplasty
Abstract
Introduction
Outcomes and Adverse Events
Perioperative Management
Perioperative Management of Comorbid Medical Conditions
Conclusion
References
58. Indications for and long-term complications of total hip and knee arthroplasty
Abstract
Introduction
Indications
Outcomes
Complications
Conclusion
References
59. Medication management during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation
Abstract
Introduction
Pregnancy
Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Glucocorticoids
Antimalarials
Sulfasalazine
Immunosuppressive Agents
Tacrolimus
Methotrexate
Leflunomide
Cyclophosphamide
Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Blockade and Inhibitors
Rituximab, Other Biologic Agents, and Small Molecules
Inadvertent Teratogenic Medication Exposure
Paternal Medications Pre- and Postconception
Conclusion
References
B.: Small Molecules
60. Principles of pharmacologic pain management
Abstract
Introduction
Opioid Mechanisms
The Evidence
Patient Selection and Medication Management
Adverse Drug Effects
Dual-Action Opioids
Alternative Medications for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
References
61. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Cyclooxygenase Isozyme Selectivity
Pharmacokinetics and Drug Interactions
Clinical Efficacy
Adverse Effects
Rational Selection of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Therapy
References
62. Systemic glucocorticoids in rheumatology
Nomenclature and Pharmacology
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid Action
Efficacy
Adverse Effects
Use in Pregnancy
Practical Recommendations
References
63. Methotrexate
Abstract
Introduction
Pharmacology
Mechanism of Action
Efficacy in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Adverse Effects
Folic Acid Supplementation
Methotrexate Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recommendations
Methotrexate in Other Rheumatic Diseases (Table 63.3)
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
64. Synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and leflunomide
Abstract
Introduction
Parenteral Gold
Bucillamine
Sulfasalazine
Hydroxychloroquine
Leflunomide
Tetracycline Derivatives: Minocycline and Doxycycline
References
65. Immunosuppressive agents: cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and tacrolimus
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanisms of Action
Pharmacokinetics
Efficacy, Toxicity, and Therapeutic Use
Acknowledgment
References
66. Kinase inhibitors and other synthetic agents
Abstract
Introduction
Tyrosine Kinases
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
Other Kinase Inhibitors
References
C.: Biologic Agents
67. Overview of biologic agents
Abstract
Introduction
Antibodies and the Humoral Immune Response
Antibody Structure
Structural Characterization of Approved Antibody Therapeutics
Mechanisms of Action
Placental Transfer of Biological Drugs
Immunogenicity
Specific MoA of Biological Drugs: Relating Structure to Function
Future Directions
References
68. Interleukin-1 inhibitors
Abstract
Interleukin-1 Family
Therapeutic Inhibitors of Interleukin-1 in Rheumatic Diseases
Interleukin-1 Inhibition for Periodic Fever Syndromes
Other Autoinflammatory Disorders
General Comments on Available Interleukin-1 Inhibitors
References
69. Interleukin-6 inhibitors
Abstract
Tocilizumab
Upcoming Agents
Acknowledgment
References
70. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism of Action
Biologic Effects
Approved Indications and Practical Use
Adalimumab (Humira)
Etanercept (Enbrel)
Infliximab (Remicade)
Certolizumab Pegol (Cimzia)
Golimumab (Simponi)
Dose Reduction or Withdrawal of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
Immunogenicity
Switching Between Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Agents
Expanded Indications
Baseless Use of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors
Safety of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
Monitoring
Conclusion
References
71. Interleukin-17, interleukin-12, and interleukin-23 inhibitors
Abstract
Potential Cytokine Targets in Rheumatic Diseases
Interleukin-17
Interleukin-23
Significant Points
Conclusion
References
72. Inhibitors of T-cell costimulation
Abstract
Rationale for Targeting T Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Costimulatory Signal in T-Cell Activation
Abatacept
Conclusions
References
73. Inhibitors of B cells
Abstract
Introduction
Roles of B Cells in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
Efficacy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Factors Predicting Response to Rituximab
Rituximab: Use in Connective Tissue Diseases
Safety of Rituximab
Inhibition of B-Cell Survival Factors
Summary
References
74. Emerging therapeutic targets
Abstract
Introduction
Anti-cytokines (Table 74.1)
BAFF/TACI/APRIL
IL-4/IL-13
T CELLS (Table 74.2)
Signaling Pathways (Table 74.3)
Adhesion
Glucocorticoid Analogues (Table 74.6)
Immunoregulation
Targeting Stroma
Miscellaneous Interventions (Table 74.6)
References
75. Biosimilars in rheumatology
Abstract
Definitions
Development of Biosimilars
Demonstration of Biosimilarity
Biosimilars for Inflammatory Diseases
Biosimilars in Development
Immunogenicity
Extrapolation of Indications
Interchangeability
Nomenclature
Cost
References
76. Infections in rheumatoid arthritis: biologic therapy and JAK inhibitors
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis and Burden of Infection
Prednisone
Biologic Therapies and Risk for Infection
Tumor Necrosis Factor Antagonists and Risk for Infection
Opportunistic Infections with Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy
Abatacept, Rituximab, Tocilizumab, and Anakinra
Risk for Serious Bacterial and Opportunistic Infections
JAK Inhibitors
Prevention of Infection in Patients Treated with Biologics or Jak Inhibitors: Screening and Vaccination
Intracellular Pathogens
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Section 6: Regional and Widespread Pain
77. Neck pain
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis of Neck Pain
Clinical Assessment
Clinical Examination
Cervical Nerve Root Compression
Investigations
Treatment of Neck Pain
Treatment—Cervical Nerve Root Compression
Whiplash
Conclusion
References
78. Low back pain
Abstract
Epidemiology
Clinical Evaluation
Investigations
Clinical Laboratory Tests
Electrodiagnostic Studies
Concerning Causes of Low Back Pain (Box 78.3)
Mechanical Causes of Low Back Pain
Management of Lumbar Spine Disorders
References
79. The shoulder
Abstract
Functional Anatomy
History and Physical Examination
Rotator Cuff Tears, Tendinopathy, and Impingement
Calcific Tendonitis
Biceps Pathology and SLAP Tears
Frozen Shoulder
Glenohumeral Joint Instability
Glenohumeral Arthritis
Acromioclavicular Joint Instability
Acromioclavicular Arthritis
Lateral Clavicular Osteolysis
Scapular Winging
Scapulothoracic Crepitus
Sternoclavicular Disorders
References
80. The elbow
Abstract
Anatomy of the Elbow
Clinical Evaluation
Elbow Disorders
References
81. The wrist and hand
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Evaluation
Specific Disorders of the Wrist and Hand
References
82. The hip
Abstract
Functional Anatomy
Clinical Evaluation
Radiographic Evaluation
Specific Hip Disorders
Acknowledgment
References
83. The knee
Abstract
Structure of the Knee Joint
Soft Tissue Anatomy
Clinical Evaluation of a Patient With Knee Symptoms
Specific Disorders of the Knee
References
84. The ankle and foot
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology of Foot and Ankle Problems
Anatomy of the Ankle and Foot
Examination of the Foot and Ankle
Local Ankle and Foot Problems
Foot Problems Secondary to Systemic Conditions
Acknowledgments
References
85. The temporomandibular joint
Abstract
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Classification
Functional Anatomy
Clinical Features
Management
Relationship to Other Chronic Pain Disorders
References
86. Entrapment neuropathies and compartment syndromes
Abstract
Introduction
Upper Extremity
Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndromes
Median Nerve Compression Syndromes (Forearm Entrapment)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Radial Nerve Compression Syndrome
Lower Extremity
Meralgia Paresthetica
Peroneal Nerve Entrapment
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Morton Metatarsalgia (Morton Neuroma, Interdigital Neuritis)
Compartment Syndromes
Acknowledgments
References
87. Complex regional pain syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
History of CRPS
Pathogenesis
Criteria for the Diagnosis of CRPS
CRPS in Children
Treatment of CRPS
CRPS in the Courtroom
Parallels with the Opioid Epidemic
Conclusions
References
88. Fibromyalgia and related syndromes
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
The Continuum of Fibromyalgia to Fibromyalgianess
Treatment
Natural History
References
Section 7: Rheumatoid Arthritis
89. Classification and epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Disease Occurrence
Environmental Factors
Host Factors
References
90. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis
Introduction
Clinical Evaluation
Diagnosis
Natural History
Prognosis
References
91. Extraarticular features of rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Skin Disease
Hematologic Abnormalities
Felty Syndrome
Hepatic Abnormalities
Pulmonary Involvement
Cardiac Disease
Ocular Involvement
Neurologic Impairment
Muscular Involvement
Renal Abnormalities
Amyloidosis
Rheumatoid Vasculitis
Acknowledgment
References
92. Common comorbidities in rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Measurement of Comorbidity
Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Venous Thromboembolism
Malignancy
Metabolic Disease
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Mental Health
Fibromyalgia and Central Pain Sensitization
Frequent Infections
Gastrointestinal Disease
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease
Screening and Management of Comorbidities in Patients with RA
Conclusion
References
93. Imaging of rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Approach to Imaging and General Imaging Features
Imaging Modalities
Final Points
Acknowledgment
References
94. Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis
Introduction
Strength of Genetic Contribution
Role of Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
Major Histocompatibility Complex: Disease Susceptibility or Severity?
Role of Non–Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
Ethnic Differences in Rheumatoid Arthritis Susceptibility
Gene and Environment Interactions
Conclusion
Summary
References
95. Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanisms of Induction of Experimental Arthritis
Anticitrullinated Protein Antibodies and Arthritis Models
The 3 R’s
Conclusions
References
96. Autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Rheumatoid Factors
Anticitrullinated Protein/Peptide Antibodies
Antibodies to Carbamylated (Homocitrullinated) Antigens
Anti-RA33 Antibodies
Anticollagen Antibodies
Antibodies to Other Posttranslational Modifications
Additional Antibodies
The Impact of Immunoglobulin Glycosylation on Arthritis
Autoantibodies and Disease Pathogenesis
References
97. Pathogenesis and pathology of rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Normal Synovium
Synovium in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Pannus
Histologic Subtypes of RA Synovium
Mechanisms of Chronic Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cellular Immunology of Rheumatoid Arthritis
New Technologies in the Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Cells of Rheumatoid Synovium
Synovial Fibroblasts
Molecular Mediators in Rheumatoid Synovium
Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Joint Destruction
New Horizons in RA Pathogenesis Research
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
98. Preclinical rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction and Overview of Rheumatoid Arthritis Development
The Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis Development Before Clinically Apparent Inflammatory Arthritis
Nomenclature
Prediction of Future Rheumatoid Arthritis
Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
99. Assessment of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis and the measurement of outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Disease Process (“Disease Activity”) and Its Consequence (“Disease Outcome”)
Instruments for Assessing Disease Activity
Instruments for Assessing Physical Function
Instruments for Assessing Structural Progression
Other Instruments: Fatigue, Work Productivity, and Comorbidity
Conclusion
References
100. Management of rheumatoid arthritis in csDMARD-naïve patients
Abstract
Introduction
Early Diagnosis and Treatment
Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drug (DMARD) Therapy
Glucocorticoids
csDMARD Strategies—Initial Monotherapy vs Combination Therapy
Biologic/Targeted Synthetic DMARD Induction Strategies
Treatment Stratification in Early RA
Non-DMARD and Non-pharmacological Management
References
101. Management of rheumatoid arthritis in patients with prior exposure to conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs)
Abstract
Introduction
Therapeutic Overview
Guiding Principles of Treatment
Adjusting Therapy to Achieve Targets
Comparative Efficacy of Targeted DMARDs (tDMARDs)
Treatment Withdrawal
General Safety Monitoring of DMARD Therapies
Fertility and Pregnancy
Comorbid Disease
Conclusions
References
102. Multidisciplinary nonpharmacologic approach to rheumatoid arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Coping—Balancing Needs and Resources
Patient Education and Counseling
Exercise Therapy
Hands-on Techniques and Physical Modalities
Orthoses, Insoles, and Shoes
Assistive Technology
Nutrition
Interventions Preventing Job Loss and Work Disability
Multidisciplinary Team Care
Digital Health Interventions
Acknowledgment
References
Section 8: Pediatric Rheumatology
103. Evaluation of children with rheumatologic complaints
Abstract
History Taking for the Musculoskeletal System in Children
Examination of the Musculoskeletal System
Differential Diagnosis
Musculoskeletal Syndromes and Benign Limb Pains
Regional Syndromes: Hip
Regional Syndromes: Knee
Regional Syndromes: Foot
Acknowledgments
References
104. Classification and epidemiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Abstract
Classification of Childhood Arthritis
Descriptive Epidemiology
References
105. Clinical features of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
General Clinical Features
Laboratory Investigations
Clinical Features of Different Categories of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Table 105.3)
Special Problems of Arthritis in Children
References
106. Etiology and pathogenesis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
107. Management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Treatment Recommendations for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Table 107.3)
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Corticosteroids
Methotrexate
Other Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs and Immunosuppressive Medications (Table 107.4)
Biologic-Modifying Medications
Studies of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug vs Biologic Combination Therapy for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Management of Pain
Rehabilitation
Management of Growth Retardation
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Surgical Interventions
Conclusion
References
108. The juvenile-onset spondyloarthropathies
Abstract
Classification and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Genetics
Pathophysiology
Evaluation of Disease Phenotype and Disease Activity
Treatment Considerations
Outcomes
Conclusions
References
109. Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases in children
Abstract
Introduction
Juvenile-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
The Pediatric Inflammatory Myopathies: Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Sjögren Disease in Children
Scleroderma
References
110. Rehabilitation and psychosocial issues in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Impacts
Psychosocial Implications
Evaluation
Goals of Treatment: Evidence-Based Treatment and Outcome
Conclusion
References
Section 9: Infection-Related Rheumatic Diseases
A.: Infectious Arthritis
111. Bacterial native joint arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology, Origins of Arthritis, and Related Microbiology
Clinical Presentation, Patients’ History, and Diagnosis
Management of Bacterial Arthritis
Resection, Arthrodesis, or Amputation
Antibiotic Treatment
Outcomes of Therapy
Acknowledgment
References
112. Mycobacterial, brucellar, fungal, and parasitic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Tuberculous Arthritis
Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Infections
Brucellosis
Fungal Musculoskeletal Infections
Parasitic Arthritis
References
113. Viral infections
Abstract
Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Parvovirus B19
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Chikungunya and Other Alphaviruses
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I
Other Viruses
References
B.: Other Infection-Related Disease
114. Lyme and other tickborne diseases
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Etiologic Agent
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Other Tickborne Diseases
Treatment
Post–Lyme Disease Symptoms
Prevention
References
115. Acute rheumatic fever
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Rheumatic Fever Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Other Clinical Features
Investigations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Secondary Prevention
References
116. Reactive arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Innate Immunity and Reactive Arthritis
Chlamydia-Induced Reactive Arthritis
Classification Criteria
Genetic Factors
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Atypical Aspects of Reactive Arthritis
Investigations
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Prognosis and Natural History
Summary: Key Elements of the Clinical Approach to Reactive Arthritis (Box 116.4)
References
Section 10: Spondyloarthritis and Psoriatic Arthritis
117. Classification and epidemiology of spondyloarthritis
Abstract
The Historical Concept of Spondyloarthritis
Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis
Impact of Gender
Conclusion
References
118. Enthesopathies
Abstract
Introduction
History
Anatomy and Pathology
Enthesitis and the Pathogenesis of Spondyloarthritis
Imaging
Management
References
119. Inflammatory back pain
Abstract
Introduction
Inflammatory Back Pain Criteria
Inflammatory Back Pain in the Population
Patient Referral Strategies
Inflammatory Back Pain in Diagnosis
Acknowledgment
References
120. Clinical features of axial spondyloarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Features
Physical Examination Findings
Laboratory and Imaging Investigations
Diagnosis and Classification
Clinical Assessment of axspa
Burden of Disease and Prognosis
Acknowledgments
References
121. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of axial spondyloarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Polygenic Disease with a Predominant Autoinflammatory Nature
Key Inflammatory Mediators in Spondyloarthritis
Histopathology and New Bone Formation
References
122. Genetics of axial spondyloarthritis
Abstract
Genetic Epidemiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis
Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
Non–Major Histocompatibility Complex Genes
Genetics of Acute Anterior Uveitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis in East Asians
Ankylosing Spondylitis in Africans
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
123. Animal models of spondyloarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
HLA-B27 Transgenic Animals
TNF Overexpression Models
IL-23/IL-17 Pathway
Beta-Glucan Induced Disease in Skg Mice
Mechanical Loading
Selective A20 Deficiency
Microbiome
Conclusion
References
124. Imaging in spondyloarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Technical Aspects of Imaging in Axial Spondyloarthritis
Importance of Imaging of the Sacroiliac Joints in Axial Spondyloarthritis
Differential Diagnoses for Involvement of the Spine
Future Directions
References
125. Management of axial spondyloarthritis
Abstract
Historical Perspective
Current Perspectives
Assessment of Efficacy of Treatment of Axial Spondyloarthritis
Physical Therapy
Nonbiologic Pharmacologic Therapy
Management of Extraarticular Manifestations
Surgical Intervention in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Acknowledgment
References
126. Classification and epidemiology of psoriatic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnosis
Epidemiology of Psoriatic Arthritis
Risk Factors for PsA Among Patients with Psoriasis
Classification
Classification Versus Diagnosis
Comorbidities Among Patients with PsA
Conclusions
References
127. Clinical features of psoriatic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
History, Epidemiology, and Criteria
Key Clinical Features: Skin and Joints
Other Musculoskeletal Features
Prognosis
Comorbidities
Investigations
Acknowledgment
References
128. Extraarticular manifestations and comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Extraarticular Manifestations
Comorbidities
References
129. Etiology and pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis
Introduction
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Cells, Cytokines, and Pathways Involved in Skin and Joint Tissue Inflammation
Immunopathology
Pathologic Cartilage Resorption and Altered Bone Remodeling
Conclusion
References
130. Animal models of psoriatic arthritis
Abstract
Animal Model Strategies and Concept
Challenges in the Development of Animal Models for Psoriatic Disease
Animal Models of Psoriatic Arthritis
Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives
References
131. Management of psoriatic arthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Is Psoriatic Arthritis an Important Pathology?
Assessment of Disease Activity and Outcome of Psoriatic Arthritis
Is there a need for novel treatments in psoriatic arthritis?
Nonsteroidal Antiiinflammatory Drugs and Glucocorticoids
Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Health Benefits of Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors in Psoriatic Arthritis
Other Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs
Treatment Recommendations
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Section 11: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Related Diseases
132. Epidemiology and classification of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus for Clinical Studies and Trials
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Heterogeneity and Subtypes
Descriptive Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Risk Factors for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Epidemiology of Major Adverse Outcomes Among Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
133. Preclinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Importance of Understanding and Identifying Preclinical Lupus
Healthy Individuals with Antinuclear Autoantibodies
Clinical and Serologic Features of Healthy Individuals who Transition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Risk Factors for Transition in Relatives of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Environmental Exposures and Life Experiences in the Preclinical Period which Associate with Future SLE Development
Clinical Manifestations and Transition of Patients with Incomplete, Potential, or Latent Lupus
Transition of Patients with Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Patients with Another Systemic Autoimmune Disease
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
134. Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Features
Acknowledgment
References
135. Genetics of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Female Dominance of Lupus
Rare Presentations of Lupus
Genetic Association
Genomic Mechanisms
Risk Loci Identified in Cohort Association Studies
The Promise of Genetics
References
136. Immunopathology of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Pathology
Properties of Immune Complexes
Biology of Immune Complex Handling
Complement and Fcγ Receptor Function: Targets for Treatment
References
137. Animal models of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Spontaneous Mouse Models
Induced Models
Engineered Mouse Models
References
138. Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Antinuclear Antibodies
Antinuclear and Anticytoplasmic Autoantibodies
“Antiphospholipid” Autoantibodies
Cell Membrane Antigens
Autoantibodies as the Initial Manifestation of Autoimmunity
Mechanisms of Autoantibody Production in Lupus
References
139. Pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Genetic Susceptibility and Gender and Environmental Triggering Factors
Innate Immune Responses
Dendritic Cells and other Antigen-Presenting Cells
Adaptive Immune Responses
Local Factors Involved in Lupus Pathogenesis
Concluding Remarks
References
140. Drug-induced lupus
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Aspects
Summary
References
141. Assessing disease activity and outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus
Abstract
Introduction
Global Disease Activity Indices
Organ-Specific Indices
Measures of Change in Disease Activity
Health-Related Quality of Life
Miscellaneous
Conclusion
References
142. Management of nonrenal and non–central nervous system lupus
Abstract
Introduction
Recommended Assessment and Monitoring of SLE Patients with Nonrenal/Non–Central Nervous System Manifestations
Management of Musculoskeletal Manifestations
Management of Cutaneous Manifestations
Hematologic Involvement
Management of Cardiopulmonary Manifestations
Management of other Nonrenal/Non-CNS Manifestations
Future Perspectives: Treat to Target in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
References
143. Management of central nervous system lupus
Abstract
Etiology of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Clinical Manifestations of Selected Neuropsychiatric Events
Diagnosis of Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Neuroimaging in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Events in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
References
144. Management of renal lupus
Abstract
Introduction
Therapeutic Agents in Lupus Nephritis
Treatment Options and Recommendations
End-Stage Renal Disease and Kidney Replacement Modalities
References
145. Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnant patients and neonatal lupus
Abstract
Introduction
Prepregnancy Evaluation and Counseling
Medication Use in Pregnancy
Maternal and Fetal Complications During Pregnancy
Pregnancy and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Management
References
146. Sjögren syndrome
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Glandular Pathology
Clinical Features
Systemic Autoimmunity
Association with other Autoimmune Diseases
Lymphoproliferative Disease
Natural History
Classification Criteria
Diagnostic Evaluation
Assessment of Disease Activity
Differential Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Management
References
147. Antiphospholipid syndrome pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Abstract
Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Definition and History
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Pregnancy Management
Management of Other Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Alternative Therapies for Refractory and Difficult Cases
References
Section 12: Systemic Sclerosis
148. Classification and epidemiology of systemic sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Disease Classification
Very Early Disease Subset
Epidemiology
Influence of Age, Gender, Ethnicity
Summary and Conclusion
References
149. Clinical and serologic features of systemic sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Diagnosis and Classification
Clinical Features
Serologic Features of Systemic Sclerosis
Conclusions
References
150. Etiology and pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis: Immunity, Vascular Injury, and Fibrosis
Animal Models of Systemic Sclerosis
References
151. Outcomes measures in systemic sclerosis
Introduction
Measuring Disease Activity, Damage, and Severity in Scleroderma
Outcome Measures in Scleroderma
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
152. Management of systemic sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Principles of Effective Management
Clinical Trials in Systemic Sclerosis
Disease-Modifying Therapies for Systemic Sclerosis
Organ-Based Assessment and Treatments
Summary
References
153. Emerging therapies for systemic sclerosis
Abstract
Introduction
Skin Fibrosis as Outcome for Clinical Trials
Change in Clinical Trial Design for Emerging Therapies in SSc
Development of Targeted Therapies for SSc
Randomized Clinical Trials From 2018–2021 To Identify Emerging Therapies In Ssc
Translation of The Emerging Therapies Into Clinical Use
Summary
References
154. Raynaud phenomenon
Abstract
History
Nomenclature
Epidemiology And Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
155. Localized scleroderma and scleroderma-like syndromes
Abstract
Localized Forms of Scleroderma
Conditions that Mimic Scleroderma
References
Section 13: Inflammatory Muscle Disease
156. Clinical features, classification, and epidemiology of inflammatory muscle disease
Abstract
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Differential Diagnosis
Investigations
Overview of the Natural History and Disease Prognosis
Prognostic Considerations
References
157. Etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory muscle disease (myositis)
Abstract
Introduction
Muscle Biology and Physiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Inclusion Body Myositis
Conclusion
References
158. Clinical significance of autoantibodies in inflammatory muscle disease
Introduction
Myositis-Associated Autoantibodies
Myositis-Specific Autoantibodies
Dermatomyositis-Specific Autoantibodies
Inclusion Body Myositis–Associated Antibody
Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy–Associated Antibodies
Conclusion
References
159. Management of inflammatory muscle disease
Abstract
General Principles
Assessing Disease Activity and Damage
Drug Therapies
Nonpharmacologic Treatments
Management of Extramuscular Manifestations
Future Directions
Acknowledgments
References
160. Metabolic, drug-induced, and other noninflammatory myopathies
Abstract
Metabolic Myopathies
Drug- and Toxin-Induced Myopathies
Endocrine Myopathies
Muscular Dystrophies
Infectious Myopathies
References
Section 14: The Vasculitides
161. Classification and epidemiology of vasculitis
Abstract
Introduction
Classification, Definitions, and Diagnostic Criteria for Vasculitis
Historical Background
Large-Vessel Vasculitis
Medium-Vessel Vasculitis
Small-Vessel Vasculitis
Diagnostic Criteria for Vasculitis
Epidemiology of Vasculitis
Vasculitides Predominantly Affecting Large Vessels
Vasculitides Predominantly Affecting Medium-Sized Vessels
Vasculitides Predominantly Affecting Small Vessels
Current Status
References
162. Biology and immunopathogenesis of vasculitis
Abstract
Introduction
The Endothelium
Immunopathogenesis of Vasculitides of Medium- and Small-Sized Arteries
Immunopathogenesis of Large-Vessel Vasculitides
Conclusion
References
163. Polyarteritis nodosa and Cogan syndrome
Introduction
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Cogan Syndrome
Conclusion
References
164. Antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody–associated vasculitis
Abstract
Definition
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Classification and Definitions
Clinical Features
Investigations and Differential Diagnosis of Antineutrophil Cytoplasm Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Pathology
Clinical Assessment of Vasculitis
Therapies
Treatments
Outcomes
References
165. Takayasu arteritis
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Management
Outcome
References
166. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Diagnosis
Relationship Between Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Laboratory Findings
Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
References
167. Behçet disease
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Laboratory Features
Disease Course and Prognosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
References
168. Kawasaki disease
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Laboratory Assessments
Pathologic Features
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Treatment and Management
References
169. IgA vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura)
Abstract
Definition
Epidemiology
Classification
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
TreatmeNt
Outcome and Prognosis
References
170. Cutaneous vasculitis and panniculitis
Abstract
Classification
Pathologic, Clinical, and Systemic Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Conclusion
References
171. Cryoglobulinemia
Abstract
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Outcome
Diagnosis and Classification
Pathogenesis
Therapy
References
172. Primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Abstract
History
Case Definition and Criteria
Clinical Syndromes of Cerebral Vasculitis
Clinical Findings
Pathogenesis
Pathology
Laboratory Investigations
Brain Imaging
Biopsy Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Approach
Treatment and Outcome
References
Section 15: Other Systemic Illnesses
173. Adult-onset Still disease
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Classification and Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis and Functional Outcome
References
174. Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases
Abstract
Key Points
Introduction
The Hereditary Episodic Fever Syndromes
Neutrophilic Urticaria (The Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome, Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome, Muckle-Wells Syndrome, And Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease)
Variable Rashes, High Serum Interleukin-18, and Variable Predisposition to Macrophage Activation Syndrome
NLRP1-Associated Autoinflammation with Arthritis and Dyskeratosis
Pustular Skin Rashes and Episodic Fevers
Partially Interleukin-1–Mediated Pyogenic Disorders
Pyogenic Disorders Caused by Non–Interleukin-1 Cytokine Dysregulation
Vasculopathy and Panniculitis/Lipoatrophy Syndromes
Vasculopathy and/or Vasculitis with Livedo Reticularis Syndromes
Autoinflammatory Disorders with Granulomatous Skin Diseases
Other Autoinflammatory Syndromes
Syndromes Presenting with a Wider Clinical Phenotype
Acknowledgment
References
175. Sarcoidosis
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Immunopathogenesis
Diagnostic Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Features
Childhood Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis Associations
Natural History and Prognosis
Management
Monitoring of Therapy
Acknowledgment
References
176. Relapsing polychondritis
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Management
Acknowledgments
References
177. The systemic amyloidoses
Abstract
Introduction
Amyloidogenesis In Vivo
AA Amyloid
Aβ2-Microglobulin Amyloidosis (Aβ2m) (Dialysis Related Amyloidosis, DRA)
AL (Immunoglobulin L-Chain Amyloidosis)
The Transthyretin Amyloidoses (ATTR)
Attacking the Deposits
References
178. IgG4-related disease
Abstract
History and Overview
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Laboratory and Image Findings
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Management
References
179. Immune-mediated complications of checkpoint inhibitors
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism of Action/Review of T-Cell Activation
Immune-Related Adverse Events
Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Directed Therapies
Anti-Interleukin-6 Directed Therapies
Anti-B-Cell Directed Therapies
Anti-T-Cell Directed Therapies
Other Targeted Therapies
Use of Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Preexisting Autoimmune Disease
Conclusion
References
180. The epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and rheumatic disease
Abstract
Introduction
Rheumatic Diseases and Risk of Covid-19 and Related Outcomes
Use of Antirheumatic Medications for the Management of Covid-19
Autoimmune/Inflammatory Manifestations of Covid-19
Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on People With Rheumatic Disease
References
Section 16: Osteoarthritis
181. Epidemiology and classification of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions of Osteoarthritis
Mortality Rate in Osteoarthritis
Conclusion
References
182. Local and systemic risk factors for incidence and progression of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Systemic Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis
Local Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis
Hip Osteoarthritis
Hand Osteoarthritis
Risk Factors for Pain in Osteoarthritis
Risk Factors for Function Limitation and Disability in Osteoarthritis
References
183. Clinical features of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Definition
Symptoms (Box 183.1)
Signs (BOX 183.1)
Clinical Presentations
Evaluation
Mortality
Conclusion
References
184. Animal models of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Why do we need osteoarthritis models?
How do we Model Osteoarthritis in Animals?
What components of disease are being modeled?
Osteoarthritis Models: A Historical Perspective
How Good are the Osteoarthritis Models as Models of Human Disease?
Current Rodent Osteoarthritis Models
Genetic Modification
Animal Model Limitations
Conclusion
References
185. Pathogenesis and pathology of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
The Normal Joint: Anatomy, Physiology, and Function
Joint Pathology in Osteoarthritis
Pathogenetic Concepts in Osteoarthritis
Disease Risk Factors Inform Pathogenesis
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
186. Genetics and epigenetics of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Early Heritability Studies
Traits and Outcomes Studied in the Genetics of Osteoarthritis
Twin and Family Studies
Familial Disorders Associated with Osteoarthritis
Epigenetics of Osteoarthritis
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
187. Imaging of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Conventional Radiography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Ultrasound
Other Imaging Modalities
Considerations for Future Research in Osteoarthritis Imaging
Summary
References
188. Assessment of the patient with osteoarthritis and measurement of outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Biomedical Versus Biopsychosocial Perspective in Assessment of Patients with Osteoarthritis
Fundamental Differences between Patient Assessment in Clinical Research Versus Routine Clinical Practice
The World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health
Selection of Measures for Evaluation of Patients with Osteoarthritis
Responsiveness and Interpretation of Change in Patient Status
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
189. Preclinical and early osteoarthritis
Abstract
Definition of Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis
Evidence for Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis
Detection of Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis
Progression of Osteoarthritis
Triggering Mechanisms
Treatment Paradigms
Potential Benefits to an Early Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
Summary
References
190. Management of osteoarthritis
Abstract
Introduction
Core Principles in Osteoarthritis Management
Individualized Treatment
Multidisciplinary Approach
Behavioral, Psychosocial, and Physical Interventions
Pharmacologic Treatments
Intraarticular Therapy
Surgical Interventions
Issues Specific to the Management of Hand Osteoarthritis
Acknowledgment
References
191. Emerging treatments for osteoarthritis
Abstract
Emerging Symptomatic Treatments (Fig. 191.1)
Emerging Dmoads (Fig. 191.1 and Table 191.1)
Cell and Cell-Derived Therapies
Research Avenues in Therapeutics
References
Section 17: Crystal-Related Arthropathies
192. Epidemiology and classification of gout
Abstract
Historical Perspective
Westernization and Gout Trends
Case Definitions and Classification Criteria
Prevalence of Gout
Incidence of Gout
Risk Factors for Hyperuricemia and Gout
References
193. Etiology and pathogenesis of gout
Abstract
Urate Physiology
Urate Production and Excretion
Hyperuricemia
Monosodium Urate Crystal Formation
The Gout Flare
Advanced Gout
The Genetics of Gout
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
194. Clinical features of gout
Abstract
Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia
Acute Gout Flares
Intervals Between Gout Flares
Advanced Tophaceous Gout
References
195. Management of gout and hyperuricemia
Abstract
Treatment of Arthritis and Hyperuricemia in Gout
Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Gout
Acknowledgments
References
196. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
Abstract
Introduction
Nomenclature
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Other Forms of Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
Triggers of Acute Attacks of Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Arthritis
Associated Diseases
Familial Forms of Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease
Diagnostic Strategies
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
197. Basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition disease
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Structure and Function
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Management
Conclusion
References
Section 18: Metabolic Bone Disease
198. Epidemiology and classification of osteoporosis
Introduction
History
Fracture Epidemiology
Implications for Prevention
Future Projections
Conclusion
References
199. Clinical evaluation and clinical features of osteoporosis
Abstract
Osteoporosis: Definition and Diagnosis
Clinical Evaluation
Investigations
Diagnosis
Morbidity and Mortality
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
200. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis
Abstract
Introduction
Determinants of Peak Bone Mass
Determinants of Bone Loss
Pathogenesis of Bone Loss
References
201. Biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporosis
Abstract
Introduction
Bone Turnover
Bone Remodeling
Bone Turnover Assessment
Bone Cells
Practical Aspects
Choice of Bone Turnover Markers
Diseases and Drugs
Osteoporosis
Bone Turnover Markers in Men
Conclusion
References
202. Management of osteoporosis
Abstract
Introduction
Recommendations for Treatment
Evaluation for Secondary Osteoporosis
Treatment
Pharmacologic Interventions
Teriparatide (Anabolic Therapy) Vs Antiresorptive Therapy
Mangement of Vertebral Fractures
References
203. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Glucocorticoid Bone Loss
Epidemiology
Investigations
Management
Care Gap in the Screening, Prevention, and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Conclusion
References
204. Osteomalacia, rickets, and renal osteodystrophy
Abstract
Introduction
Calcium, Phosphorous, and Vitamin D Metabolism
Effect of Vitamin D on Bone Metabolism
Causes of Osteomalacia and Rickets
Clinical Evaluation of Osteomalacia and Rickets
Clinical Findings
Strategies for the Treatment and Prevention of Osteomalacia
Renal Osteodystrophy
Acknowledgment
References
205. Paget disease of bone
Abstract
Introduction
History
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Imaging
Laboratory Findings
Differential Diagnosis
Complications and Natural History
Treatment
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Section 19: Other Arthropathies and Miscellaneous Disorders
206. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Criteria and Characteristic Description
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Management
References
207. Neuropathic arthropathy
Abstract
History
Etiology
Clinical Features
Imaging
Laboratory Investigations and Histologic Analysis
Differential Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Management
Conclusion
References
208. Osteonecrosis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathologic Features
Clinical Features
Imaging
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management
References
209. Rheumatoid manifestations of endocrine and metabolic diseases and treatments
Abstract
Acromegaly
Diabetes Mellitus
Thyroid Disease
Adrenal Disorders
Lipid Disorders
Statin Drug–Associated Muscle Syndromes
Other Drug-Associated Musculoskeletal Manifestations
Acknowledgments
References
210. Hemophilia-associated arthritis
Abstract
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand Disease
Hemophilic Arthritis
Management
Complications of Hemophilic Arthritis
Current Issues in Treatment of Hemophilia
Summary
References
211. Rheumatologic manifestations of hemoglobinopathies
Abstract
Introduction
Sickle Cell Disease
Thalassemia
References
212. Hemochromatosis
Abstract
Introduction
The Hemochromatosis Arthropathy
Chondrocalcinosis
Spinal Involvement
Radiologic Appearance
Pathophysiology
Osteoporosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgment
References
213. Gaucher disease
Abstract
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Management
References
214. Digital clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Abstract
History
Epidemiology
Classification
Clinical Features
Investigations
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Etiology And Pathogenesis
Management
References
215. Miscellaneous arthropathies
Abstract
Cancer-Related Musculoskeletal Syndromes
Other Systemic Syndromes With Rheumatologic Features
Musculoskeletal Syndromes Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease
References
216. Heritable connective tissue disorders
Abstract
Introduction to Genetic Disorders of the Skeleton and Associated Soft Tissues
Disorders of Bone Density
Skeletal Dysplasias
Marfan Syndrome (MIM154700) and Related Conditions
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Disorders of Bone Density
Skeletal Dysplasias and Related Conditions
Other Miscellaneous Conditions
Enzyme Defects and the Skeleton
References
217. Hypermobility syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Genetics
Diagnostic Criteria for Conditions Presenting to Rheumatology With Associated Hypermobility
Clinical Musculoskeltal Associations With Joint Laxity (Known and Postulated)
Extraarticular Associations
Differentiating Between Chronic Widespread Pain Conditions (Including Fibromyalgia) and Hypermobile Joints With Associated Pain
Rehabilitation
Summary
References
218. Bone tumors
Introduction
Metastatic Carcinoma to Bone
Hematologic Malignancies
Primary Bone Tumors
References
Appendix:. Classification and Diagnostic Criteria
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Adult-Onset Still Disease
Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
Fibromyalgia
Gout
Hypermobility
Igg4-Related Disease
Inflammatory Muscle Disease
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Kashin-Beck Disease
Macrophage Activation Syndrome Complicating Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Psoriatic Arthritis
Reactive Arthritis
Relapsing Polychondritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sjögren Syndrome
Spondyloarthritis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic Sclerosis And Scleroderma
Vasculitis
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey
Rheumatic Disease Clinics

Life Sciences

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Health

Rheumatology, 2-Volume Set

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Marc C. Hochberg

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Michael E. Weinblatt

Michael H. Weisman

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