Rethinking Polyester Polyurethanes
Algae Based Renewable, Sustainable, Biodegradable and Recyclable Materials
- 1st Edition - April 24, 2023
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Editor: Robert S. Pomeroy
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 9 9 8 2 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 8 3 1 3 - 6
Rethinking Polyester Polyurethanes: Algae Based Renewable, Sustainable, Biodegradable and Recyclable Materials explains how and why bio-based materials, specifically algae, will c… Read more
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Request a sales quoteRethinking Polyester Polyurethanes: Algae Based Renewable, Sustainable, Biodegradable and Recyclable Materials explains how and why bio-based materials, specifically algae, will change the polymer industry. The book provides background on algae, polyurethanes (PUs), and their everyday use. It covers the biology and chemistry behind how and why these materials are engineered to be both biodegradable and, through the process of depolymerization, fully recyclable. Chapters cover Re-evaluating the Sources, Redefining the Analytics, Reformulating Polyester Polyurethanes, and The Future. The latter part of the book describes the landscape of bio-based materials, the eco-consumer, and insights into the industry problem of “greenwashing.”
This book is a valuable resource for industry professionals who use polyurethanes in the supply chain for manufactured products, those in sales and marketing or regulatory roles who wish to better understand the unique advantages of bio-based materials, and researchers studying R&D of biobased polyurethanes or remediation of microplastics pollution on land and in bodies of fresh and saltwater worldwide.
This book is a valuable resource for industry professionals who use polyurethanes in the supply chain for manufactured products, those in sales and marketing or regulatory roles who wish to better understand the unique advantages of bio-based materials, and researchers studying R&D of biobased polyurethanes or remediation of microplastics pollution on land and in bodies of fresh and saltwater worldwide.
- Builds on the foundation of sustainable, renewable, biodegradable, recyclable microplastics, with lifecycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, and the green premium
- Clarifies the true economics—if we were to go back to initial development of the plastics industry, what would we do differently?
- Covers the basic science—the knowledge required to effectively communicate the use of materials that are on first examination more expensive, but on closer examination less expensive when environmental consequences are factored
Industry professionals who use polyurethanes in the supply chain for manufactured products, those in sales and marketing or regulatory roles who wish to better understand the unique advantages of bio-based materials, researchers studying R&D of biobased polyurethanes or remediation of microplastics pollution on land and in bodies of fresh and salt water worldwide; Students in environmental chemistry, science, and policy courses in chemistry, polymer and materials science, biology, engineering, and business
1: Rethinking Polyester Polyurethanes
Introduction
1.1 The role of ocean plastics in reshaping polyurethane chemistry
1.2 Atom economy: Petroleum versus Plant and Algae Oils
Background
1.2.3 Separation of concerns and the valorization of petroleum
1.2.2 The Corafam Story
1.2.3 Modern polyurethanes: the move to polyethers
1.2.1a Chemical consequences
Summary
1.3.1 The environmental consequence of the decision
1.3.2 The “Green” Consumer and the need for transparency
Transition: Chapter outline
Section A – Re-evaluating the Sources
2: Why Algae and Plant Oils?
Introduction
2.1.1 Ancient algae and cyanobacteria as source of petroleum
2.1.2 Introduction: Modern algae as a sustainable agricultural product
The Foundations: Algae as a natural source of industrial products
2.2.1 Diversity of algae
2.2.2 Diversity of current and potential products
2.2.3 Algae as an engineered source of industrial production
2.2.4 Genetically manipulatable species
2.2.5 Genetic tools
2.2.6 Demonstrated product production in algae
Summary
2.3.1 Scalability and sustainability
2.3.2 Current practices
2.3.3 Future challenges
3: Renewable, Sustainable Sources and Bio-Based Monomers
Introduction
3.1 Natural oils: A source for polyols
The Foundations
3.2.1 Biobased polyols for polyurethanes
3.2.2 Biobased isocyanates for polyurethanes
Summary
3.3.1 Increasing the bio-content and biodegradation
Section B - Redefining the Analytics
4: Biodegradation: The Biology
Introduction
4.1 Definitions
The Foundations
4.2.1 Biological processes
4.2.2 Organisms: Bacteria and fungi
4.2.3 Enzymes
4.2.4 Effects of different chemical structures
4.2.5 Methods of measuring biodegradation
Summary
4.3 Why the definitions and measurements matter.
5: Biodegradation and Recycling: The Analytical Chemistry
Introduction
5.1.1 Recycling
5.1.1a Chemical and physical breakdown
5.1.1b Purity matters: How analytical chemistry helps reformulate plastics
5.1.2 Biodegradation
5.1.2a Challenges of monitoring complex systems
The Foundations
5.2.1 Current state of the art
5.2.2 Industry and commercially accepted methods
5.2.3 Methods in research
5.2.4 Limitations of current methods
Summary
5.3 The future of biodegradation analysis: A multifaceted approach to measuring
6: TEAs and LCAs of Bio-Based Polyurethanes
Introduction
6.1.1 What is a TEA?
6.1.2What is an LCA?
The Foundation
6.2.1 TEAs and LCAs: The right way to determine the total impacts of materials
6.2.2 Comparing bio-based biodegradable polyurethane to typical petroleum Polyurethanes
Summary
6.3 The importance of this approach: economic and environmental
Section C – Reformulating Polyester Polyurethanes
7: Polyurethanes: Foam and TPUs
Introduction
7.1.1 Chemistry of polyurethanes
7.1.2 Types of polyurethane systems: Polyester vs polyether
The Foundation
7.2.1 Polyurethane foams and their applications
7.2.1a Structure-property relationships in polyurethane foams
7.2.1b Algae polyurethane foams: State of the art
7.2.2 Thermoplastic urethanes (TPUs) and their applications
7.2.3 TPU elastomers
7.2.4 Expanded TPU (E-TPU)
Summary
7.1 Algae TPU: Future possibilities
8: Coatings, Adhesives, and Sealants
Introduction
8.1 History of coatings and adhesives from renewable resources
The Foundation
8.2.1 Algae and vegetable oils as raw materials for coatings and adhesives
8.2.2 Algae-based urethane coatings and adhesives
8.2.3 Cost-performance dilemma
Summary
8.3 Application outlook
9: Bio-Based Composite Materials
Introduction
9.1.1 Composite materials and their applications
9.1.2 Sustainability of composite materials
9.1.3 Biocomposites (natural fiber composites)
The Foundation
9.2.1 State of the art
9.2.2 Applications of bio composites and structural bio composites
9.2.3 Choice and sourcing of fillers
9.2.4 Bio-based matrix
Summary
9.3.1 Current limitations
6,.3.2 Future perspectives and potential of bio composites
Section D - Reimagining Polyester Polyurethanes
10: Recycling – The Bioloop
Introduction
10.1 The Bioloop vision
The Process
10.2 Creation, Characterization, and Formulation of a renewable of materials from renewable sustainable sources
10.3 Depolymerization by Chemical Degradation
10.4 Depolymerization by Enzymatic Degradation
10.5 Monomer Recovery
10.6 Making a completely new polyester polyurethane material
The Future
10.7 Practical First Steps
11: Commercialization and the Eco-Consumer
Introduction
11.1 Industries that are interested in green materials
The Current Marketplace
11.2.1 Size of the market now
11.2.2 Why is greenwashing more than just fraud?
The Future Marketplace
11.3.1 Size of the market if bio-based biodegradable foams are available
11.3.2 The green premium: Myth or reality
12: The Future of Biodegradable Polyurethanes
Introduction
12.1 Where have we been and where are we going
Future Research
12.2.1 Advances in genetic engineering of algae and cyanobacteria
12.2.2 Can we make algae into chemical factories?
12.2.3 Advances in metabolic engineering of algae and cyanobacteria
12.3.4 Can we customize and create novel biomolecules?
Realistic Expectations for Future Product Development and Manufacturing
Introduction
1.1 The role of ocean plastics in reshaping polyurethane chemistry
1.2 Atom economy: Petroleum versus Plant and Algae Oils
Background
1.2.3 Separation of concerns and the valorization of petroleum
1.2.2 The Corafam Story
1.2.3 Modern polyurethanes: the move to polyethers
1.2.1a Chemical consequences
Summary
1.3.1 The environmental consequence of the decision
1.3.2 The “Green” Consumer and the need for transparency
Transition: Chapter outline
Section A – Re-evaluating the Sources
2: Why Algae and Plant Oils?
Introduction
2.1.1 Ancient algae and cyanobacteria as source of petroleum
2.1.2 Introduction: Modern algae as a sustainable agricultural product
The Foundations: Algae as a natural source of industrial products
2.2.1 Diversity of algae
2.2.2 Diversity of current and potential products
2.2.3 Algae as an engineered source of industrial production
2.2.4 Genetically manipulatable species
2.2.5 Genetic tools
2.2.6 Demonstrated product production in algae
Summary
2.3.1 Scalability and sustainability
2.3.2 Current practices
2.3.3 Future challenges
3: Renewable, Sustainable Sources and Bio-Based Monomers
Introduction
3.1 Natural oils: A source for polyols
The Foundations
3.2.1 Biobased polyols for polyurethanes
3.2.2 Biobased isocyanates for polyurethanes
Summary
3.3.1 Increasing the bio-content and biodegradation
Section B - Redefining the Analytics
4: Biodegradation: The Biology
Introduction
4.1 Definitions
The Foundations
4.2.1 Biological processes
4.2.2 Organisms: Bacteria and fungi
4.2.3 Enzymes
4.2.4 Effects of different chemical structures
4.2.5 Methods of measuring biodegradation
Summary
4.3 Why the definitions and measurements matter.
5: Biodegradation and Recycling: The Analytical Chemistry
Introduction
5.1.1 Recycling
5.1.1a Chemical and physical breakdown
5.1.1b Purity matters: How analytical chemistry helps reformulate plastics
5.1.2 Biodegradation
5.1.2a Challenges of monitoring complex systems
The Foundations
5.2.1 Current state of the art
5.2.2 Industry and commercially accepted methods
5.2.3 Methods in research
5.2.4 Limitations of current methods
Summary
5.3 The future of biodegradation analysis: A multifaceted approach to measuring
6: TEAs and LCAs of Bio-Based Polyurethanes
Introduction
6.1.1 What is a TEA?
6.1.2What is an LCA?
The Foundation
6.2.1 TEAs and LCAs: The right way to determine the total impacts of materials
6.2.2 Comparing bio-based biodegradable polyurethane to typical petroleum Polyurethanes
Summary
6.3 The importance of this approach: economic and environmental
Section C – Reformulating Polyester Polyurethanes
7: Polyurethanes: Foam and TPUs
Introduction
7.1.1 Chemistry of polyurethanes
7.1.2 Types of polyurethane systems: Polyester vs polyether
The Foundation
7.2.1 Polyurethane foams and their applications
7.2.1a Structure-property relationships in polyurethane foams
7.2.1b Algae polyurethane foams: State of the art
7.2.2 Thermoplastic urethanes (TPUs) and their applications
7.2.3 TPU elastomers
7.2.4 Expanded TPU (E-TPU)
Summary
7.1 Algae TPU: Future possibilities
8: Coatings, Adhesives, and Sealants
Introduction
8.1 History of coatings and adhesives from renewable resources
The Foundation
8.2.1 Algae and vegetable oils as raw materials for coatings and adhesives
8.2.2 Algae-based urethane coatings and adhesives
8.2.3 Cost-performance dilemma
Summary
8.3 Application outlook
9: Bio-Based Composite Materials
Introduction
9.1.1 Composite materials and their applications
9.1.2 Sustainability of composite materials
9.1.3 Biocomposites (natural fiber composites)
The Foundation
9.2.1 State of the art
9.2.2 Applications of bio composites and structural bio composites
9.2.3 Choice and sourcing of fillers
9.2.4 Bio-based matrix
Summary
9.3.1 Current limitations
6,.3.2 Future perspectives and potential of bio composites
Section D - Reimagining Polyester Polyurethanes
10: Recycling – The Bioloop
Introduction
10.1 The Bioloop vision
The Process
10.2 Creation, Characterization, and Formulation of a renewable of materials from renewable sustainable sources
10.3 Depolymerization by Chemical Degradation
10.4 Depolymerization by Enzymatic Degradation
10.5 Monomer Recovery
10.6 Making a completely new polyester polyurethane material
The Future
10.7 Practical First Steps
11: Commercialization and the Eco-Consumer
Introduction
11.1 Industries that are interested in green materials
The Current Marketplace
11.2.1 Size of the market now
11.2.2 Why is greenwashing more than just fraud?
The Future Marketplace
11.3.1 Size of the market if bio-based biodegradable foams are available
11.3.2 The green premium: Myth or reality
12: The Future of Biodegradable Polyurethanes
Introduction
12.1 Where have we been and where are we going
Future Research
12.2.1 Advances in genetic engineering of algae and cyanobacteria
12.2.2 Can we make algae into chemical factories?
12.2.3 Advances in metabolic engineering of algae and cyanobacteria
12.3.4 Can we customize and create novel biomolecules?
Realistic Expectations for Future Product Development and Manufacturing
- Edition: 1
- Published: April 24, 2023
- No. of pages (Paperback): 318
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323999823
- eBook ISBN: 9780323983136
RP
Robert S. Pomeroy
Robert S. “Skip” Pomeroy is a Teaching Professor at UC San Diego. He is an analytical chemist and works in several research centers within the university (CAICE, CalCAB, FF21, and the Center for Renewable Materials) serving as an educational lead and chemical analyst. He obtained his BA in chemistry from UC San Diego, MS in Analytical Chemistry from Cal Poly Pomona, and Ph.D in analytical chemistry from the University of Arizona, and was a postdoctoral student in the Marine Physical Lab at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Dr. Pomeroy also served as the R&D lead for Southern Grouts and Mortars for 10 years.
Affiliations and expertise
Teaching Professor, UC San Diego, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, La Jolla, CA, USARead Rethinking Polyester Polyurethanes on ScienceDirect