Renewable Energy Integration

Praise for Renewable Energy Integration

Dedication

About the Contributors

About the Editor

Acknowledgments

Foreword from Europe

Foreword from the USA

Introduction

Part 1. Policy and Regulation

• Chapter 1. The Journey of Reinventing the European Electricity Landscape—Challenges and Pioneers
  • 1. Background
  • 2. The post-2020 Europe
  • 3. Renewable integration in Europe: Challenges and policy responses
  • 4. The story of three pioneers: History and future
  • 5. Trends & future outlook
• Chapter 2. Policies for Accommodating Higher Penetration of Variable Energy Resources: US Outlook and Perspectives
  • 1. Recent renewable deployment trends
  • 2. Technical challenges posed by wind generation for power system operation & planning
  • 3. Economic challenges associated with high wind energy: the potential for curtailment
  • 4. Transmission development for wind integration: challenges and success stories
  • 5. FERC order 764 on variable energy resource integration
  • 6. The future of renewable development in the united states
• Chapter 3. Harnessing and Integrating Africa’s Renewable Energy Resources
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background and context
  • 3. Sub-Saharan Africa in the global energy transition
  • 4. The way forward
  • 5. Conclusion

Part 2. Modeling of Variable Energy Resources

• Chapter 4. Multi-Dimensional, Multi-Scale Modeling and Algorithms for Integrating Variable Energy Resources in Power Networks: Challenges and Opportunities
  • 1. Power system dimensions and scales
  • 2. Modeling and analysis
  • 3. Optimization and control
  • 4. Data handling and visualization
  • 5. Integrated multi-dimensional analytics platforms
  • 6. Conclusions
• Chapter 5. Scandinavian Experience of Integrating Wind Generation in Electricity Markets
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. The transmission system operators
  • 3. The Baltic-Nordic spot market
  • 4. Price zones
  • 5. Day-ahead grid congestion management: market splitting
  • 6. Maintaining the security of supply: regulating energy
  • 7. Regulating energy and the security of supply: making the wind turbines part of the solution
  • 8. Other mechanims and policies for integrating wind in electricty markets
  • 9. Efficient and nonefficient multistate markets (EU as a case)
  • 10. Conclusion: The moral of the spot case from Northern Europe
• Chapter 6. Case Study–Renewable Integration: Flexibility Requirement, Potential Overgeneration, and Frequency Response Challenges
  • 1. ISO real-time market overview
  • 2. Renewable generation effects in the ISO real-time market
  • 3. Flexibility requirement
  • 4. Intrahour flexibility requirement
  • 5. Potential overgeneration problems
  • 6. Inertia and frequency response
  • 7. Sensitivities

Part 3. Variable Energy Resources in Power System and Market Operations

• Chapter 7. Analyzing the Impact of Variable Energy Resources on Power System Reserves
  • 1. Reserve types
  • 2. Reserves and energy markets
  • 3. European vs North American reserve definitions
  • 4. Probabilistic methods for setting reserve requirements
  • 5. Determining VER impacts on reserve requirements through power system modeling
  • 6. Discussion
  • 7. Summary
• Chapter 8. Advances in Market Management Solutions for Variable Energy Resources Integration
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Wholesale electricity markets and market management systems overview
  • 3. Market operation challenges from VER integration
  • 4. Advances in market management solutions for VER integration
  • 5. Conclusion
• Chapter 9. Electric Reliability Council of Texas Case Study: Reserve Management for Integrating Renewable Generation in Electricity Markets
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Study of the impacts of wind generation on ancillary service requirements
  • 3. Wind power forecasts in ERCOT operations
  • 4. Ancillary service requirement methodology improvements to integrate wind generation resources
  • 5. Additional actions and future considerations
• Chapter 10. Case Study: Grid and Market Integration of Wind Generation in Tamil Nadu, India
  • 1. Background
  • 2. Analysis: Implications of wind integration for the host state
  • 3. Regulatory and policy measures to encourage grid and market integration of VRE generation
  • 4. The way forward

Part 4. Forecasting Renewables

• Chapter 11. Forecasting Renewable Energy for Grid Operations
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Forecast applications in grid operations
  • 3. Forecasting wind and solar energy: the basics
  • 4. Emerging forecasting products
  • 5. Looking ahead
• Chapter 12. Probabilistic Wind and Solar Power Predictions
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Probabilistic power predictions methods
  • 3. Verification and value of probabilistic predictions
  • 4. Conclusion
• Chapter 13. Incorporating Forecast Uncertainty in Utility Control Center
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Sources of uncertainty and variability
  • 3. Overall uncertainty characteristics
  • 4. Probabilistic operations and planning
  • 5. Three levels of uncertainty integration in operations
  • 6. Example: California ISO ramp uncertainty prediction tool
  • 7. Conclusion

Part 5. Connecting Renewable Energy to Power Grids

• Chapter 14. Global Power Grids for Harnessing World Renewable Energy
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Stages toward a global power grid
  • 3. The global grid: an illustration
  • 4. Harvesting RESs from remote locations
  • 5. Interconnecting two continents over remote RES locations
  • 6. Intercontinental interconnections by direct lines
  • 7. Discussion
  • 8. Conclusions
  • Appendix A. Cable cost projections
  • Appendix B. Electricity trade between Europe and the USA: detailed analysis
• Chapter 15. Practical Management of Variable and Distributed Resources in Power Grids
  • 1. Preface
  • 2. The early history of high-voltage direct current transmission
  • 3. HVDC for cable transmission
  • 4. HVDC for bulk power transmission
  • 5. Improved stability of the AC system by introducing HVDC
  • 6. Voltage source converter versus line commutated converter
  • 7. Large-scale variable generation integration
  • 8. Taking DC to lower power transmission levels
  • 9. Conclusion
• Chapter 16. Integration of Renewable Energy—The Indian Experience
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Policy initiatives
  • 3. Regulatory initiatives
  • 4. Transmission planning initiatives
  • 5. Experience with RECs in India
  • 6. Challenges
  • 7. Concluding remarks

Part 6. System Flexibility

• Chapter 17. Long-Term Energy Systems Planning: Accounting for Short-Term Variability and Flexibility
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Flexibility in power systems
  • 3. Modeling approaches and their limitations
  • 4. Addressing the gap between short-term and long-term models
  • 5. Conclusion
• Chapter 18. Role of Power System Flexibility
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Metrics for operational flexibility
  • 3. Modeling power system flexibility via the power nodes modeling framework
  • 4. Assessment and visualization of operational flexibility
  • 5. Aggregation of operational flexibility
  • 6. Conclusion
• Chapter 19. The Danish Case: Taking Advantage of Flexible Power in an Energy System with High Wind Penetration
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Distribution of generator capacity in Denmark
  • 3. The Danish markets for balancing the electricity system
  • 4. Wind is a part of the balancing solution—not the problem
  • 5. Case example: an hour with negative prices for downward regulation
  • 6. Decentralized combined heat and power plants are a part of the balancing solution
  • 7. Conclusions and recommendations based on the Danish experience

Part 7. Demand response and distributed energy Resources

• Chapter 20. DR for Integrating Variable Renewable Energy: A Northwest Perspective
  • 1. Role of demand-response in integrating variable energy resources
  • 2. DR in the Northwest today
  • 3. Future of DR in the Northwest
  • 4. Thoughts on the way forward
• Chapter 21. Case Study: Demand-Response and Alternative Technologies in Electricity Markets
  • 1. Overview of PJM wholesale market
  • 2. Opportunities for demand-response in the wholesale market
  • 3. PJM experience with demand-response
  • 4. Experience with alternative technologies in the wholesale market
  • 5. Potential future evolution for demand-response and alternative technologies
• Chapter 22. The Implications of Distributed Energy Resources on Traditional Utility Business Model
  • 1. The evolution of traditional utility business model
  • 2. Gradual transformation of the ESI
  • 3. Why the rise of distributed energy resources?
  • 4. Rethinking the fundamentals
  • 5. New definition of service
  • 6. Responding to disruptive technologies
  • 7. Conclusions
• Chapter 23. Energy Storage and the Need for Flexibility on the Grid
  • 1. Energy storage as an integral part of the grid
  • 2. An ecosystem of technologies enabling flexibility
  • 3. Conclusions

Part 8. Variable Energy Resources in Island Power Systems

• Chapter 24. Renewables Integration on Islands
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Lessons from renewable integration studies for larger interconnected systems
  • 3. Characteristics and challenges for island systems
  • 4. Ongoing efforts for island renewable integration
  • 5. Conclusion
• Chapter 25. Intentional Islanding of Distribution Network Operation with Mini Hydrogeneration
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Case study
  • 3. Intentional islanding
  • 4. Conclusions

Part 9. Solar, Tidal and Wave Energy Integration

• Chapter 26. Economic and Reliability Benefits of Large-Scale Solar Plants
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Technology categories and production characteristics
  • 3. Overview of valuation methods
  • 4. Survey of research results
  • 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 27. State of the Art and Future Outlook of Integrating Wave and Tidal Energy
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Tidal energy
  • 3. Wave energy
  • 4. Summary
• Chapter 28. German Renewable Energy Sources Pathway in the New Century
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Increasing challenges of RES integration into the German electricity system
  • 3. Future outlook

Part 10. Enabling and Disruptive Technologies for Renewable Integration

• Chapter 29. Control of Power Systems with High Penetration Variable Generation
  • 1. Introduction and motivation
  • 2. The case for advanced control methodologies
  • 3. The roles of inertial response, primary control, and secondary control: past and future
  • 4. Frequency regulation in power systems
  • 5. Optimal control design
  • 6. Distributed control design for practical implementation
  • 7. Case study results: multiobjective evaluation of optimal control performance
  • 8. Conclusions
• Chapter 30. Enhancing Situation Awareness in Power Systems: Overcoming Uncertainty and Variability with Renewable Resources
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Optimizing situation awareness in power system tool designs
  • 3. The future of SA in grid operations
• Chapter 31. Managing Operational Uncertainty through Improved Visualization Tools in Control Centers with Reference to Renewable Energy Providers
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Background on SCADA, RTUs, and protocols
  • 3. Current IEC 60870-5-101 situation
  • 4. SCADA alarm processing
  • 5. Situational awareness platform
  • 6. Abnormal state notification
  • 7. Benefits of situational awareness visualization platforms
  • 8. Conclusion
• Chapter 32. Dynamic Line Rating (DLR): A Safe, Quick, and Economic Way to Transition Power Networks towards Renewable Energy
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. What is dynamic line rating
  • 3. Benefits and challenges of using DLR
  • 4. Implementing DLR
  • 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 33. Monitoring and Control of Renewable Energy Sources using Synchronized Phasor Measurements
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Real-time monitoring using synchrophasors
  • 3. Detection tools for wind farm oscillation monitoring
  • 4. Testing and validation
  • 5. Conclusions
• Chapter 34. Every Moment Counts: Synchrophasors for Distribution Networks with Variable Resources
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Variability, uncertainty, and flexibility in distribution networks
  • 3. Microsynchrophasor (μPMU) technology
  • 4. Applications for μPMU measurements
  • 5. Moving forward
• Chapter 35. Big Data, Data Mining, and Predictive Analytics and High Performance Computing
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Sources of data in utilities
  • 3. The big data era
  • 4. Examples of applications
  • 5. The future is now

Epilogue

Index