Praise for Renewable Energy Integration
Dedication
About the Contributors
About the Editor
Acknowledgments
Foreword from Europe
Foreword from the USA
Introduction
Part 1. Policy and Regulation
- Chapter 1. The Journey of Reinventing the European Electricity Landscape—Challenges and Pioneers
- 1. Background
- 2. The post-2020 Europe
- 3. Renewable integration in Europe: Challenges and policy responses
- 4. The story of three pioneers: History and future
- 5. Trends & future outlook
- Chapter 2. Policies for Accommodating Higher Penetration of Variable Energy Resources: US Outlook and Perspectives
- 1. Recent renewable deployment trends
- 2. Technical challenges posed by wind generation for power system operation & planning
- 3. Economic challenges associated with high wind energy: the potential for curtailment
- 4. Transmission development for wind integration: challenges and success stories
- 5. FERC order 764 on variable energy resource integration
- 6. The future of renewable development in the united states
- Chapter 3. Harnessing and Integrating Africa’s Renewable Energy Resources
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background and context
- 3. Sub-Saharan Africa in the global energy transition
- 4. The way forward
- 5. Conclusion
Part 2. Modeling of Variable Energy Resources
- Chapter 4. Multi-Dimensional, Multi-Scale Modeling and Algorithms for Integrating Variable Energy Resources in Power Networks: Challenges and Opportunities
- 1. Power system dimensions and scales
- 2. Modeling and analysis
- 3. Optimization and control
- 4. Data handling and visualization
- 5. Integrated multi-dimensional analytics platforms
- 6. Conclusions
- Chapter 5. Scandinavian Experience of Integrating Wind Generation in Electricity Markets
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The transmission system operators
- 3. The Baltic-Nordic spot market
- 4. Price zones
- 5. Day-ahead grid congestion management: market splitting
- 6. Maintaining the security of supply: regulating energy
- 7. Regulating energy and the security of supply: making the wind turbines part of the solution
- 8. Other mechanims and policies for integrating wind in electricty markets
- 9. Efficient and nonefficient multistate markets (EU as a case)
- 10. Conclusion: The moral of the spot case from Northern Europe
- Chapter 6. Case Study–Renewable Integration: Flexibility Requirement, Potential Overgeneration, and Frequency Response Challenges
- 1. ISO real-time market overview
- 2. Renewable generation effects in the ISO real-time market
- 3. Flexibility requirement
- 4. Intrahour flexibility requirement
- 5. Potential overgeneration problems
- 6. Inertia and frequency response
- 7. Sensitivities
Part 3. Variable Energy Resources in Power System and Market Operations
- Chapter 7. Analyzing the Impact of Variable Energy Resources on Power System Reserves
- 1. Reserve types
- 2. Reserves and energy markets
- 3. European vs North American reserve definitions
- 4. Probabilistic methods for setting reserve requirements
- 5. Determining VER impacts on reserve requirements through power system modeling
- 6. Discussion
- 7. Summary
- Chapter 8. Advances in Market Management Solutions for Variable Energy Resources Integration
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Wholesale electricity markets and market management systems overview
- 3. Market operation challenges from VER integration
- 4. Advances in market management solutions for VER integration
- 5. Conclusion
- Chapter 9. Electric Reliability Council of Texas Case Study: Reserve Management for Integrating Renewable Generation in Electricity Markets
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Study of the impacts of wind generation on ancillary service requirements
- 3. Wind power forecasts in ERCOT operations
- 4. Ancillary service requirement methodology improvements to integrate wind generation resources
- 5. Additional actions and future considerations
- Chapter 10. Case Study: Grid and Market Integration of Wind Generation in Tamil Nadu, India
- 1. Background
- 2. Analysis: Implications of wind integration for the host state
- 3. Regulatory and policy measures to encourage grid and market integration of VRE generation
- 4. The way forward
Part 4. Forecasting Renewables
- Chapter 11. Forecasting Renewable Energy for Grid Operations
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Forecast applications in grid operations
- 3. Forecasting wind and solar energy: the basics
- 4. Emerging forecasting products
- 5. Looking ahead
- Chapter 12. Probabilistic Wind and Solar Power Predictions
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Probabilistic power predictions methods
- 3. Verification and value of probabilistic predictions
- 4. Conclusion
- Chapter 13. Incorporating Forecast Uncertainty in Utility Control Center
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Sources of uncertainty and variability
- 3. Overall uncertainty characteristics
- 4. Probabilistic operations and planning
- 5. Three levels of uncertainty integration in operations
- 6. Example: California ISO ramp uncertainty prediction tool
- 7. Conclusion
Part 5. Connecting Renewable Energy to Power Grids
- Chapter 14. Global Power Grids for Harnessing World Renewable Energy
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Stages toward a global power grid
- 3. The global grid: an illustration
- 4. Harvesting RESs from remote locations
- 5. Interconnecting two continents over remote RES locations
- 6. Intercontinental interconnections by direct lines
- 7. Discussion
- 8. Conclusions
- Appendix A. Cable cost projections
- Appendix B. Electricity trade between Europe and the USA: detailed analysis
- Chapter 15. Practical Management of Variable and Distributed Resources in Power Grids
- 1. Preface
- 2. The early history of high-voltage direct current transmission
- 3. HVDC for cable transmission
- 4. HVDC for bulk power transmission
- 5. Improved stability of the AC system by introducing HVDC
- 6. Voltage source converter versus line commutated converter
- 7. Large-scale variable generation integration
- 8. Taking DC to lower power transmission levels
- 9. Conclusion
- Chapter 16. Integration of Renewable Energy—The Indian Experience
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Policy initiatives
- 3. Regulatory initiatives
- 4. Transmission planning initiatives
- 5. Experience with RECs in India
- 6. Challenges
- 7. Concluding remarks
Part 6. System Flexibility
- Chapter 17. Long-Term Energy Systems Planning: Accounting for Short-Term Variability and Flexibility
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Flexibility in power systems
- 3. Modeling approaches and their limitations
- 4. Addressing the gap between short-term and long-term models
- 5. Conclusion
- Chapter 18. Role of Power System Flexibility
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Metrics for operational flexibility
- 3. Modeling power system flexibility via the power nodes modeling framework
- 4. Assessment and visualization of operational flexibility
- 5. Aggregation of operational flexibility
- 6. Conclusion
- Chapter 19. The Danish Case: Taking Advantage of Flexible Power in an Energy System with High Wind Penetration
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Distribution of generator capacity in Denmark
- 3. The Danish markets for balancing the electricity system
- 4. Wind is a part of the balancing solution—not the problem
- 5. Case example: an hour with negative prices for downward regulation
- 6. Decentralized combined heat and power plants are a part of the balancing solution
- 7. Conclusions and recommendations based on the Danish experience
Part 7. Demand response and distributed energy Resources
- Chapter 20. DR for Integrating Variable Renewable Energy: A Northwest Perspective
- 1. Role of demand-response in integrating variable energy resources
- 2. DR in the Northwest today
- 3. Future of DR in the Northwest
- 4. Thoughts on the way forward
- Chapter 21. Case Study: Demand-Response and Alternative Technologies in Electricity Markets
- 1. Overview of PJM wholesale market
- 2. Opportunities for demand-response in the wholesale market
- 3. PJM experience with demand-response
- 4. Experience with alternative technologies in the wholesale market
- 5. Potential future evolution for demand-response and alternative technologies
- Chapter 22. The Implications of Distributed Energy Resources on Traditional Utility Business Model
- 1. The evolution of traditional utility business model
- 2. Gradual transformation of the ESI
- 3. Why the rise of distributed energy resources?
- 4. Rethinking the fundamentals
- 5. New definition of service
- 6. Responding to disruptive technologies
- 7. Conclusions
- Chapter 23. Energy Storage and the Need for Flexibility on the Grid
- 1. Energy storage as an integral part of the grid
- 2. An ecosystem of technologies enabling flexibility
- 3. Conclusions
Part 8. Variable Energy Resources in Island Power Systems
- Chapter 24. Renewables Integration on Islands
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Lessons from renewable integration studies for larger interconnected systems
- 3. Characteristics and challenges for island systems
- 4. Ongoing efforts for island renewable integration
- 5. Conclusion
- Chapter 25. Intentional Islanding of Distribution Network Operation with Mini Hydrogeneration
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Case study
- 3. Intentional islanding
- 4. Conclusions
Part 9. Solar, Tidal and Wave Energy Integration
- Chapter 26. Economic and Reliability Benefits of Large-Scale Solar Plants
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Technology categories and production characteristics
- 3. Overview of valuation methods
- 4. Survey of research results
- 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 27. State of the Art and Future Outlook of Integrating Wave and Tidal Energy
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Tidal energy
- 3. Wave energy
- 4. Summary
- Chapter 28. German Renewable Energy Sources Pathway in the New Century
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Increasing challenges of RES integration into the German electricity system
- 3. Future outlook
Part 10. Enabling and Disruptive Technologies for Renewable Integration
- Chapter 29. Control of Power Systems with High Penetration Variable Generation
- 1. Introduction and motivation
- 2. The case for advanced control methodologies
- 3. The roles of inertial response, primary control, and secondary control: past and future
- 4. Frequency regulation in power systems
- 5. Optimal control design
- 6. Distributed control design for practical implementation
- 7. Case study results: multiobjective evaluation of optimal control performance
- 8. Conclusions
- Chapter 30. Enhancing Situation Awareness in Power Systems: Overcoming Uncertainty and Variability with Renewable Resources
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Optimizing situation awareness in power system tool designs
- 3. The future of SA in grid operations
- Chapter 31. Managing Operational Uncertainty through Improved Visualization Tools in Control Centers with Reference to Renewable Energy Providers
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Background on SCADA, RTUs, and protocols
- 3. Current IEC 60870-5-101 situation
- 4. SCADA alarm processing
- 5. Situational awareness platform
- 6. Abnormal state notification
- 7. Benefits of situational awareness visualization platforms
- 8. Conclusion
- Chapter 32. Dynamic Line Rating (DLR): A Safe, Quick, and Economic Way to Transition Power Networks towards Renewable Energy
- 1. Introduction
- 2. What is dynamic line rating
- 3. Benefits and challenges of using DLR
- 4. Implementing DLR
- 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 33. Monitoring and Control of Renewable Energy Sources using Synchronized Phasor Measurements
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Real-time monitoring using synchrophasors
- 3. Detection tools for wind farm oscillation monitoring
- 4. Testing and validation
- 5. Conclusions
- Chapter 34. Every Moment Counts: Synchrophasors for Distribution Networks with Variable Resources
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Variability, uncertainty, and flexibility in distribution networks
- 3. Microsynchrophasor (μPMU) technology
- 4. Applications for μPMU measurements
- 5. Moving forward
- Chapter 35. Big Data, Data Mining, and Predictive Analytics and High Performance Computing
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Sources of data in utilities
- 3. The big data era
- 4. Examples of applications
- 5. The future is now
Epilogue
Index