Rehabilitation of Metallic Structural Systems Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites

2nd Edition - September 12, 2024
Imprint: Woodhead Publishing
Editor: Vistasp M. Karbhari
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 0 8 4 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 0 8 3 - 8

Rehabilitation of Metallic Structural Systems Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites, Second Edition provides comprehensive knowledge on the application of FRPs in variou… Read more

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Save up to 25% on books and eBooks!

Shop now

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Request a sales quote

Rehabilitation of Metallic Structural Systems Using Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites, Second Edition provides comprehensive knowledge on the application of FRPs in various types of metallic field structures. Part I provides an overview of the various types of materials and systems and discusses the durability of bonds. Part II focuses on materials-level considerations, such as corrosion and mechanical behavior, putty effects on the effectiveness of pipeline systems, laser joining and the use of carbon and basalt FRP for underwater repair. Building on Part II, the final three sections focus on applications of FRP composites to steel components and various infrastructure systems.

This book will be a standard reference for civil engineers, designers, materials scientists, and other professionals who are involved in the rehabilitation of metallic structures using fiber reinforced polymer composites.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface—Use of FRP for rehabilitation of metallic infrastructure
Part I. Overview
1. Materials and systems level overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overall considerations
1.3 Understanding adhesive bonds
1.4 Bond level considerations
1.5 Summary and conclusion
2. Environmental durability of adhesively bonded FRP/steel joints in bridge applications
2.1 Background
2.2 Predictive durability-modeling approaches
2.2.1 Mechanistic models
2.2.2 Non-mechanistic models
2.2.3 Correlation factors
2.2.4 Extrapolation of accelerated test data
2.2.5 Summary
2.3 Environmental aging of bonded FRP/steel joints
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Moisture
Mechanisms of moisture ingress
Effects of moisture on epoxy adhesives and FRP composites
Effects of moisture on interfacial adhesion
2.3.3 Temperature
2.3.4 Research needs
2.4 Design and failure prediction of bonded joints in connection to environmental aging
2.4.1 Failure in FRP/steel adhesive joints
2.4.2 Cohesive zone modeling
Fracture process zone
J-integral
2.4.3 Characterization of cohesive laws
2.4.4 Summary
2.5 Multiphysics simulation to assess bonded joint durability
2.5.1 Material characterization
2.5.2 Finite element modeling
2.5.3 Dependency of cohesive laws on environmental factors
2.5.4 Effect of cyclic exposure on behavior of adhesive joints
2.6 Conclusions and remarks
2.6.1 General conclusions
2.6.2 Suggestions for future research
Naturally aged specimens
Cohesive laws
Interlaminar properties of FRP composites
Load effects
3. Effect of temperature on the bond behavior of CFRP-to-steel interface
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effect of elevated temperatures
3.2.1 Effect of elevated temperatures on adhesive
3.2.2 Effect of elevated temperatures on the CFRP-to-steel interface
Failure mode
Mechanical behavior
Bond-slip behavior
Improvement of the temperature resistance
Prediction of the residual bond strength
3.3 Temperature cycles
3.3.1 Effect of the temperature cycles on the CFRP-to-steel interface
3.3.2 Effect of the temperature cycles combined with sustained loads on the CFRP-to-steel interface
3.3.3 Thermal stress distribution
3.4 Freeze-thaw cycles
3.4.1 Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on FRP composites and adhesives
3.4.2 Effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the CFRP-to-steel interface
3.5 Conclusions and future research suggestions
Part II. Materials level considerations
4. Putty effects on the effectiveness of FRP repair of steel pipeline systems
4.1 Overview
4.2 Material selection of repair components
4.2.1 Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrap
4.2.2 Putty (infill material)
4.3 Current codes and practices
4.4 Issues related to putty's effect
4.5 Studies on putty's effect toward pipeline repair's effectiveness
4.6 Understanding the role of infill material
5. Studies of laser joining PA66- and PEEK-based composites with titanium alloy through constructing interlocking structures at joint interface
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Laser joining of PA66-based composites and titanium alloy
5.2.1 Microstructure design and fabrication through laser texturing process
5.2.2 Laser joining of PA66 and titanium alloy
Laser joining process
5.2.3 Laser joining of GF30/PA66 and titanium alloy
Microstructure design and fabrication on titanium alloy
Performance evaluation of the joints produced by conventional laser joining process
Performance evaluation of the joints produced by modified laser joining process
5.2.4 Section summary
5.3 Laser joining of PEEK-based composites and titanium alloy
5.3.1 Laser joining of SCF30/PEEK and titanium alloy
Materials and laser surface texturing process
Design of laser joining procedure
Joint performance characterizations
5.3.2 Laser joining of CCF30/PEEK and titanium alloy
Materials
Structure design and laser texturing process
Performance characterizations of Ti6Al4V-CCF30/PEEK joints
5.3.3 Novel method for joining CCF30/PEEK and Ti6Al4V
Structure design and laser texturing process
Optimized laser joining method
Effect of laser irradiation duration on joint performance
Effect of microcone characteristics on joint performance
5.3.4 Section summary
Laser joining of titanium alloy and SCF/PEEK
Laser joining of titanium alloy and CCF/PEEK
5.4 Conclusions
6. The use of carbon and basalt FRP for underwater repair of steel structures
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Test matrix
6.3 Material properties
6.4 Preparation of specimens
6.5 Experimental test setup
6.6 Testing procedure
6.7 Results and discussions
6.7.1 Failure of the specimens
6.7.2 Fatigue life
6.8 Conclusions
Part III. Performance under fatigue cyclic and impact regimes
7. Fatigue life of steel components strengthened with FRP composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Improvement of the fatigue life of steel components
7.2.1 Role of the adhesives and surface preparation
7.2.2 Experimental evidence on notched CFRP reinforced steel plates
7.2.3 Experimental evidence on notched steel beams or girders
7.2.4 Strengthening of welded details and hollow sections
7.2.5 FRP strengthening of existing bridges
7.3 Principles of crack repair using CFRP materials
7.4 Fracture mechanics approach for fatigue lifetime evaluation
7.4.1 Stress intensity factor analytical evaluation
7.4.2 Fracture mechanics based numerical models
7.5 Cohesive zone models for fatigue lifetime evaluation
7.5.1 CZM for the simulation of fatigue reinforcement debonding
7.5.2 CZM for the simulation of fatigue crack growth in the steel substrate
7.5.3 Calibration of the CZM parameters
7.6 Concluding remarks and future trends
8. Illustration of the use of adhesively bonded Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer reinforcement to increase fatigue life of steel bridges
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Curative application after crack initiation: Application to old riveted elements
8.2.1 Current state of art
8.2.2 Application to the case of old steel riveted structures
8.2.3 Adhesively bonded reinforcements description
8.2.4 Appraisal of the service life extension through laboratory experimental investigations
8.2.5 Conclusion
8.3 Preventive application before crack initiation
8.3.1 Presentation of the FASSTbridge methodology
8.3.2 Appraisal of the developed strengthening system
8.3.3 On-site application of the methodology (Jarama bridge)
8.3.4 Efficiency appraisal of the applied reinforcement through on site measurement
8.3.5 Additional developments
8.4 Conclusion and future trends
9. Design optimization of adhesive-bonded FRP patches for repairing fatigue cracks in steel structures
9.1 Background
9.2 Design of adhesive-bonded FRP patches
9.2.1 Cracked steel members
9.2.2 Debonding of patch
9.2.3 FRP patch
9.3 Analysis approaches
9.4 Effect of design parameters
9.4.1 Patch configuration and dimensions
9.4.2 FRP patch properties
9.4.3 Adhesive properties
9.5 Optimization formulations and techniques
9.6 Illustrative example
9.6.1 FE models
9.6.2 Validation of FE model
9.6.3 Approximation of SIF value
9.6.4 Prediction performance of approximate SIF
9.6.5 Optimal design solutions
9.6.6 Assessment of patch rupture and debonding failures
9.7 Conclusions and future trends
10. FRP strengthening of CHS steel members subject to cyclic loads
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental study on steel CHS strengthened with CFRP composites subjected to cyclic loading
10.2.1 Experimental program
10.2.2 Experimental results and discussion
10.2.3 Effects of type of adhesive
10.3 Numerical study on CFRP strengthened steel CHSs subjected to cyclic loading
10.3.1 FE modeling and validation
FE model and element types
Material model and properties
Validation
10.3.2 Parametric study on CFRP strengthened steel circular hollow sections subjected to cyclic loading
Effect of bond length of CFRP
Effect of the number of CFRP layers
Effect of tCFRP/tCHS ratio
Effect of diameter to thickness ratio of CHS
Effect of steel grade
10.4 Theoretical prediction model
10.5 Conclusions
10.6 Future work recommendations
11. Strengthening under impact loads
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fundamentals of impact loads
11.2.1 Defining impact loads
11.2.2 Sources of impact loads
Dynamic forces
Explosions and blasts
Natural sources
11.2.3 Dynamics of impact loads
11.3 Material behavior under impact loads
11.3.1 Steel
11.3.2 FRP
Carbon-FRP (CFRP)
Glass-FRP (GFRP)
11.3.3 Epoxy
11.4 FRP-steel bond under impact loads
11.4.1 Effective bond length
11.4.2 Failure modes
11.5 FRP-strengthened steel members under transverse impact
11.6 FRP-strengthened steel members under axial impact
11.7 Key results from impact tests
11.7.1 Failure mode
11.7.2 Impact force-time history
11.7.3 Displacement-time history
11.8 Conclusion and future trends
Part IV. Application to components
12. Enhancing stability of steel structural sections using fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Inelastic section (local) buckling of open structural shapes
12.3 Inelastic section (local) buckling of hollow (closed) structural shapes
12.3.1 Confinement of steel tubes and “elephant foot” buckling
12.4 Buckling (crippling) induced by high local stresses
12.5 Elastic global (Euler) buckling
12.6 Field applications of FRP-stabilized steel sections
12.7 Potential application space for FRP stabilized steel
12.7.1 Ensuring ductility in seismic moment connections
12.7.2 Partial buckling-restrained braces
12.8 Concluding remarks and future directions
13. Rehabilitation of cracked aluminum components using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Rehabilitation of connections in aluminum overhead sign structures (OSS)
13.2.1 Surface preparation
13.2.2 Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) architecture
13.3 Static tests of K-tube-to-tube connections
13.3.1 Uncracked field specimens
13.3.2 Cracked field specimens repaired with GFRP
13.3.3 Newly fabricated specimens with GFRP
13.4 Constant amplitude fatigue performance of K-tube-to-tube connections
13.4.1 Uncracked field specimens: Series AL
13.4.2 Cracked field specimens repaired with GFRP: Series R
13.4.3 Cracked field specimens with majority of weld removed repaired with GFRP: Series WRR
13.4.4 S–N curves
13.5 Conclusion and future trends
14. CFRP-strengthened long steel columns and beam-columns
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Experimental program
14.3 Test results and discussion
14.3.1 S-shape column buckling about strong axis
14.3.2 S-shape column buckling about weak axis
14.3.3 HSS columns of different slenderness ratios strengthened with CFRP plates
14.3.4 HSS columns strengthened with CFRP sheets of different configurations
14.3.5 HSS eccentrically loaded columns
14.4 Analytical models
14.4.1 Model 1: Fiber-element model for CFRP-strengthened columns
14.4.2 Model 2: Modified ANSI/AISC 360-22 provisions for CFRP-strengthened columns
Contribution of CFRP to column strength
Failure criteria for CFRP
Procedure of analysis
Predicted axial strength of columns
14.4.3 Model 3: Modified ANSI/AISC 360-22 provisions for CFRP-strengthened beam-columns
14.5 Summary
15. Extending the fatigue life of corroded steel plates using carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Previous research on the fatigue performance of defected steel plates strengthened with CFRP composites
15.3 Fatigue test of corroded steel plates strengthened with CFRP plates
15.3.1 Material properties
15.3.2 Strengthening configurations
15.3.3 Specimens' manufacturing
15.3.4 Fatigue loading procedure
15.4 Fatigue test results and discussion
15.4.1 Failure modes
15.4.2 Fatigue life
Effect of corrosion degree on fatigue life
Effect of strengthening configuration on fatigue life
Effect of stress amplitude on fatigue life
15.4.3 Crack propagation curves
Effect of corrosion degree on fatigue crack propagation
Effect of strengthening configuration on fatigue crack propagation
Effect of stress amplitude on fatigue crack propagation
15.5 Fatigue crack propagation prediction of corroded steel plate strengthened with CFRP composites
15.5.1 Two-stage crack propagation analysis model of corroded steel plate strengthened with CFRP plates
15.5.2 Material constant calibration
15.5.3 Identification of critical rust pits and the equivalent of initial cracks
15.5.4 Calculation method of SIF at crack tip of corroded steel plate strengthened with CFRP plates
Finite element model
Calculation method of strain energy release rate
15.5.5 Case analysis and model verification
Case analysis
Model verification
15.6 Parameter analysis of fatigue crack propagation for the corroded steel plate strengthened with CFRP plates
15.6.1 Effect of weight loss rate of the corroded steel plate
15.6.2 Effect of equivalent initial crack size
15.6.3 Effect of adhesive thickness
15.6.4 Effect of stiffness of CFRP plate
15.6.5 Effect of prestress level of CFRP plate
15.7 Conclusion
Part V. Application to infrastructure systems
16. Revamping of existing steel-railway bridges wih fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Assessment procedures for damaged bridges
16.2.1 First level: Preliminary evaluation
16.2.2 Second level: Detailed investigation
16.2.3 Third level: Expert investigation
16.2.4 Fourth level: Advanced testing
16.3 Rehabilitation and strengthening of bridges with fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
16.3.1 Case studies
Broadway Bridge
Morrison Bridge
16.4 Rehabilitation and strengthening against corrosion
16.5 Strengthening of structural members
16.5.1 Case study: Adige Bridge
16.6 Conclusion
17. The strengthening of historic metallic structures using fiber-reinforced polymer composites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Brief history of the use of cast iron and wrought iron
17.3 Production, metallurgy and properties of historic irons
17.4 Structures in cast and wrought iron
17.5 FRP strengthening of cast and wrought iron structures
17.5.1 Cast iron
17.5.2 Wrought iron
17.5.3 Strengthening against metal fatigue
17.5.4 General issues with FRP schemes
17.5.5 Some alternative approaches to strengthening
17.6 Conclusion
18. Surface crack growth in FRP repaired metallic pipes subjected to cyclic bending
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Experimental investigation
18.2.1 Specimen preparation
Material properties
Specimen manufacturing
Specimens configurations
18.2.2 Test set-up
18.3 Numerical investigation
18.3.1 Interfacial properties
18.3.2 Modeling strategy
18.4 Analytical approach
18.4.1 Methodology
Stress reduction
Crack-bridging effect on the surface point of a crack
18.4.2 The analytical approach to calculate SIFs
Stress distributed in a pipe reinforced with FRP subjected to bending moment
SIF calculation
Evaluation of the surface crack propagation and fatigue life
18.5 Results and discussion
18.5.1 Stress reduction owing to FRP repairing
18.5.2 Experimental validation on the FEA and the analytical approach on the crack propagation
18.5.3 Interfacial bonding condition
18.5.4 FEA validation on the analytical approach
18.6 Conclusion
19. Strengthening metallic structures with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Background
19.2.1 General
19.3 Forms of FRP composites strengthening systems for metallic structures
19.3.1 Wet lay-up composite system
19.3.2 Precured (prefabricated) unstressed bonded flat and curved composite laminates
19.3.3 Prestressed/precured bonded composite (PBC) plates
19.3.4 Prestressed/precured unbonded composite (PUC) plates and tendons
19.3.5 Precured bonded composite stiffeners
19.4 Verification & pioneering studies on FRP/steel strengthening applications
19.4.1 Pioneering studies
19.4.2 Durability studies
19.5 Design parameters & special considerations
19.5.1 Thermo-mechanical mismatch
Stiffness mismatch
Thermal behavior and coefficients of thermal expansion mismatch
19.5.2 Potential galvanic corrosion
19.5.3 Factors impacting adhesion and bonding
Surface treatment & preparation
Thickness of adherends and adhesive
Adhesive and adherends' mechanical characteristics
Joint geometry
Service and environmental conditions
19.6 Adhesives selection criteria
19.7 Potential failure modes
19.8 Non-conventional, innovative FRP/metal strengthening system
19.8.1 Bonded shape memory alloy & shape memory polymers active prestressing systems
19.8.2 Sandwich construction systems
The H-Lam system H-Lam panels (U.S. Patent Pending No. 60–146,830)
Experimental verification of H-Lam system
19.8.3 Flexural upgrade of Sauvie Island Bridge Steel girders using H-Lam system: A case study
Time-dependent bond strength monitoring
19.9 Examples of steel bridge strengthening field applications
19.10 Steel tanks strengthening applications
19.11 Steel pipes strengthening applications
19.12 Recommended applications procedure
19.13 Summary and conclusions
20. Analysis of reliability of corroded pipes repaired by FRP
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Failure analysis of composite repaired pipes
20.3 Failure probability of composite repaired pipes
20.3.1 Failure probability estimation
Monte Carlo method
FOSM method
20.3.2 Sensitivity analysis
20.4 Case study
20.4.1 Theoretical analysis
20.4.2 Corrosion dimension effect
20.4.3 Composite repair system
20.4.4 Partially-bonded composite repair
20.4.5 Probabilistic analysis
20.5 Conclusions and recommendations
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Rehabilitation of Metallic Structural Systems Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites

Purchase options

BLOOM INTO SPRING SAVINGS

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Vistasp M. Karbhari

Related books