Regional Studies and Specific Deposits

Chapter 1. The Geological Association of Coal and Metallic Ores - A Review Introduction Categories of Coal-Ore Association Metallic Ore Substance Directly within the Coal Seam Uraniferous Lignites Outside of North America Uraniferous Coals (Braunkohle to Anthracite) Metallic Ores in Coal Association, Repetitively Present in Close Proximity to the Coal Seams Metallic Ores in Coal Association or Adjacent to it, Accidentally Present Metallic Ores in a Proximal Facies of Coal Associations Metallic Mineralizations Related to the Basement on which the Coal Association Rests Interaction of Coal and Metamorphism, Metasomatism, Igneous Intrusion: Metallogenic Implications Spontaneous Coal Burning and Thermal Metamorphism Contact Metamorphism/Metasomatism at Coal/Igneous Dikes and Sills Contacts Contact Metamorphism/Metasomatism at Coal/Granitic Intrusion Contacts Regional Metamorphism of Coal Coal, Ores and Evolution ReferencesChapter 2. Genesis of Iron Ore in Banded Iron-Formation by Supergene and Supergene-Metamorphic Processes - A Conceptual Model Introduction General The Basic Conceptual Model for BIF-Derived Iron Ores Definitions of Controversial Terms Genesis of BIF-Derived Iron Ores Literature Survey and Compilation of Genetic Models Literature Features of Iron-Enrichment Ores Genetic Models for BIF-Derived Ores - Discussion The Hamersley Iron Province of Western Australia General Brief Review of Geological Investigations of Ores and BIFs Geology of the BIFs Formation of Ore by Supergene Processes Textural Features of BIF Effects of Supergene Processes on BIF Minerals Supergene Ore Textures - Macroscopic Features Modifications to Ore by Continuing Supergene Processes General Leaching of Goethite Dehydration of Goethite Ferricrust - Ferruginous Duricrust Metamorphic and Post-Metamorphic Modifications to Supergene Ore General Regional Metamorphism Formation of Magnetite During Regional Metamorphism Contact Metamorphism Textural Relationships and Interpretations Metamorphism - Concluding Statement Geologic and Meteoric Controls of Supergene Enrichment General Stratigraphic Thinning Due to Enrichment Material Balance Between BIF and Ore Mobility of Iron and Silica - Ore-Forming Rates Oxidation of Iron at Depth - The Electrochemical Model Specific Factors in Supergene Enrichment The Environment of Supergene Enrichment Reconstruction of an Ore Body - A Model for a Supergene Deposits Chronology of Ore Formation General Stratigraphic Evidence for the Age of the Oldest Supergene Ores Hamersley Platform Supporting Evidence for the Age of the Oldest Supergene Ores Later Ore Events Phosphorus in BIF and Ore General Phosphorus in BIF Phosphorus in Weathered BIF and Ores Model for Distribution of Phosphorus in BIF-Hosted Enrichment Ores Application of Theory The Pilbara Iron Ore Classification (PIOC) Exploration for High-Grade Ores Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments ReferencesChapter 3. Mineral Zoning in Sediment-Hosted Copper Deposits Introduction Stability Relationships Between Cu and Cu-Fe Sulfide Minerals Pyrite Replacement and Zoning Sequences Mass Transfer Modeling as Applied to Problems of Sulfide Zoning Transport of Copper in Aqueous Solution Other Approaches to the Study of Reaction/Transfer Problems General Remarks Coupling, Feedback, Instability and Self Organization Modeling Cu-Fe Sulfide Zoning Overview Simulations Discussion Remarks on Transport-Reaction Modeling Conclusions ReferencesChapter 4. Gossans Introduction Historical Background Definitions Processes of Gossan Formation Sulphide Oxidation Formation of Secondary Minerals Behavior of Gold Sorption Processes Leaching Effect of Wallrock and Gangue Minerals The Influence of Hydrology, Climate and Geomorphology Gossan Maturity The Constitution of Gossans Mineralogy Textures Lack of Textural Development Colour Geochemistry IsotopiC Composition The Evaluation of Gossans Field Observations Sampling Preparation of Samples for Laboratory Study Laboratory Techniques of Gossan Appraisal Mineralogy Texture Case Histories Conclusions Acknowledgments ReferencesChapter 5. Hydrothermal Karst Phenomena as a Factor in the Formation of Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits Introduction Underground Karst Structures - General Comments Hydrothermal Karst - Modern Examples Geologic Setting of MVTD Host Rock of Ores Solutional Disaggregation General Premises Karstic Nature of Ore Receptacles Hydrothermal Origin of Sulfides Relationship Between Hydrothermal Ores and their Karst Receptacles Mineralization in Disaggregated Rocks - Ammoblastesis Relationships Between Metasomatic and Karst Ores Crevice Ores Review of Other Hypotheses on the Origin of Karst Ores Criticism of Hydrothermal Karst Concept Conclusions and Implications Acknowledgement Glossary References