Rare Earths
Science, Technology, Production and Use
- 1st Edition - September 3, 2014
- Authors: Jacques Lucas, Pierre Lucas, Thierry Le Mercier, Alain Rollat, William G. Davenport
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 3 8 0 4 - 5
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 2 7 3 5 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 6 2 7 4 4 - 5
High-technology and environmental applications of the rare-earth elements (REE) have grown dramatically in diversity and importance over the past four decades. This book pr… Read more
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Request a sales quoteHigh-technology and environmental applications of the rare-earth elements (REE) have grown dramatically in diversity and importance over the past four decades. This book provides a scientific understanding of rare earth properties and uses, present and future. It also points the way to efficient recycle of the rare earths in end-of-use products and efficient use of rare earths in new products.
Scientists and students will appreciate the book's approach to the availability, structure and properties of rare earths and how they have led to myriad critical uses, present and future. Experts should buy this book to get an integrated picture of production and use (present and future) of rare earths and the science behind this picture. This book will prove valuable to.non-scientists as well in order to get an integrated picture of production and use of rare earths in the 21st Century, and the science behind this picture.
- Defines the chemical, physical and structural properties of rare earths.
- Gives the reader a basic understanding of what rare earths can do for us.
- Describes uses of each rare earth with chemical, physics, and structural explanations for the properties that underlie those uses.
- Allows the reader to understand how rare earths behave and why they are used in present applications and will be used in future applications.
- Explains to the reader where and how rare earths are found and produced and how they are best recycled to minimize environmental impact and energy and water consumption.
Scientists and engineers in industries that produce and/or use rare earths, including members of The Minerals, Metals and Material Society and the Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (and similar in other countries).Senior undergraduate science and engineering students and post-graduate students in materials science and engineering, chemical engineering and optical engineering; also government and industrial libraries.
- Preface
- Chapter 1: Overview
- Abstract
- 1.1 Exploited Properties
- 1.2 Uses
- 1.3 Occurrence
- 1.4 Mines and Mining
- 1.5 Rare Earth [RE] Extraction
- 1.6 Metal Production
- 1.7 Rare Earth Uses
- 1.8 Rare Earth Recycling (Fig. 1.9)
- 1.9 Summary
- Chapter 2: Rare Earth Production, Use and Price
- Abstract
- 2.1 Chapter Objectives
- 2.2 Form of Use
- 2.3 Detailed Uses
- 2.4 Rare Earth Prices
- 2.5 Mining Rare Earths
- 2.6 Summary
- Chapter 3: Mining and Rare Earth Concentrate Production
- Abstract
- 3.1 Rare Earth Deposits
- 3.2 Igneous Deposits
- 3.3 Mining
- 3.4 Extracting Rare Earth Elements from Mined Ore
- 3.5 Concentrate Production
- 3.6 Froth Flotation
- 3.7 Flotation Product
- 3.8 Rare Earth Beach Sands
- 3.9 Rare Earth Cation Adsorption Clays
- 3.10 Deposit Structure
- 3.11 Ion Adsorption Clay Formation
- 3.12 Commercial Leaching of the Clays
- 3.13 Initial Rare Earth Oxide Production
- 3.14 Summary
- Chapter 4: Extracting Rare Earth Elements from Concentrates
- Abstract
- 4.1 Industrial Rare Earth Minerals
- 4.2 Industrial Rare Earth Extraction
- 4.3 Extraction from Monazite and Xenotime Ores
- 4.4 Bastnasite Leaching
- 4.5 Rare Earth Cation Adsorption Clays
- 4.6 Loparite
- 4.7 Apatite
- 4.8 New Processes for Other Rare Earth Minerals Including Silicates
- 4.9 The Key Question of Radioactive Impurities Removal
- 4.10 Summary
- Chapter 5: Rare Earths Purification, Separation, Precipitation and Calcination
- Abstract
- 5.1 Selective Crystallization
- 5.2 Ion Exchange
- 5.3 Solvent Extraction (Rydberg et al., 2007)
- 5.4 Pure Rare Earth Compound Production
- 5.5 Summary
- Appendix 5.1 Rare Earth Separation Simulation
- Appendix 5.2 Rare Earth Separations Using Specific Oxidation Degrees
- Appendix 5.3 Chemical Reagents Consumption
- Chapter 6: Production of Rare Earth Metals and Alloys—Electrowinning
- Abstract
- 6.1 Reduction
- 6.2 Industrial Rare Earth Electrowinning
- 6.3 Chloride Electrowinning
- 6.4 Oxide Feed—Fluoride Molten Salt Electrowinning
- 6.5 Neodymium Electrodeposition Rate
- 6.6 Summary
- Chapter 7: Metallothermic Rare Earth Metal Reduction
- Abstract
- 7.1 Samarium Reduction
- 7.2 Thermodynamic Explanation
- 7.3 Reduction of Rare Earth Fluorides with Calcium Metal
- 7.4 Thermodynamic Explanation
- 7.5 Refining Rare Earth Metals and Alloys
- 7.6 Vacuum Casting
- 7.7 Vaporization/Vapor Deposition
- 7.8 Summary
- Chapter 8: Rare Earth Electronic Structures and Trends in Properties
- Abstract
- 8.1 Electronic Configuration of Rare Earths
- 8.2 Degrees of Oxidation of Rare Earths
- 8.3 Lanthanides in Solution (in Water)
- 8.4 Common Rare Earth Oxides
- 8.5 Summary
- Chapter 9: Rare Earth Catalysts
- Abstract
- 9.1 Chapter Objectives
- 9.2 Automotive Catalytic Conversion
- 9.3 The Automotive Catalytic Converter
- 9.4 Catalyst Deposition
- 9.5 Automotive Catalysts: Past, Present, and Future
- 9.6 Catalytic Reactions
- 9.7 CO(g) Oxidation Without Catalyst (Minimal)
- 9.8 Early Catalytic Converter Objectives
- 9.9 Gaseous Hydrocarbon Oxidation
- 9.10 Cold Start-up
- 9.11 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx(g)) Reduction
- 9.12 Diesel Engine Pollution Abatement Systems
- 9.13 Catalytic Petroleum Cracking
- 9.14 Quantitative Benefits
- 9.15 Neodymium Catalysts
- 9.16 Samarium Catalysts
- 9.17 Summary
- Appendix 9.1 Tailpipe Gas Composition Control
- Chapter 10: Rare Earths in Rechargeable Batteries
- Abstract
- 10.1 Chapter Objectives
- 10.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ni-MH Batteries
- 10.3 Ni-MH Battery Operation
- 10.4 Ni-MH Battery Components (Fetcenko and Koch, 2011; Young and Nei, 2013)
- 10.5 Nickel Hydroxide Electrode
- 10.6 Alloy (Hydrogen Storage) Electrode
- 10.7 Recycling
- 10.8 Appraisal
- 10.9 Summary
- Chapter 11: Rare Earths in Alloys and Metals
- Abstract
- 11.1 Chapter Objectives
- 11.2 Cast Iron
- 11.3 Ductile Cast Iron
- 11.4 Industrial Procedures
- 11.5 Rare Earth Benefits
- 11.6 Ductile Iron Summary
- 11.7 Rare Earth-Magnesium Alloys
- 11.8 Rare Earth Alloys with Other Metals
- 11.9 Summary
- Chapter 12: Polishing with Rare Earth Oxides Mainly Cerium Oxide CeO2
- Abstract
- 12.1 Introduction, Contents of the Chapter
- 12.2 Production of Polishing Compounds
- 12.3 The Polishing Process
- 12.4 Industrial Cerium Oxide Polishing
- 12.5 Leading Producers of Rare Earth Polishing Powders
- 12.6 Trivalent Ce3 + and Tetravalent Ce4 + Chemistry
- 12.7 A Process to Prepare CeO2 Particles
- 12.8 Chemical or Mechanical? The CMP Process
- 12.9 Summary
- Chapter 13: Permanent Magnets Based on Rare Earths: Fundamentals
- Abstract
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 What Can Be Expected from the Pure RE Metals?
- 13.3 About Ferromagnetism
- 13.4 Alloying RE Metals and TM: A Breakthrough in the World of Permanent Magnets
- 13.5 Magneto-Crystalline Anisotropy, the Key to the Exceptional Properties
- 13.6 Qualification, Codification of the RE Magnets
- 13.7 Summary
- Chapter 14: Rare Earth-Based Permanent Magnets Preparation and Uses
- Abstract
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 The Superiority of the RE Magnets
- 14.3 Some Limitations of RE Magnets and Current Remedial Strategies
- 14.4 Preparation of RE Magnets by Powder Metallurgy
- 14.5 Some Practical Information Concerning NdFeB Magnets
- 14.6 Applications of RE Magnets
- 14.7 Summary
- Chapter 15: Introduction to Rare Earth Luminescent Materials
- Abstract
- 15.1 Basics of Luminescence Phenomena
- 15.2 Luminescence of Rare Earths
- 15.3 The Most Classical Rare Earth-doped Luminescent Materials
- 15.4 Rare Earth Luminescent Materials: Synthesis Routes
- Appendix 15.1 4f Energy Levels of rare earths
- Appendix 15.2 5d Energy Levels of rare earths (the Crystal Field Theory)
- Appendix 15.3 Transition Selection Rules
- Chapter 16: Applications of Rare Earth Luminescent Materials
- Abstract
- 16.1 Rare earth for lighting application
- 16.2 Rare earths for display application
- 16.3 Rare earth for medical equipments
- 16.4 Other Rare Earth Applications
- Annex 16.1 Basics of colorimetry
- Chapter 17: Rare Earth Doped Lasers and Optical Amplifiers
- Abstract
- 17.1 Gain Media
- 17.2 Optical Amplifiers
- 17.3 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
- 17.4 The Rare Earth Candidates for Laser Emission
- 17.5 Laser Applications
- 17.6 Summary
- Chapter 18: Rare Earth Recycle
- Abstract
- 18.1 Extent of Rare Earth Recycle
- 18.2 Twenty-first Century Rare Earth Recycle Increase
- 18.3 Nickel-Metalhydride Rechargeable Battery Recycle
- 18.4 Industrial Recycle Smelting
- 18.5 Recycle Furnace Slag Requirements
- 18.6 Recovery of Rare Earths from Slag
- 18.7 Recovery of Ni and Co from the Recycle Furnace Product Alloy
- 18.8 Offgas Treatment
- 18.9 Summary of Rare Earth Battery Recycle
- 18.10 Recovering Rare Earths from End-of-use Fluorescent Lamps
- 18.11 Phosphors and their Compositions
- 18.12 The Recycle Process
- 18.13 Rare Earth Magnet Recycle
- 18.14 Suggested End-of-Use Rare Earth Magnet Recycle Method
- 18.15 Ceria Polishing Powder Recycle
- 18.16 Fluid Catalytic [Petroleum] Cracking Catalyst Recycle
- 18.17 Automobile Emission Reduction Catalyst Recycle
- 18.18 Current Recycle Activity
- 18.19 Summary
- Chapter 19: Epilogue
- Abstract
- 19.1 World Events
- 19.2 Consequences
- 19.3 Smuggler Responses
- 19.4 Government Responses to Rare Earth Shortages
- 19.5 Manufacturing Industry Responses
- 19.6 Mining/Production Industry Response
- 19.7 Summary
- 19.8 Predictions
- Index
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: September 3, 2014
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780444638045
- Hardback ISBN: 9780444627353
- eBook ISBN: 9780444627445
JL
Jacques Lucas
Jacques Lucas is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and Emeritus Professor at the University of Rennes, France. He has co-authored several books on glasses, ceramics, and optics. He has been involved in rare earths research (photonics) as well as teaching for more than 40 years. He published more than 450 articles and co-chaired several international conferences devoted to rare earths doped optical materials. He founded and headed the CNRS Glass and Ceramic laboratory at University of Rennes for 30 years. Three start-up companies were founded based on the laboratory discoveries. He has also been Associate professor at University of Arizona and invited Professor at Kyoto University, Japan as well as at Shanghai University, PR China. He is in close contact with Solvay, the world leading company in rare earth separation, as well as with the Chinese and Japanese rare earth scientific community.
PL
Pierre Lucas
Pierre Lucas is a Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. He has led several funded research projects on rare-earth doped luminescent glasses. He has been temporarily employed as an analytical chemist at Rhodia’s rare-earth refining plant in France. He is author of more than 60 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters in solid state physics and chemistry.
TL
Thierry Le Mercier
AR
Alain Rollat
WD
William G. Davenport
Professor William George Davenport is a graduate of the University of British Columbia and the Royal School of Mines, London. Prior to his academic career he worked with the Linde Division of Union Carbide in Tonawanda, New York. He spent a combined 43 years of teaching at McGill University and the University of Arizona.
His Union Carbide days are recounted in the book Iron Blast Furnace, Analysis, Control and Optimization (English, Chinese, Japanese, Russian and Spanish editions).
During the early years of his academic career he spent his summers working in many of Noranda Mines Company’s metallurgical plants, which led quickly to the book Extractive Metallurgy of Copper. This book has gone into five English language editions (with several printings) and Chinese, Farsi and Spanish language editions.
He also had the good fortune to work in Phelps Dodge’s Playas flash smelter soon after coming to the University of Arizona. This experience contributed to the book Flash Smelting, with two English language editions and a Russian language edition and eventually to the book Sulfuric Acid Manufacture (2006), 2nd edition 2013.
In 2013 co-authored Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel, Cobalt and Platinum Group Metals, which took him to all the continents except Antarctica.
He and four co-authors are just finishing up the book Rare Earths: Science, Technology, Production and Use, which has taken him around the United States, Canada and France, visiting rare earth mines, smelters, manufacturing plants, laboratories and recycling facilities.
Professor Davenport’s teaching has centered on ferrous and non-ferrous extractive metallurgy. He has visited (and continues to visit) about 10 metallurgical plants per year around the world to determine the relationships between theory and industrial practice. He has also taught plant design and economics throughout his career and has found this aspect of his work particularly rewarding. The delight of his life at the university has, however, always been academic advising of students on a one-on-one basis.
Professor Davenport is a Fellow (and life member) of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum and a twenty-five year member of the (U.S.) Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration. He is recipient of the CIM Alcan Award, the TMS Extractive Metallurgy Lecture Award, the AusIMM Sir George Fisher Award, the AIME Mineral Industry Education Award, the American Mining Hall of Fame Medal of Merit and the SME Milton E. Wadsworth award. In September 2014 he will be honored by the Conference of Metallurgists’ Bill Davenport Honorary Symposium in Vancouver, British Columbia (his home town).