Radiometric Calibration: Theory and Methods

PrefaceChapter I Introduction and Objectives 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Calibration Objectives ReferencesChapter II Definitions 2-1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2-2 Instrumentation Types 2-3 The Resolving Power of a Spectrometer 2-4 Spectrometer Data Presentation ReferencesChapter III Radiometric Nomenclature 3-1 Introduction 3-2 Entities Based on Flux, Area, and Solid Angle 3-3 Entities Based on Flux, Volume, and Solid Angle 3-4 Photometric Entities 3-5 Projected Area 3-6 Solid Angle 3-7 Projected Solid Angle 3-8 Throughput and ƒ-Number 3-9 Properties of Materials 3-10 The Rayleigh 3-11 Spectral Radiometrie Entities 3-12 Apparent Radiometrie Entities ReferencesChapter IV Blackbody Radiation 4-1 Introduction 4-2 Planck's Equation 4-3 The Wien Displacement Law 4-4 The Stefan-Boltzmann Law 4-5 Rayleigh-Jeans' Law and Wien's Radiation Law 4-6 Emissivity and Kirchhofes Law 4-7 Lambert's Cosine Law ReferencesChapter V Geometrical Flux Transfer 5-1 Introduction 5-2 The Ray 5-3 The Invariance of Throughput 5-4 The Invariance of Sterance [Radiance, Luminance] 5-5 The Fundamental Theorem of Radiometry 5-6 The Basic Entity of Sterance [Radiance, Luminance] 5-7 The Entity of Pointance [Intensity] and Point Sources 5-8 The Entity of Areance [Exitance] 5-9 The Entity of Sterisent (Emission in Gas) 5-10 Configuration Factors ReferencesChapter VI Engineering Calibration 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Detector Types 6-3 Detector Parameters and Calibration 6-4 Noise Equivalent Power 6-5 Instrument Sensitivity ReferencesChapter VII Standards and Calibration Uncertainty 7-1 Introduction 7-2 The National Bureau of Standards 7-3 Standards 7-4 Standards of Wavelength 7-5 Calibration Uncertainty ReferencesChapter VIII Dark-Noise Analysis 8-1 Introduction 8-2 The Dark-Noise Mean and Variance 8-3 Dark-Noise Data Processing 8-4 Dark Noise—An Example ReferencesChapter IX Linearity Analysis 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Graphical Display of the Transfer Function 9-3 Mathematical Modeling of the Transfer Function 9-4 Nonlinear Systems ReferencesChapter X Spatial Purity 10-1 Introduction 10-2 Field of View 10-3 The Ideal Field of View 10-4 The Nonideal Field of View 10-5 Errors Associated with Nonideal Field of ViewChapter XI Field of View Calibration 11-1 Introduction 11-2 Resolution 11-3 Optical Axis Alignment 11-4 Off-Axis Rejection 11-5 Field-of-View Analysis ReferencesChapter XII Spectral Purity 12-1 Introduction 12-2 Spectral Response 12-3 The Ideal Spectral Bandpass 12-4 The Nonideal Spectral Bandpass 12-5 Errors Associated with Nonideal Spectral Bandpass ReferencesChapter XIII Spectral Calibration 13-1 Introduction 13-2 The Relative Spectrometer Calibration 13-3 Bandpass Calibration of a Radiometer 13-4 The Calculation of the Normalized Flux 13-5 Spectral Purity 13-6 Absolute Calibration 13-7 Spectral Responsivity Calibration ReferencesChapter XIV Temporal Response 14-1 Introduction 14-2 Temporal-Frequency Response 14-3 Temporal Response—An Example ReferencesChapter XV Polarization Response 15-1 Introduction 15-2 Polarization 15-3 Polarizers and Retardation Plates 15-4 Stokes Parameters 15-5 Measurement of Stokes Parameters 15-6 Applications of Polarization 15-7 Metrological Implications of Polarization 15-8 Infrared Polarizers ReferencesChapter XVI Practical Calibration of Cryogenic LWIR Systems 16-1 Introduction 16-2 Engineering Calibration 16-3 Final Calibration ReferencesChapter XVII Calibration of a Radiometer—A Detailed Example 17-1 Introduction 17-2 Operational Procedures 17-3 Calibration SummaryChapter XVIII Calibration of an Interferometer-Spectrometer—A Detailed Example 18-1 Introduction 18-2 Operational Procedure 18-3 Calibration Summary ReferencesAppendix A SI Base UnitsAppendix B SI PrefixesAppendix C Atomic ConstantsIndex