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Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry
- 4th Edition - September 5, 2013
- Authors: Gregory Choppin, Jan-Olov Liljenzin, Jan Rydberg, Christian Ekberg
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 4 0 5 8 9 7 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 8 6 8 - 4
Radiochemistry or nuclear chemistry is the study of radiation from an atomic and molecular perspective, including elemental transformation and reaction effects, as well as ph… Read more
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Request a sales quoteRadiochemistry or nuclear chemistry is the study of radiation from an atomic and molecular perspective, including elemental transformation and reaction effects, as well as physical, health and medical properties.
This revised edition of one of the earliest and best-known books on the subject has been updated to bring into teaching the latest developments in research and the current hot topics in the field. To further enhance the functionality of this text, the authors have added numerous teaching aids, examples in MathCAD with variable quantities and options, hotlinks to relevant text sections from the book, and online self-grading tests.
- New edition of a well-known, respected text in the specialized field of nuclear/radiochemistry
- Includes an interactive website with testing and evaluation modules based on exercises in the book
- Suitable for both radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry courses
Chemistry, physics, and engineering students as well as medical (radiological) degree courses; Professional engineers and professors in these disciplines
Foreword to the 4th Edition
Chapter 1. Origin of Nuclear Science
Abstract
1.1 Radioactive Elements
1.2 Radioactive Decay
1.3 Discovery of Isotopes
1.4 Atomic Models
1.5 Nuclear Power
1.6. Literature
Chapter 2. Elementary Particles
Abstract
2.1 Elementary Particles
2.2 Forces of Nature
2.3 Waves and Particles
2.4 Formation and Properties of Some Elementary Particles
2.5 The Neutrino
2.6 Quarks and the Standard Model
2.7 Exercises
2.8. Literature
Chapter 3. Nuclei, Isotopes and Isotope Separation
Abstract
3.1 Species of Atomic Nuclei
3.2 Atomic Masses and Atomic Weights
3.3 Determination of Isotopic Masses and Abundances
3.4 Isotopic Ratios in Nature
3.5 Physicochemical Differences for Isotopes
3.6 Isotope Effects in Chemical Equilibrium
3.7 Isotope Effects in Chemical Kinetics
3.8 Isotope Separation Processes
3.9 Exercises
3.10. Literature
Chapter 4. Nuclear Mass Stability
4.1 Patterns of Nuclear Stability
4.2 Neutron to Proton Ratio
4.3 Mass Defect
4.4 Binding Energy
4.5 Nuclear Radius
4.6 Semiempirical Mass Equation
4.7 Valley of β-Stability
4.8 The Missing Elements: 43Tc and 61Pm
4.9 Other Modes of Instability
4.10 Exercises
4.11. Literature
Chapter 5. Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay
Abstract
5.1 Radioactive Decay
5.2 Conservation Laws
5.3 Alpha Decay
5.4 Beta Decay
5.5 Gamma Emission and Internal Conversion
5.6 Spontaneous Fission
5.7 Rare Modes of Decay
5.8 Decay Schemes and Isotope Charts
5.9 Secondary Processes in the Atom
5.10 Closed Decay Energy Cycles
5.11 Kinetics of Simple Radioactive Decay
5.12 Mixed Decay
5.13 Radioactive Decay Units
5.14 Branching Decay
5.15 Successive Radioactive Decay
5.16 Radioisotope Generators
5.17 Decay Energy and Half-Life
5.18 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
5.19 Exercises
5.20. Literature
Chapter 6. Nuclear Structure
Abstract
6.1 Requirements of a Nuclear Model
6.2 Rotational Energy and Angular Momentum
6.3 The Single-Particle Shell Model
6.4 Deformed Nuclei
6.5 The Unified Model of Deformed Nuclei
6.6 Interaction between the Nuclear Spin and the Electron Structure
6.7 Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Structure
6.8 Exercises
6.9. Literature
Chapter 7. Absorption of Nuclear Radiation
Abstract
7.1 Survey of Absorption Processes
7.2 Absorption Curves
7.3 Absorption of Protons and Heavier Ions
7.4 Absorption of Electrons
7.5 Absorption of γ-radiation
7.6 Absorption of Neutrons
7.7 Radiation Shielding
7.8 Analytical Applications of Radiation Absorption
7.9 Technical Applications of Radiation Sources
7.10 Exercises
7.11. Literature
Chapter 8. Radiation Effects on Matter
Abstract
8.1 Energy Transfer
8.2 Radiation Tracks
8.3 Radiation Dose and Radiation Yield
8.4 Metals
8.5 Inorganic Non-Metallic Compounds
8.6 Water
8.7 Aqueous Solutions
8.8 Organic Compounds
8.9 Experimental Methods
8.10 Dose Measurements
8.11 Large-Scale Non-Biological Applications
8.12 Technical Uses of Small Dose-Rates
8.13 Exercises
8.14. Literature
Chapter 9. Detection and Measurement Techniques
Abstract
9.1 Track Measurements
9.2 General Properties of Detectors
9.3 Gas Counters
9.4 Semiconductor Detectors
9.5 Scintillation Detectors
9.6 Čerenkov Detectors
9.7 Microchannel Plate Detectors
9.8 Electronics for Pulse Counting
9.9 Special Counting Systems
9.10 Absolute Disintegration Rates
9.11 Sample Preparation
9.12 Statistics of Counting and Associated Error
9.13 Exercises
9.14. Literature
Chapter 10. Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
Abstract
10.1 Conservation Laws in Nuclear Reactions
10.2 The Mass Energy
10.3 The Coulomb Barrier
10.4 Rutherford Scattering
10.5 Elastic Scattering
10.6 Inelastic Scattering
10.7 Dissecting a Nuclear Reaction
10.8 The Compound Nucleus Model
10.9 Radioactive Neutron Sources
10.10 Exercises
10.11. Literature
Chapter 11. Mechanisms and Models of Nuclear Reactions
Abstract
11.1 The Reaction Cross-Section
11.2 Partial Reaction Cross-Sections
11.3 Resonance and Tunneling
11.4 Neutron Capture and Scattering
11.5 Neutron Diffraction
11.6 Models for Nuclear Reactions
11.7 Nuclear Fission
11.8 Photonuclear Reactions
11.9 Exercises
11.10. Literature
Chapter 12. The Origin of the Universe and Nucleosynthesis
Abstract
12.1 Observations from Space Probe Earth
12.2 In the Beginning of Time
12.3 Star Ignition
12.4 Fusion Processes in Stars
12.5 Neutron Capture Processes: From Iron to Uranium
12.6 Age of the Galaxy
12.7 The Evolution of the Planets and the Earth
12.8 Exercises
12.9. Literature
Chapter 13. Cosmic Radiation and Radioelements in Nature
Abstract
13.1 Primary Cosmic Radiation
13.2 Secondary Reactions in the Earth's Atmosphere
13.3 Radioelements in Nature
13.4 Cosmogenic Radionuclides
13.5 Primordial Radionuclides
13.6 Radium and Radon in the Environment
13.7 Disequilibrium
13.8 Age Determination from Radioactive Decay
13.9 Natural Radioactivity of the Oceans
13.10 Anthropogenic Radioactivity in Nature
13.11 Exercises
13.12. Literature
Chapter 14. The Actinide and Transactinide Elements
Abstract
14.1 Early “Transuranium” Elements
14.2 The Actinide Elements
14.3 Actinide Properties
14.4 Uses of Actinides
14.5 Transactinide Properties
14.6 The End of the Periodic Table
14.7 Exercises
14.8. Literature
Chapter 15. Radiation Biology and Radiation Protection
Abstract
15.1 The Biological Target
15.2 Radiation Effects on the Molecular Level
15.3 Radiation Effects on Different Types of Cells
15.4 Some Concepts of Radiation Biology
15.5 Further Regularities at Large Doses
15.6 Epidemiological Observations of Effects at Large Radiation Doses
15.7 Radiation Sterilization
15.8 Genetic Effects
15.9 Radiomimetic Substances
15.10 Radiation Background
15.11 Somatic Effects of Low Radiation Doses
15.12 The Dose-Effect Curve
15.13 Regulatory Recommendations and Protection Standards
15.14 Protective Measures for Radiochemical Laboratory Work
15.15 Control of Radiation Protection Measures
15.16 Exercises
15.17. Literature
Chapter 16. Particle Accelerators
Abstract
16.1 Charged Particle Accelerators
16.2 Ion Source
16.3 Single-Stage Accelerators
16.4 van de Graaff Accelerators
16.5 Multiple-Stage Linear Accelerators
16.6 Cyclotrons
16.7 Frequency Modulated Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
16.8 Neutron Generators
16.9 Areas of Application for Accelerators
16.10 Exercises
16.11. Literature
Chapter 17. Production of Radionuclides
Abstract
17.1 General Considerations
17.2 Irradiation Yields
17.3 Second-Order Reactions
17.4 Target Considerations
17.5 Product Specifications
17.6 Recoil Separations
17.7 Fast Radiochemical Separations
17.8 Exercises
17.9. Literature
Chapter 18. Uses of Radioactive Tracers
Abstract
18.1 Basic Assumptions for Tracer Use
18.2 Chemistry of Trace Concentrations
18.3 Analytical Chemistry
18.4 Applications to General Chemistry
18.5 Applications to Life Sciences
18.6 Industrial Uses of Radiotracers
18.7 Environmental Applications
18.8 Exercises
18.9. Literature
Chapter 19. Principles of Nuclear Power
Abstract
19.1 The Nuclear Reactor
19.2 Energy Release in Fission
19.3 Fission Probability
19.4 The Fission Factor
19.5 Neutron Moderation
19.6 The Neutron Cycle
19.7 Neutron Leakage and Critical Size
19.8 Reactor Kinetics
19.9 Fuel Utilization
19.10 The Oklo Phenomenon
19.11 Reactor Concepts
19.12 Research and Test Reactors
19.13 Thermal Power Reactors
19.14 Power Station Efficiency
19.15 Reactor Safety
19.16 Radioactive Reactor Waste
19.17 Nuclear Fusion
19.18 Nuclear Explosives
19.19 Exercises
19.20. Literature
Chapter 20. Nuclear Power Reactors
Abstract
20.1 Thermal Reactors
20.2 Chemistry of Water Cooled Reactors
20.3 Breeder Reactors
20.4 Reactor Waste
20.5 Safe Operation of Nuclear Reactors
20.6 Exercises
20.7. Literature
Chapter 21. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Abstract
21.1 Production of Fuel Elements
21.2 Power Generation
21.3 Composition and Properties of Spent Fuel Elements
21.4 Management of Spent Fuel
21.5 Alternative Fuel Cycles
21.6 Reprocessing of Uranium and Mixed Oxide Fuels
21.7 Reprocessing of Thorium Fuels
21.8 Wastes Streams from Reprocessing
21.9 Treatment and Deposition of Low and Medium Level Wastes
21.10 Tank Storage of High Level Liquid Wastes
21.11 Options for Final Treatment of High Level Wastes
21.12 Solidification of High Level Liquid Wastes
21.13 Deposition in Geologic Formations
21.14 Beneficial Utilization of Nuclear Wastes
21.15 Exercises
21.16. Literature
Chapter 22. Behavior of Radionuclides in the Environment
Abstract
22.1 Radioactive Releases and Possible Effects
22.2 Radionuclides of Environmental Concern
22.3 Releases from Large Reactor Accidents
22.4 Injection of TRU into the Environment
22.5 Present Levels of TRU in the Ecosphere
22.6 Actinide Chemistry in the Ecosphere
22.7 Speciation Calculations
22.8 Natural Analogues
22.9 The Oklo Reactor
22.10 Performance Assessments of Waste Repositories
22.11 Conclusions
22.12 Exercises
22.13. Literature
Appendix A. Solvent Extraction Separations
A.1 Single Stage Batch Extractions
A.2 Multiple Stage Continuous Processes
A.3 High Loadings
A.4 Solvent Extraction Equipment
A.5 Exercises
A.6. Literature
Appendix B. Answers to Exercises
Appendix C
Element and Nuclide Index
Index
- No. of pages: 866
- Language: English
- Edition: 4
- Published: September 5, 2013
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780124058972
- eBook ISBN: 9780123978684
GC
Gregory Choppin
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USAJL
Jan-Olov Liljenzin
Jan-Olov Liljenzin was professor in Nuclear Chemistry at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, between 1989 and 2001, where he was also Dean of the School of Chemical Engineering from 1990 to 1995. Between 1986 and 1989 he was professor in Chemistry at the University of Oslo and Head of the National Committee on Nuclear Science in Norway. Prior to this, his extensive experience saw him hold positions at institutes around the world, including Euratom CCR, Ispra, Italy, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA. He is an elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, the Royal Society of Arts and Languages, Göteborg and a permanent member of the Swedish Chemical Society.
His research has, among other things, involved the influence of chemistry on core melt accidents, leading on to international research about iodine chemistry, how to mitigate radioactive releases from nuclear accidents, various methods of treatment and separation of spent radioactive fuel, and chemical aspects of final repositories for radioactive waste. After his return to Sweden he was chairman of the research committee at the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate until his retirement. He has 255 published papers and reports in his name or as a coauthor, and is coauthor of several textbooks and monographies.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, SwedenJR
Jan Rydberg
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Goteborg, SwedenCE
Christian Ekberg
Christian Ekberg is a full professor in Industrial Materials Recycling (since 2007) as well as a full professor in Nuclear Chemistry (since 2012) at Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden. He is also an elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy for Engineering Sciences. The main research focus on the last 25 years has been solution chemistry of the lightest to the heaviest elements in the periodic table (thermodynamics, solvent extraction etc) as well as statistical uncertainty analysis. In later years the focus has started to include recycling processes from various sources as well as the new Gen IV nuclear reactor systems. He has published more than 120 reviewed scientific papers.
Affiliations and expertise
Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, SwedenRead Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry on ScienceDirect