Radiative Heat Transfer

1 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Nature of Thermal Radiation 1.3 Basic Laws of Thermal Radiation 1.4 Emissive Power 1.5 Solid Angles 1.6 Radiative Intensity 1.7 Radiative Heat Flux 1.8 Radiation Pressure 1.9 Visible Radiation (Luminance)1.10 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Surfaces1.11 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Gases 1.12 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Solids and Liquids 1.13 Introduction to Radiation Characteristics of Particles 1.14 Outline of Radiative Transport Theory 2 Radiative Property Predictions from Electromagnetic Wave Theory 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Macroscopic Maxwell Equations 2.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Unbounded Media 2.4 Polarization 2.5 Reflection and Transmission 2.6 Theories for Optical Constants 3 Radiative Properties of Real Surfaces 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definitions 3.3 Predictions from Electromagnetic Wave Theory 3.4 Radiative Properties of Metals 3.5 Radiative Properties of Nonconductors 3.6 Effects of Surface Roughness 3.7 Effects of Surface Damage and Oxide Films 3.8 Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Sheets 3.9 Special Surfaces 3.10 Experimental Methods 4 View Factors 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definition of View Factors 4.3 Methods for the Evaluation of View Factors 4.4 Area Integration 4.5 Contour Integration 4.6 View Factor Algebra 4.7 The Crossed-Strings Method 4.8 The Inside-Sphere Method 4.9 The Unit Sphere Method 5 Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Radiative Exchange between Black Surfaces 5.3 Radiative Exchange Between Gray, Diffuse Surfaces 5.4 Electrical Network Analogy 5.5 Solution Methods for the Governing Integral Equations 6 Radiative Exchange Between Partially-Specular Gray Surfaces 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Specular View Factors 6.3 Enclosures With Partially Specular Surfaces 6.4 Electrical Network Analogy 6.5 Radiation Shields 6.6 Semitransparent Sheets (Windows)6.7 Solution of the Governing Integral Equation 6.8 Concluding Remarks 7 Radiative Exchange Between Nonideal Surfaces 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Radiative Exchange between Nongray Surfaces 7.3 Directionally Nonideal Surfaces 7.4 Analysis for Arbitrary Surface Characteristics 8 Surface Radiative Exchange in the Presence of Conduction and Convection 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Conduction and Surface Radiation—Fins 8.3 Convection and Surface Radiation 9 The Equation of Radiative Transfer in Participating Media 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Radiative Intensity in Vacuum 9.3 Attenuation by Absorption and Scattering 9.4 Augmentation by Emission and Scattering 9.5 The Equation of Transfer 9.6 Formal Solution to the Equation of Transfer 9.7 Boundary Conditions for the Equation of Transfer 9.8 Radiation Energy Density 9.9 Radiative Heat Flux 9.10 Divergence of the Radiative Heat Flux 9.11 Integral Formulation of the Equation of Transfer 9.12 Overall Energy Conservation 9.13 Solution Methods for the Equation of Transfer 10 Radiative Properties of Molecular Gases 10.1 Fundamental Principles 10.2 Emission and Absorption Probabilities 10.3 Atomic and Molecular Spectra 10.4 Line Radiation 10.5 Spectral Models For Radiative Transfer Calculations 10.6 Narrow Band Models 10.7 Narrow Band k-Distributions 10.8 Wide Band Models 10.9 Total Emissivity and Mean Absorption Coefficient10.10 Experimental Methods 11 Radiative Properties of Particulate Media 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Absorption and Scattering from a Single Sphere 11.3 Radiative Properties of a Particle Cloud 11.4 Radiative Properties of Small Spheres (Rayleigh Scattering) 11.5 Rayleigh-Gans Scattering 11.6 Anomalous Diffraction 11.7 Radiative Properties of Large Spheres 11.8 Absorption and Scattering by Long Cylinders 11.9 Approximate Scattering Phase Functions 11.10 Experimental Determination of Radiative Properties of Particles 11.11 Radiation Properties of Combustion Particles 12 Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Media 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Absorption by Semitransparent Solids 12.3 Absorption by Semitransparent Liquids 12.4 Experimental Methods 13 Exact Solutions For One-Dimensional Gray Media 13.1 Introduction 13.2 General Formulation for a Plane-Parallel Medium 13.3 Radiative Equilibrium of a Nonscattering Medium 13.4 Radiative Equilibrium of a Scattering Medium 13.5 Plane Medium with Specified Temperature Field 13.6 Radiative Transfer in Spherical Media 13.7 Radiative Transfer in Cylindrical Media 13.8 Numerical Solution of the Governing Integral Equations 14 Approximate Solution Methods for One-Dimensional Media14.1 The Optically Thin Approximation 14.2 The Optically Thick Approximation (Diffusion Approximation)14.3 The Schuster-Schwarzschild Approximation 14.4 The Milne-Eddington Approximation (Moment Method) 14.5 The Exponential Kernel Approximation 15 The Method of Spherical Harmonics (PN-Approximation)15.1 Introduction 15.2 Development of the General PN-Approximation 15.3 Boundary Conditions for the PN-Method 15.4 The P1-Approximation 15.5 P3- and Higher-Order Approximations 15.6 Enhancements to the P1-Approximation 16 The Method of Discrete Ordinates 16.1 Introduction 16.2 General Relations 16.3 The One-Dimensional Slab 16.4 One-Dimensional Concentric Spheres and Cylinders 16.5 Multidimensional Problems16.6 The Finite Volume Method 16.7 Other Related Methods 16.8 Concluding Remarks 17 The Zonal Method17.1 Introduction 17.2 Surface Exchange — No Participating Medium 17.3 Radiative Exchange in Gray Absorbing/Emitting Media 17.4 Radiative Exchange in Gray Media with Isotropic Scattering 17.5 Radiative Exchange through a Nongray Medium 17.6 Determination of Direct Exchange Areas 18 The Treatment of Collimated Irradiation18.1 Introduction 18.2 Reduction of the Problem 18.3 The Modified P1-Approximation with Collimated Irradiation 18.4 Short-Pulsed Collimated Irradiation With Transient Effects 19 The Treatment of Nongray Extinction Coefficients19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Mean Beam Length Method 19.3 Semigray Approximations 19.4 The Stepwise-Gray Model (Box Model) 19.5 General Band Model Formulation 19.6 The Weighted-Sum-of-Gray-Gases (WSGG) Model 19.7 k-Distribution Models 19.8 The Full-Spectrum k-Distribution (FSK) Method 20 The Monte Carlo Method for Thermal Radiation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Numerical Quadrature by Monte Carlo 20.3 Heat Transfer Relations for Radiative Exchange between Surfaces 20.4 Random Number Relations for Surface Exchange 20.5 Surface Description 20.6 Ray Tracing 20.7 Heat Transfer Relations for Participating Media 20.8 Random Number Relations for Participating Media 20.9 Overall Energy Conservation 20.10 Efficiency Considerations 20.11 Backward Monte Carlo 20.12 Example 21 Radiation Combined With Conduction and Convection 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Combined Radiation and Conduction 21.3 Melting and Solidification with Internal Radiation 21.4 Combined Radiation and Convection in Boundary Layers 21.5 Combined Radiation and Free Convection 21.6 Combined Radiation and Convection in Internal Flow 21.7 Combined Radiation and Combustion21.8 Interfacing Between Turbulent Flow Fields and Radiation 21.9 Interaction of Radiation with Turbulence 22 Inverse Radiative Heat Transfer 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Solution Methods 22.3 The Levenberg-Marquardt Method 22.4 The Conjugate Gradient Method 22.5 Inverse Surface Radiation 22.6 Inverse Radiation in Participating Media AppendicesA Constants and Conversion Factors B Tables for Radiative Properties of Opaque Surfaces C Blackbody Emissive Power Table D View Factor Catalogue E Exponential Integral Functions F Computer Codes Author Index Subject Index