Radiation Dosimetry Phosphors

Synthesis, Mechanisms, Properties and Analysis

1st Edition - May 26, 2022
Editors: Sanjay J. Dhoble, Vibha Chopra, Vinit Nayar, George Kitis, Dirk Poelman, Hendrik C. Swart
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 4 7 1 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 4 7 2 - 6

Radiation Dosimetry Phosphors provides an overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of materials used for radiation dosimetry and reviews the most appropria… Read more

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Radiation Dosimetry Phosphors provides an overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of materials used for radiation dosimetry and reviews the most appropriate phosphor materials for each radiation dosimetry technique. The book describes the available phosphors used commercially for their applications in the medical field for dose measurements. Although radiation dosimetry phosphors are commercially available, continuous efforts have been made by the worldwide research community to develop new materials or improve already existing materials used in different areas with low or high levels of radiation. Moreover, researchers are still working on developing dosimetric phosphors for OSL, ML, LL and RPL dosimetry.

This book provides an overall view of the phosphors available, low cost synthesis methods, mechanisms involved, emerging trends and new challenges for the development of emerging materials for radiation dosimetry. It is suitable for those working in academia and R&D laboratories in the discipline of materials science and engineering, along with practitioners working in radiation and dosimetry.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to luminescence and radiation dosimetry techniques
1.1 Introduction to luminescence
1.2 Mechanism of luminescence
1.3 Types of luminescence
1.4 Introduction to radiation dosimetry
1.5 Radiation dosimetry techniques
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Principle, mechanism, and models of radiation dosimetry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Type of radiation fields
2.3 Basics of radiation dosimetry
2.4 Interaction of radiation with matter
2.5 Thermoluminescence, its mechanism, and models
2.6 Advancements in radiation dosimetry
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 A scrutiny of phosphors for TL radiation dosimetry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermoluminescence dosimetry
3.3 Characteristics of thermoluminescence dosimeter
3.4 Commercially available dosimeters and need for new phosphors
3.5 Review of synthesized phosphors
3.6 Challenges in synthesizing phosphors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Exploration of commercially available phosphors for thermoluminescence dosimetry
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Commercial thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs)
4.3 Practical applications of available dosimeters
4.4 Exploration of commercially available phosphors
4.5 Future trends
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 Understanding OSL radiation dosimetry and its application
5.1 Understanding radiation
5.2 Types and sources of radiation
5.3 Basic units of measurements
5.4 International commission on radiological protection
5.5 Kinetic energy released per unit mass
5.6 Dosimetry systems
5.7 Luminescence techniques in radiation dosimetry
5.8 Optically stimulated luminescence
5.9 Different readout modes for optically stimulated luminescence
5.10 Advantages of optically stimulated luminescence over thermoluminescent
5.11 High dose
5.12 Requirements of good optically stimulated luminescence materials
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Theory and practice of the methods used to evaluate the physical parameters of electron trapping levels
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Historical overview of peak shape methods
6.3 Initial rise (IR) method
6.4 Various heating rate methods (VHR)
6.5 Isothermal decay methods
6.6 Peak shape method (PSM)
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 Analysis of complex stimulated luminescence (SL) curves using analytical solutions of the one trap one recombination (OTOR) center model
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Derivation of the master equation
7.3 The exponential integral in the master equations
7.4 Summary of master equation
7.5 Analytical expressions in research and applications: analysis of complex experimental curves
7.6 Bringing analytical expressions closer to experimental data: the transformed master equations
7.7 Transforming the first master equation
7.8 Using the first master equation to fit experimental data
7.9 Conditions required for application of the GCD analysis—the superposition principle
7.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8 Low Zeff phosphors for radiation dosimetry
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Requirements of low Zeff phosphors
8.3 Low Zeff thermoluminescence dosimeters
8.4 Practical applications
8.5 Challenges of low Zeff phosphors
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Thermoluminescent materials for high-energy dosimetry
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Interaction of charged particle radiation with matter
9.3 Need for high energy dosimeters
9.4 Review of existing high energy dosimeters
9.5 Applications of high energy dosimeters
9.6 Gaps in existing materials & need for new phosphors
9.7 Ongoing research for high energy dosimeters
9.8 Future prospects in high energy dosimetry
Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Nanophosphors for radiation dosimetry
10.1 Importance of nanophosphors
10.2 Thermoluminescence dosimetry
10.3 Synthesis techniques for nanophosphors
10.4 Nanocrystalline TLD materials
10.5 Accidental nanophosphor dosimetry
10.6 Importance of nanophosphor radiation dosimetry
10.7 Future challenges
References
Chapter 11 Thermoluminescence radiation dosimetry in sulfate-based phosphors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Why TLD?
11.3 Some phosphors for TLD
11.4 Sulfate: a good candidate for TLD
11.5 Review on sulfate-based phosphors for TLD
11.6 Study of some chlorosulfates
11.7 Outline of fluoride-based sulfates
11.8 Different studies on CaSO4
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Thermoluminescence glow curve analysis and proposed model for rare-earth activated some oxide-based phosphors for dosimetric application
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Thermoluminescence glow curve analysis of UV and γ-irradiated rare-earth activated oxides phosphor
12.3 CGCD techniques for analysis of TL glow curve
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13 Luminescence study of alkaline earth aluminate-based nanophosphors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Importance
13.3 Synthesis
13.4 Effect of doping on crystal and electronic structure of alkaline earth aluminate nanophosphors
13.5 Luminescence studies of pure and doped alkaline earth aluminate nanophosphors
13.6 Applications
13.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14 Dosimetric properties of gamma-irradiated borate materials
14.1 Introduction to borates
14.2 Advantages of borates over other materials
14.3 Synthesis of borate glasses
14.4 Thermoluminescence dosimetry of borate materials
14.5 Results and discussion
14.6 Effect of different dopants/modifiers on borates
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Ions beam dosimetry: an emerging field for thermoluminescence dosimetry
15.1 Introduction
15.2 General treatment techniques used in radiation therapy and IBT
15.3 Ion beam interaction with biological tissue and matter
15.4 Different dosimeters used in IBT
15.5 Recent advances in TL materials for ion beam dosimetry
Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 16 An introduction to radio-photoluminescence and scintillation for dosimetric applications
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Interaction of radiation with matter
16.3 Dosimetry
16.4 Characteristics of radio-photoluminescence and scintillation materials
16.5 Radio-photoluminescence dosimetry materials
16.6 Applications of radio photoluminescent dosimetry
16.7 Scintillation materials
16.8 Applications of scintillation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Lyoluminescence: Recent developments and Dosimetric applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Linear theoretical approach to the LL of KCl and KBr
17.3 Chemiluminescent materials
17.4 Metal ions
17.5 Organic LL materials
17.6 Inorganic materials
17.7 Importance of lyoluminescence for radiation dosimetry
17.8 Challenges in LL dosimetry
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Biological effects of radiation
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Radiation exposure—measurement
18.3 Mechanism of radiation damage
18.4 Factors determining the biological effects of radiation
18.5 Dose–response curve
18.6 Classification of biological effects of radiation
18.7 Acute radiation syndrome
18.8 Bystander effect
18.9 Genomic instability
18.10 Biological dosimetry
18.11 Protection against radiation
Conclusions
References
Chapter 19 New challenges in radiation dosimetry and possible materials
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Limitations of commercially available phosphors
19.3 Different methods for synthesis of phosphors
19.4 Challenges in swift heavy ions beam therapy
19.5 Challenges in neutron dosimetry
19.6 Need of high dose dosimetry materials
19.7 Need of materials for OSL dosimetry
19.8 Need of theoretical studies in dosimetry
19.9 State-of-the-art
19.10 Frontiers of the future
19.11 Final remarks
References
Index

Sanjay J. Dhoble

Sanjay J. Dhoble is a Professor in the Department of Physics at R.T.M. Nagpur University, India. During his research career, he has worked on the synthesis and characterization of solid-state lighting materials, as well as the development of radiation dosimetry phosphors using thermoluminescence techniques and utilization of fly ash.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Physics, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur, India

Vibha Chopra

Dr. Vibha Chopra is an Assistant Professor at DAV College, affiliated to Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU) Amritsar, India. She has 10 years of teaching experience and 12 years of research experience. She completed her PhD in the topic “Dosimetric aspects of boron based nanocrystalline thermoluminescent phosphors”. Her areas of research interest are: Preparation and characterization of thermoluminescence radiation dosimetry phosphors, Growth and study of defects in crystalline and microcrystalline solids and Development of devices for measuring luminescence. She is a Life member of Indian Association of nuclear chemists and allied scientists (IANCAS), Luminescence society of India (LSI) and Punjab Academy of Sciences. Dr. Chopra has published 18 papers in international journals of high-repute and 09 papers in national journals. She has 05 papers communicated in international journals. She has presented 32 papers in international and national Conferences. She has published 04 chapters in edited books: published by Nova Science Publisher Inc., New York, Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd., Singapore and Elsevier publications. She has published 01 edited book on “Spectroscopy of Lanthanide doped oxide materials” by Woodhead publishing Elsevier USA. She has published 01 Patent entitled, “Automatic microcontroller based ice defrosting instrument” by Govt of India. She has delivered 04 invited talks in national and international conferences. She has 03 PhD students working under her able guidance. She has Received Young Scientist Award in Physics, for the contribution and achievement in the field of Physics, presented by Venus International Foundation at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Research Excellence Award and Best Poster Presentation Award at National Conference on Contemporary advancements and innovations in Science and Technology at Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar. She successfully completed Training course on ‘Safety Aspects in the Research Application of Ionizing Radiation and was deputed as RADIATION SAFETY OFFICER for DAV College Amritsar. Dr. Chopra is a reviewer of Luminescence: The Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Publication (Impact Factor: 1.69).

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Physics, DAV College, Amritsar, Punjab, India

Vinit Nayar

Dr.Vinit Nayar is presently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Physics, C.M.D P.G. College affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee University, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India. He is teaching various courses in U.G and P.G. level. He obtained his Ph.D degree on the “Particle size optimisation of lyoluminescence intensity of microcrystalline powders of alkali halides” at the G.G.U University, Bilaspur, India under the able guidance of Late Prof. B. P. Chandra, a pioneer in the studies of mechanoluminescence of phosphors. The research centre at the college developed into a nodal centre for research in luminescence under his supervision. He also carried out a project on optical wave guide action in sol-gel produced silica films. He is working on synthesis, characterization of luminescent materials for application in solid state lighting. Dr. Nayar has published more than 50 research publications in peer reviewed journals of international and national repute. He has presented papers in more than 40 international/ national conferences. Two students have successfully completed their PhD under his able guidance. He has been actively involved in developing new mechanoluminescent borate and phosphate based materials for use in stress based sensors, working in collaborative projects funded by the national agency. In the interdisciplinary field, he has also contributed in the adsorption studies of various low cost adsorbents.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Physics, C.M.D P.G. College, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India

George Kitis

George Kitis, is a Professor, Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics Department, School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. He completed his PhD in “Contribution to Thermoluminescence and regenerated thermoluminescence as a function of irradiation temperature from Aristotle University of Thesaloniki in1988. He has more than 300 research publications in international peer reviewed journals, more than 5288 cited author references, h-index of 35, i10 index of 123 on Google scholar. He has authored a book: Numerical and practical exercises in Thermoluminescence, Springer, 2006. His research areas are Theoretical and simulation studies on the basic mechanism of Thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL); Kinetic and dosimetric characterization of new materials for use as radiation dosimeters; Investigation of new single peak models for all stimulated luminescence modes; Investigation towards the generalization of computerized curve deconvolution analysis for all stimulated luminescence modes; Neutron dosimeter; Research on TL and OSL dating and authentication of ancient ceramics and artefacts; Kinetic and dosimetric characterization of natural materials for use in geochronology and retrospective dosimetry; Post sterilization dosimetry of irradiation sterilized foods and drugs; Correlation between the various stimulated luminescence modes; Simulation studies on TL, OSL and IRSL effects. Prof Kitis has supervised and co-supervised more than 100 graduate students diploma works. A great part of them was original work published in peer review journals. 7 students finished PhDs under his supervision and 4 are in progress. He is a Member of the editorial board of Nuclear Instrument Methods Section B, Reviewer in high rate international journals: Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Journal of Luminescence, Nuclear Instrument Methods Section A, Nuclear Instrument Methods Section B, Physica Status Solidi (a), Radiation Measurements and a lower rate international journals: J. Physics D: Applied Physics, Journal of Material Science, Acta physisca Polonica, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Mediteranean Archaeolοgy and Archaeometry, Radiation effects and defects in Solids, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Physica B, The Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence, IEEE on nuclear science, Optical Society of America OSA, Modern Physics Letters (MPLB), Phase Transition, taylor and francis, Journal of Taiban University for Science, Radiation Protection Dosimetry)

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Nuclear Physics and Elementary Particle Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

Dirk Poelman

Dirk Poelman is a full professor at Ghent University since 2012, where he is leading the research group Lumilab (http://lumilab.ugent.be/). He studied Physics and obtained his PhD on rare earth doped sulfide electroluminescent thin films at Ghent University (Belgium). He is author of 215 international (A1) publications in the Web of Science (h-index 41), editor of 5 books, author of 3 chapters in books, has over 150 contributions to international conferences (including more than 25 invited talks) and has (co)organized numerous conferences, such as EL2002 (Int. Conf. on Electroluminescence), ICTF14 (Int. Conf. on Thin Films) and "Phosphoros", the first international conference on persistent luminescence in 2011. In 2022, he will be the chair for the ICOOPMA2022 conference in Ghent. In addition, he is member of the international advisory committee or organizing committee of numerous conferences: IDW (International Display Workshops), ICOOPMA (Int. Conf. on Optical, Optoelectronic and Photonic Materials and Applications), CIMTEC, LUMIDOZ, Sol-Gel 2017, ISIEM2018. Dirk Poelman has experience in different fields of Solid State Physics research, including thin film deposition and optical characterization, photo-, electro- and cathodoluminescent materials, structural and electrical defects in semiconductors, photocatalysis for air purification, X-ray analytical techniques and human vision. His current research is focused on inorganic phosphors for white LEDs and displays and persistent luminescent materials for safety illumination and medical imaging. He is promoter-spokesperson of the concerted research action “Combining plasma treatment and (photo)catalysis towards an energy-efficient technology for abatement of polluted air (COP-CAT)” at UGent. He is member (and former president) of the Belgian National Committee for Crystallography, promoter of DUBBLE (the Dutch-Belgian beam line at the ESRF synchrotron, Grenoble), board member of the scientific and technical research center diamond (WTOCD) and holds several administrative functions at the University. He is an editor for multiple sections of the international open access journal Materials (I.F. = 2.972) and main editor of the Journal of Luminescence (I.F. = 2.961). Dirk Poelman teaches numerous courses at Ghent University, both on the bachelor and master level.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Lumilab, Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

Hendrik C. Swart

Hendrik C. Swart is a Senior Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of the Free State, South Africa. Over the past 22 years, he has led research in the degradation of phosphors for field emission displays, as well as developing materials for nano solid-state lighting. He has been key in the development of processes to synthesize and deposit thin films of several types of semiconductor nanoparticles to enhance the color, luminescent intensity, and lifetime of such displays.

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Professor, Department of Physics, University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa