Rabies

Preface

Foreword

List of Contributors

Chapter 1. History of Rabies Research

1 Ancient Greek and Roman times

2 Girolamo Fracastoro

3 John Morgagni

4 Earliest Pathogenesis Studies

5 Louis Pasteur and Rabies Vaccination

6 Earliest Pathogenesis Studies Focused on Pathways of Neural Spread to CNS

7 Adelchi Negri and Negri bodies

8 Paul Remlinger

9 Early Studies Using Electron Microscopy

10 Fluorescent Antibody Staining by Goldwasser and Kissling

11 Pathogenesis Studies in Rodents by Richard T. Johnson and Frederick A. Murphy and Co-workers

12 First Clone of a Rabies Virus Gene

References

Chapter 2. Rabies Virus

1 Introduction

2 Rabies Virus Architecture

3 Genome and RNP Structures

4 Life Cycle of Rabies Virus Infection

References

Chapter 3. Epidemiology

1 Introduction

2 Global Epidemiology

3 Routes Of Rabies Virus Transmission

4 Risk and Prevention of Rabies Following an Exposure

5 Epidemiology of Human Rabies in North America and Europe

6 Epidemiology of Human Rabies in Africa and Asia

7 The Burden and Cost of Rabies in Africa and Asia

8 Epizootiology of Rabies in Latin America

9 Case Number Dynamics and Modeling

10 Skunk Rabies Virus Variants

11 Raccoon Rabies in North America

12 Epidemiology of Mongoose-associated Rabies

13 Canine Rabies Virus Variants

14 Conclusions

References

Chapter 4. Molecular Epidemiology

1 Introduction

2 Methods and Definition of Terms

3 Lyssavirus Taxonomy

4 Future Trends

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Supplementary

Supplemental References

Chapter 5. Rabies in Terrestrial Animals

1 Introduction

2 What is a Susceptible Host?

3 Pathogenesis

4 Prevention

5 Clinical Signs

6 Domestic Dogs

7 Raccoons

8 Skunks

9 Mongooses and their Allies

10 Foxes

11 Coyotes

12 Jackals

13 Wolves

14 Cats

15 Cattle

16 Horses and Donkeys

17 Sheep and Goats

18 Opossums and Other Marsupials

19 Rodents and Lagomorphs

20 Other Species

21 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6. Bat Rabies

1 Introduction

2 Lyssaviruses and Insectivorous Bats

3 Lyssaviruses and Frugivorous Bats

4 Rabies in Hematophagous Bats

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Supplementary

Chapter 7. Human Disease

1 Introduction

2 Exposures, Incubation Period, and Prodromal Symptoms

3 Clinical Forms of Disease

4 Investigations

5 Differential Diagnosis

6 Rabies Due to Other Lyssavirus Genotypes

References

Chapter 8. Pathogenesis

1 Introduction

2 Virus Entry into the Nervous System

3 Rabies Virus Receptors

4 Spread to the CNS

5 Spread within the CNS

6 Spread from the CNS

7 Animal Models of Rabies Virus Neurovirulence

8 Structural Damage Caused by Rabies Virus Infection in the CNS

9 Brain Dysfunction in Rabies

10 Recovery from Rabies and Chronic Rabies Virus Infection

11 Summary

References

Chapter 9. Pathology

1 Introduction

2 Macroscopic Findings

3 Pathology in the Central Nervous System

4 Pathology in the Peripheral Nervous System

5 Pathology Involving the Inoculation Site, Eye, and Extraneural Organs

6 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 10. Immunology

1 Introduction

2 RABV Innate Immune Response

3 RABV Adaptive Immune Response

4 RABV Infection Triggers a CNS Mediated Immune-Unresponsiveness

5 Paradoxical Role of IFN in RABV Virulence

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 11. Laboratory Diagnosis of Rabies

1 Laboratory-Based Rabies Diagnostic Testing

2 Postmortem Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals

3 Antemortem Diagnosis of Rabies

4 Use of Molecular Methods to Detect Viral RNA

5 Conclusions

References

Supplementary Tables

Chapter 12. Measures of Rabies Immunity

1 Introduction

2 History of Regulatory Standards

3 Regulatory Requirements

4 Assuring Quality Results

5 Assay Selection

6 Serum Neutralization Assays

7 Binding Assays

8 Defining “Adequate” or “Minimum” Response to Rabies Vaccination

9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 13. Rabies Vaccines

1 Introduction

2 Human and Animal Rabies Vaccines

Acknowledgements

References

Supplementary Tables

Chapter 14. Next Generation of Rabies Vaccines

1 Introduction

2 History of Rabies Vaccines

3 Current Rabies Vaccine Regimens

4 Incidence and Risk for Rabies and Vaccine Failures

5 Correlates of Protection

6 Experimental Vaccines for Rabies

7 Summary

References

Chapter 15. Public Health Management of Humans at Risk

1 Introduction

2 Human Deaths are Preventable

3 Factors Responsible for the Continuation of Human Rabies Deaths

4 Tools to Prevent Human Rabies Deaths

5 Communication, Awareness, and Advocacy

6 Involving Communities in Rabies Control Efforts

7 Sustainability

8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 16. Therapy of Human Rabies

1 Human Cases with Recovery from Rabies

2 Future Prospects for the Aggressive Management of Rabies in Humans

References

Chapter 17. Dog Rabies and Its Control

1 Introduction

2 Epidemiological Theory of Dog Rabies Control

3 Practical Aspects of Dog Rabies Control

References

Chapter 18. Rabies Control in Wild Carnivores

1 Introduction

2 Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Rabies Control in Wildlife

3 The Concept of Controlling Rabies in Wildlife

4 Initiation of Wildlife Rabies Control Programs

5 Diagnosis of Suspect Wildlife

6 Vector Species Biology in Relation to Rabies Epidemiology

7 Transportation of Wildlife

8 Point Infection Control

9 Percentage of a Vector Population that has to be Culled or Immunized in Order to Control Rabies

10 Bait Development for Delivery of Oral Rabies Vaccine

11 Oral Rabies Vaccination Initiation/Considerations

12 Importance of Rabies Vector Ecology for Rabies Control Planning

13 Large-Scale Vaccine-Bait Distribution Technology

14 Surveillance Prior to, during, and after a Rabies Control Program

15 The Ontario Rabies Management Program—A Model of a Multi-Faceted Approach to Wildlife Rabies Control

16 The Costs and Benefits of Wildlife Rabies Control

17 Vaccine Baiting Efficiency and Baiting Success Guidelines

18 Modeling

19 Contingency Planning

20 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 19. Blueprint for Rabies Prevention and Control

1 Introduction

2 Principles and Format

3 Steps Required for Canine Rabies Elimination

4 Conclusions and Future Developments

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 20. Future Developments and Challenges

1 Introduction

2 Pathogenesis

3 Epidemiology

4 Therapy of Human Rabies

5 Rabies Virus as a Biothreat Agent

6 Prevention of Human Rabies

7 Control of Animal Rabies

References

Index