Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord
- 1st Edition - March 17, 2014
- Editors: Julien Cohen-Adad, Claudia Wheeler-Kingshott
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 6 9 7 3 - 6
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 3 9 7 2 8 2 - 8
Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord is the first book focused on quantitative MRI techniques with specific application to the human spinal cord. This work includes coverage… Read more
Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord is the first book focused on quantitative MRI techniques with specific application to the human spinal cord. This work includes coverage of diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, relaxometry, functional MRI, and spectroscopy. Although these methods have been successfully used in the brain for the past 20 years, their application in the spinal cord remains problematic due to important acquisition challenges (such as small cross-sectional size, motion, and susceptibility artifacts). To date, there is no consensus on how to apply these techniques; this book reviews and synthesizes state-of-the-art methods so users can successfully apply them to the spinal cord.
Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord
introduces the theory behind each quantitative technique, reviews each theory’s applications in the human spinal cord and describes its pros and cons, and suggests a simple protocol for applying each quantitative technique to the spinal cord.- Chapters authored by international experts in the field of MRI of the spinal cord
- Contains “cooking recipes”—examples of imaging parameters for each quantitative technique—designed to aid researchers and clinicians in using them in practice
- Ideal for clinical settings
Neuroscience researchers and advanced students studying spinal cord physiology & pathophysiology; radiologists; clinicians (treating MS, ALS, etc)
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction to “Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord”
Part I Quantitative Biomarkers in the Spinal Cord: what for?
Chapter 1.1. Rationale for Quantitative MRI of the Human Spinal Cord and Clinical Applications
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Quantitative MRI Techniques
1.1.3 Application of Quantitative MRI Techniques to Spinal Cord Disease
1.1.4 Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter 1.2. Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Classification of Inflammatory Myelopathies
1.2.3 Transverse Myelitis: A Practical Definition Based on MRI
1.2.4 The Significance of TM and Its Relationship to MS and NMO
1.2.5 Neuromyelitis Optica: The First Demyelinating Disease with a known Serum Marker
1.2.6 MRI of the Spinal Cord: Qualitative versus Quantitative Imaging
1.2.7 Magnetization Transfer MRI Studies of the Spinal Cord
1.2.8 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Studies in the Spinal Cord
1.2.9 MR Spectroscopy
1.2.10 Relaxometry in the Spinal Cord: T1 Mapping
1.2.11 Measurements and Significance of Spinal Cord Atrophy
1.2.12 Conclusions
Chapter 1.3A. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
1.3A.1 Introduction
1.3A.2 Message 1: Animal Models That Link Pathology of Acute Spinal Cord Injury to MR Signal Characteristics
1.3A.3 Message 2: Quantitative MSCC and MCC
1.3A.4 Message 3: MRI Signal Characteristics after Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: What is the Sensitivity and Specificity of Determining Neurologic Function at the Time of Injury and for Predicting Long-Term Prognosis?
1.3A.5 Conclusions
Chapter 1.3B. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
1.3B.1 Introduction
1.3B.2 Neurophysiology and MRI: Complementary Approaches
1.3B.3 Morphological Changes in the Spinal Cord after SCI
1.3B.4 Relationship between Neurological Recovery and Morphological Changes
1.3B.5 The MRI Paradox: When Anatomical Changes Do Not Correspond to Functional Changes
1.3B.6 Conventional MRI Approaches in SCI Clinical Trial Management
1.3B.7 Future Directions of MRI and SCI
1.3B.8 Conclusions
Part II Physics of MRI
Chapter 2.1. Array Coils
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Coil Theory
2.1.3 Array Coils
2.1.4 Evaluation of Tx Array Coils
2.1.5 Evaluation of Rx Array Coils
2.1.6 Conclusion
Chapter 2.2. B0 Inhomogeneity and Shimming
2.2.1 Background
2.2.2 Field Inhomogeneities in the Human Spinal Cord
2.2.3 Shim Hardware
2.2.4 Tune-up, Static, and Dynamic Shim
2.2.5 Measurement of the Field Distribution
2.2.6 Shim Algorithms
2.2.7 Shim Practice
2.2.8 Specific Problems and Solutions for T2∗-Weighted Acquisitions
2.2.9 Specific Problems and Solutions for Diffusion-Weighted Acquisitions
2.2.10 Specific Problems and Solutions for MRS
2.2.11 Summary
Chapter 2.3. Susceptibility Artifacts
2.3.1 Introduction: Sources of Susceptibility Artifacts
2.3.2 Artifacts in EPI of the Spinal Cord
2.3.3 Methods to Reduce Susceptibility Artifacts
2.3.4 Comparison of Methods to Reduce Susceptibility Artifacts
2.3.5 Conclusion
Chapter 2.4. Ultra-High Field Spinal Cord Imaging
2.4.1 Background
2.4.2 Anatomical MRI
2.4.3 Quantitative MRI
2.4.4 BOLD Functional MRI
2.4.5 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
2.4.6 Concluding Remarks
Part III Imaging Spinal Cord Structure
Chapter 3.1. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of the Spinal Cord
3.1.1 Principles of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
3.1.2 Modeling the Diffusion Properties
3.1.3 Data Acquisition
3.1.4 Data Processing
3.1.5 Tractography
3.1.6 Quantify DWI Metrics in the Spinal Cord
3.1.7 Diffusion Characteristics of the Neurologically Intact Spinal Cord
3.1.8 Diffusion Characteristics following Spinal Cord Trauma
3.1.9 Recipes for Implementation of Clinical Diffusion Imaging of the Spinal Cord
Chapter 3.2. Q-Space Imaging
3.2.1 Q-Space Theory
3.2.2 Free, Hindered, and Restricted Diffusion
3.2.3 Q-Space Imaging
3.2.4 Limitations of QSI
3.2.5 Acquisition of QSI Data in the Spinal Cord
3.2.6 Data Processing
3.2.7 Current In Vivo Spinal Cord Application of QSI
3.2.8 Conclusion
Chapter 3.3. Advanced Methods to Study White Matter Microstructure
3.3.1 Introduction: Diffusion Imaging and Tissue Microstructure
3.3.2 Advanced Methods for Studying White Matter
3.3.3 Applications in Spinal Cord
3.3.4 Summary
Chapter 3.4. Magnetization Transfer
3.4.1 The MT Phenomenon and Its Relationship to Myelin
3.4.2 MT Contrast and MTR
3.4.3 Measuring MT in the Spinal Cord
3.4.4 MT Acquisition Protocols
3.4.5 Quantitative Models of MT
3.4.6 MT Data Analysis Methods
3.4.7 Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer
3.4.8 Conclusion
Chapter 3.5. T2 Relaxation
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 T2 Relaxation in CNS Tissue
3.5.3 Preclinical T2 Relaxation Studies in the Spine
3.5.4 Human T2 Relaxation Studies in the Spinal Cord
3.5.5 How to Collect and Analyze T2 Data from the Spinal Cord
3.5.6 Concluding Remarks
Chapter 3.6. Atrophy
3.6.1 Historical Perspective
3.6.2 MRI Scanning Considerations
3.6.3 Semiautomated Atrophy Measurement
3.6.4 Toward the Fully Automated
3.6.5 Gray and White Matter Volumentry
3.6.6 What Should We Measure?
3.6.7 The Clinical Need for Atrophy Measurement
3.6.8 Summary
Part IV Imaging Spinal Cord Function
Chapter 4.1. Spinal Cord fMRI
4.1.1 Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
4.1.2 Challenges in fMRI of the Spinal Cord
4.1.3 Data Acquisition
4.1.4 Data Processing
4.1.5 Conclusions
4.1.6 Recipe
Chapter 4.2. Physiological Noise Modeling and Analysis for Spinal Cord fMRI
4.2.1 What is Physiological Noise?
4.2.2 Time Domain Filtering
4.2.3 Approaches for Reducing the Effects of Physiological Noise
4.2.4 Modeling Physiological Noise
4.2.5 Group Analysis
4.2.6 Defining a Statistical Threshold (p-Value)
4.2.7 Conclusions
Chapter 4.3. Mapping the Vasculature of the Spinal Cord
4.3.1 Rationale
4.3.2 Vascular Anatomy
4.3.3 MR Angiography
4.3.4 Inlet Arteries or Outlet Veins?
4.3.5 Spinal Cord Veins and the BOLD Effect
4.3.6 Outlook
Part V Spectroscopy
Chapter 5.1. Single Voxel MR Spectroscopy in the Spinal Cord
5.1.1 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
5.1.2 1H MRS in the Spinal Cord
5.1.3 Technical Issues
5.1.4 Non-Proton MRS of the Spinal Cord
5.1.5 Recommended Protocol
Annex: Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: March 17, 2014
- Language: English
JC
Julien Cohen-Adad
Dr. Cohen-Adad is developing advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques for quantitative assessment of the brain and spinal cord structure and function. These developments include hardware (coils), MRI sequences (relaxometry, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer, functional MRI) and software (multimodal registration, segmentation, motion correction, distortion correction, template creation). Between 2005 and 2008 he did his PhD at Université de Montréal (Canada) and Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital (Paris, France), during which he translated research protocols to clinics for the quantitative evaluation of chronic spinal cord injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Between 2009 and 2012, he did his postdoctoral fellowship at the MGH Martinos Center at Harvard University, aiming to further his expertise in Ultra-High Field MRI technology (7 Tesla) and coil building. Since his faculty appointment at Polytechnique Montreal in 2012, he has been pursuing these developments while setting up a lab environment for transferring knowledge to the local community.
Affiliations and expertise
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, and Functional Neuroimaging Unit, CRIUGM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, CanadaCW
Claudia Wheeler-Kingshott
Affiliations and expertise
University College London, Institute of Neurology, UKRead Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord on ScienceDirect