Pyrethrum

List of Contributors

Participants

Preface

Note on Nomenclature

Part I Introduction

    Chapter 1 History of Pyrethrum

         I. Introduction

         II. Early History of MGK and Insect Flowers

         III. Origin and Development of Pyrethrum Production in Kenya

         IV. East African Sources and World War II

         V. Postwar Scarcity of Supplies

         VI. Pyrethrum Recognized as a Modern Insecticide

         VII. Pyrethrum in the Future

         References

    Chapter 2 Pyrethrum Production

         I. Introduction

         II. World Production of Pyrethrum and Prices for Pyrethrum Products

         III. Growing of Pyrethrum

         IV. Plant Improvement Programs

         V. Factors Affecting Pyrethrum Production

         VI. Summary

         References

Part II Chemistry

    Chapter 3 Composition of Pyrethrum Extract and Analysis of Pyrethrins

         I. Introduction

         II. Composition of Pyrethrum Extract

         III. Analysis of Pyrethrins

         IV. Summary

         References

    Chapter 4 Chemistry of the Natural Pyrethrins

         I. Introduction

         II. Structure of the Natural Esters

         III. Isolation of Natural Acids and Alcohols

         IV. Absolute Stereochemistry

         V. Preferred Conformations

         VI. Synthesis

         VII. Interconversion of Isomers of Chrysanthemic Acid

         VIII. Radiolabeling

         IX. Reactions

         X. Photochemistry

         XI. Insecticidal Activity of the Natural Esters

         References

    Chapter 5 Biochemistry of the Pyrethrins

         I. Introduction

         II. Action on Enzyme Systems and Intermediary Metabolism

         III. Biosynthesis

         IV. Metabolism

         V. Summary

         References

Part III Toxicology and Pharmacology

    Chapter 6 Toxicity of Pyrethrum and Its Constituents to Mammals

         I. Introduction

         II. Toxicity to Mammals

         III. Toxicity to Humans

         IV. Summary

         References

    Chapter 7 Toxicity of Pyrethrum to Fish and Wildlife

         I. Introduction

         II. Experimental Area

         III. Methods of Field Appraisal

         IV. Results of Field Appraisal

         V. Use of Laboratory Toxicity Data

         VI. Interpretation of Results

         VII. Summary

         References

    Chapter 8 Tests for Possible Teratogenic, Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, and Allergenic Effects of Pyrethrum

         I. Introduction

         II. Teratogenic Tests

         III. Carcinogenic Tests

         IV. Mutagenic Tests

         V. Allergenic Effects

         VI. Summary

         References

    Chapter 9 Interactions in the Toxicity of Pyrethrum, Synergists, and Other Chemicals to Mammals

         I. Introduction

         II. Materials and Methods

         III. Results

         IV. Discussion

         V. Summary

         References

    Chapter 10 Mode of Action of Synergists in Enhancing the Insecticidal Activity of Pyrethrum and Pyrethroids

         I. Introduction

         II. Mode of Action and Metabolism of Synergists

         III. Metabolism of Pyrethroids in Insects

         IV. Synergists and the Sites of Detoxication of Pyrethroids

         V. Summary

         References

    Chapter 11 Mode of Action of Pyrethrum on Arthropod Nerves

         I. Introduction

         II. Actions of Pyrethrins on Arthropod Nerves

         III. Actions of Pyrethrins on Other Species

         IV. Neuropharmacology of Other Pyrethroid Insecticides

         V. Concerning the Mode of Action

         VI. Some Interesting Problems

         VII. Summary

         References

Part IV Use Areas

    Chapter 12 Pyrethrum for Control of Insects Affecting Man and Animals

         I. Insect Control in Homes and Other Structures

         II. Insect Control in Outdoor Areas

         III. Direct Application to Animals and Man

         IV. Development of Resistance to Pyrethrins

         V. Summary

         References

    Chapter 13 Pyrethrum for Control of Household and Stored-Product Insects

         I. Introduction

         II . Household Insects

         III. Stored-Product Insects

         IV. Summary

         References

    Chapter 14 Pyrethrum for Control of Agricultural Insects

         I. Introduction

         II. Historical Review

         HI. Effects on Bees and the Natural Enemies of Harmful Insects

         IV. Insects Controlled

         V. Formulations

         VI. Equipment for Application of Pyrethrins as Aerosols

         VII. Recent Tests

         VIII. Summary

         References

    Chapter 15 Pyrethrum for Control of Forest Insect Pests

         I. Introduction

         II . Stabilization of Pyrethrins

         III. Spruce Budworm

         IV. Western Hemlock Looper

         V. Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth

         VI. Forest Tent Caterpillar

         VII. Gypsy Moth and Elm Spanworm

         VIII. Spray Application Technology

         IX. Summary

         References

Part V Summary

    Chapter 16 Residue and Tolerance Considerations with Pyrethrum, Piperonyl Butoxide, and MGK

         I. Introduction

         II. Extraction of Pyrethrins and Synergists for Residue Analysis

         III. Pyrethrins—Cleanup of Extracts and Analysis

         IV. Piperonyl Butoxide and MGK 264—Cleanup of Extracts and Analysis

         V. Tolerances Established

         VI. Summary

         References

    Chapter 17 Advantages and Disadvantages of Pyrethrum

         I. Introduction

         II. Production, Chemistry, and Biochemistry

         III. Uses

         IV. Safety

         V. Disadvantages

         VI. Balance of Advantages versus Disadvantages

Author Index

Subject Index