Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics

Preface

• Prebiotics in Health Promotion
• Probiotics in Foods
• Synbiotics: Production, Application, and Health Promotion
• Probiotics in Health
• Probiotics and Chronic Diseases

Acknowledgments

Biographies

Part I: Prebiotics in Health Promotion

• Chapter 1: Prebiotics and Probiotics: An Assessment of Their Safety and Health Benefits
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Prebiotic Concept
  • 3 Use of Prebiotics
  • 4 Evaluation of Prebiotic
  • 5 Probiotics Used in Food
  • 6 Synbiotic
  • 7 Safety Aspect of Probiotics
  • 8 Prebiotic and Probiotic Efficacy Evidence
  • 9 Prebiotic and Probiotic Claims
  • 10 Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) Concept of MicroOrganisms Used in Food
  • 11 Conclusion
• Chapter 2: Pre- and Probiotic Supplementation in Ruminant Livestock Production
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Ruminant
  • 3 Prebiotics
  • 4 Probiotics
  • 5 Discussion and Conclusions
• Chapter 3: Prebiotic Addition in Dairy Products: Processing and Health Benefits
  • Abstract
  • 1 Functional Foods
  • 2 Prebiotic Ingredients
  • 3 β-Glucan
  • 4 Resistant Starch
  • 5 Inulin-Type Fructans
  • 6 THE ROLE OF FRUCTANS in Plants
  • 7 Chemical Structure of Fructans
  • 8 Physicochemical Properties of Inulin
  • 9 Structural and Rheological Aspects
  • 10 Inulin as a Fat Replacer
  • 11 Effects of Process and Process Conditions
  • 12 Oligofructose
  • 13 Functional Effects of Prebiotics on the Health
  • 14 Sensory Aspects
  • 15 Prebiotics in Dairy Products
  • 16 Perspectives
• Chapter 4: Low-Lactose, Prebiotic-Enriched Milk
  • Abstract
  • 1 Human Milk Oligosaccharides
  • 2 Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS) and Fructo-Oligosaccharides (FOS) in Dairy Products
  • 3 Enzymatic Synthesis of GOS
  • 4 In Situ Formation of GOS in Milk
  • 5 GOS Formation in Milk with β-Galactosidase from B. circulans
  • 6 GOS Formation in Milk with β-Galactosidase from K. lactis
  • 7 Effect of Temperature on GOS Formation in Milk
  • 8 Proposed Method to Obtain Low-Lactose, Milk-Enriched in GOS
• Chapter 5: Intestinal Microbiota in Breast-Fed Infants: Insights into Infant-Associated Bifidobacteria and Human Milk Glycans
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Intestinal Microbiota in Breast-Fed Infants
  • 3 Human Milk Composition and Complexity
  • 4 Antimicrobial Activities in Human Milk
  • 5 Human Milk Glycans
  • 6 HMO Structures and Properties
  • 7 Structure-Function Relationships of HMOs
  • 8 Bifidobacterial Strategies of HMO Consumption
  • 9 Human Milk Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
  • 10 Consumption of Human Milk Glycoconjugates by Bifidobacteria
  • 11 Bifidobacteria and Health Benefits to the Infant
  • 12 Infant Formula
  • 13 Conclusions
• Chapter 6: Probiotics and Prebiotics for Promoting Health: Through Gut Microbiota
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Human Gut Microbiota: Complexities, Diversities, Functionalities
  • 3 Gut Microbiota Balance in the Triangle of Nutrition, Health, and Disease
  • 4 Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota
  • 5 Modulation of Gut Microbiota Composition
  • 6 Probiotics: Foundation and Definition
  • 7 Health Benefits of Probiotics
  • 8 Probiotics’ Effects on Intestinal Microbiota and Environment
  • 9 Prebiotics
  • 10 Future Prospects and Expectations
• Chapter 7: Prebiotics in Human Milk and in Infant Formulas
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Development of the Immune System in Infants
  • 3 Breast Milk and Defense Against Infections and Allergic Manifestations
  • 4 What Are Prebiotics?
  • 5 Human Milk Oligosaccharides
  • 6 Prebiotics in Infant Formulas
  • 7 Side Effects
  • 8 Regulation of the Addition of Prebiotics to Infant Formulas
  • 9 Conclusions
• Chapter 8: Prebiotics and Probiotics in Infant Nutrition
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Development and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Ecosystem
  • 3 Prebiotics
  • 4 Human Milk Oligosaccharides
  • 5 Nonhuman Milk Oligosaccharides
  • 6 Probiotics
  • 7 Symbiotics
  • 8 Use of Prebiotics in Pediatrics
  • 9 Use of Probiotics in Pediatrics
  • 10 Acute Diarrhea
  • 11 Other Pediatric Uses
  • 12 Conclusion
• Chapter 9: Synthesis of Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides: Science and Technology
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Galacto-Oligosaccharides (GOS): Chemical Synthesis vs. Biocatalysis
  • 3 Synthesis of GOS Using Galactosyltransferases
  • 4 Synthesis of GOS Using β-Galactosidases
  • 5 Types of Biocatalysts Used in GOS Synthesis
  • 6 Improving the GOS Synthesis Process
  • 7 Future Developments
• Chapter 10: Prebiotics as Protectants of Lactic Acid Bacteria
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Physical Chemistry of the Preservation of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Probiotics
  • 3 Use of Prebiotics as Protectants of Starters
  • 4 Prebiotics as Probiotic Protectants in Food Matrices
  • 5 Prebiotics as Probiotic Protectants in the Gastrointestinal Tract
  • 6 Conclusions
• Chapter 11: Prebiotic Agave Fructans and Immune Aspects
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Chapter Points
  • 2 Introduction
  • 3 Agave Plant: Origin and the Role of Fructans
  • 4 Chemical Structures of Agave Fructans
  • 5 Overview of the Immune System
  • 6 Mechanism of Prebiotics
  • 7 Health Implication of Agave Fructans: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
  • 8 Discussion of Immune Aspects of Agave Fructans
  • 9 Conclusions
• Chapter 12: Prebiotics Use in Children
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Prebiotics and Short-Chain Fatty Acids
  • 3 Clinical Effects in Children
• Chapter 13: Structural Characteristics and Prebiotic Effects of Lotus Seed Resistant Starch
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Structural Characteristics of LRS3
  • 3 Prebiotic Effects of LRS3
  • 4 Mechanisms Underlying the Prebiotic Effects of LRS3
  • 5 Future Trends
  • 6 Conclusions

Part II: Probiotics in Food

• Chapter 14: Probiotic Lactobacillus Strains from Traditional Iranian Cheeses
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Isolation and Identification of Candidate Probiotic Strains from Traditional Iranian Cheeses
  • 3 Acid and Bile Resistance
  • 4 Autoaggregation and Coaggregation
  • 5 Cell Surface Hydrophobicity and Epithelial Cell Adhesion
  • 6 Antimicrobial Activity
  • 7 Antibiotic Susceptibility
  • 8 Cholesterol Removal and Effect on the Fatty Acid Profiles
  • 9 Carbon Source Utilization
  • 10 Antioxidant Activity
  • 11 Encapsulation
  • 12 Conclusion
• Chapter 15: Safety of Probiotic Bacteria
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Pharmacology of Probiotics
  • 3 Uses of Probiotics
  • 4 Pathogenicity and Infectivity of Probiotic Bacteria
  • 5 Conclusion
• Chapter 16: Stressors and Food Environment: Toward Strategies to Improve Robustness and Stress Tolerance in Probiotics
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Food Manufacturing Process and Associated Stress
  • 3 Stress Response in Probiotic Bacteria
  • 4 Strategies to Improve Robustness and Stress Tolerance in Probiotic
  • 5 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 17: Effect of Food Composition on Probiotic Bacteria Viability
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Effect of Food Processing on Probiotic Bacteria and Prebiotic Ingredients
  • 3 Sensory Aspects of Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Symbiotic Foods
  • 4 Food Formulation Effects on Probiotic Viability
  • 5 Conclusions and Future Prospect
• Chapter 18: Probiotics and Antibiotic Use
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Probiotics and Microbiota Maintenance
  • 3 Probiotics and Reduction of Antibiotic Side Effects
  • 4 Future of Probiotics in AAD: Claiming the Effect
  • 5 Health Economics of Probiotics in AAD
  • 6 Conclusions
• Chapter 19: Multistrain Probiotics: The Present Forward the Future
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Definition
  • 3 Pharmacokinetics
  • 4 Mechanisms of Action
  • 5 Single- and Multistrain Probiotics
  • 6 Probiotics and Microbiota
  • 7 Safety
  • 8 Use of Multistrain Probiotics in Clinical Practice
  • 9 Conclusions
• Chapter 20: Production of Probiotic Cultures and Their Incorporation into Foods
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Production of Probiotic Cultures for Foods or Food Supplements
  • 3 Ensuring Delivery of Viable Cultures in Foods and Supplements
  • 4 Addition of Probiotics to Foods Ensuring Efficacy
  • 5 Concept of Probioactive
  • 6 Conclusion
• Chapter 21: Probiotics and Other Microbial Manipulations in Fish Feeds: Prospective Update of Health Benefits
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Intestinal Microbiome in Fish
  • 3 Probiotics in Fish
  • 4 Prebiotics and Other Dietary Manipulations
  • 5 Relevance of Fish as Model Species
  • 6 Conclusion
• Chapter 22: Current and Future Applications of Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Classification of EPS
  • 3 Current Applications of EPS in the Food Industry
  • 4 Bacterial EPS and Human Health
  • 5 Bacterial EPS and Animal Health
  • 6 Conclusions and Perspectives
• Chapter 23: Probiotic and Prebiotic Dairy Desserts
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Points to be Considered When Developing Probiotic and/or Prebiotic Dairy Desserts
  • 3 Probiotic Desserts
  • 4 Probiotic and Prebiotic Dairy Desserts
  • 5 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 24: Lactobacillus paracasei-Enriched Vegetables Containing Health Promoting Molecules
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 L. paracasei-Enriched Cabbage as Source of Health-Promoting Phytochemicals and Carrier of Probiotic Cells
  • 3 L. paracasei-Enriched Artichokes as a Symbiotic
• Chapter 25: Probiotics from the Olive Microbiota
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Assessment of the Probiotic Potential of Microorganisms from Olive Microbiota
  • 3 Use of Probiotic Strains in the Production of Probiotic Table Olives
• Chapter 26: Kimchi (Korean Fermented Vegetables) as a Probiotic Food
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Preparation and Fermentation of Kimchi
  • 3 Various Health Benefits of Kimchi
  • 4 Salt and NO₃ Content in Kimchi
  • 5 Probiotic and Functional Properties of Kimchi LAB
  • 6 Conclusion
• Chapter 27: Probiotics as Potential Adsorbent of Aflatoxin
  • Abstract
  • 1 Probiotics
  • 2 Binding of Probiotics to Food Carcinogens and Mutagens
  • 3 Aflatoxin and Historical Background
  • 4 Aflatoxin Metabolites
  • 5 Physical Binding of Aflatoxin to the Bacterial Cell Wall
  • 6 In Vitro Experiments and Animal Studies of Probiotics as Potential Aflatoxin Adsorbent
  • 7 Human Clinical Trials: A Way Forward to Study the Efficacy of Probiotic Bacteria as Potential Adsorbent of Aflatoxin
  • 8 Conclusion

Part III: Synbiotics: Production, Application, and Health Promotion

• Chapter 28: β-Glucans and Synbiotic Foods
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 β-Glucans: Chemistry and Sources
  • 2 Beneficial Influence of β-Glucans on Human Health
  • 3 Network of Human Health Promoting
  • 4 Microbial β-Glucans Fermentation: A Metabolic Overview
  • 5 β-Glucans for Synbiotic Foods Production
  • 6 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 29: Probiotics and Synbiotics in Lactating Mothers
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Effects of Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Breast Milk Immune Factors
  • 3 Effects of Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Total Antioxidant Capacity of Human Breast Milk
  • 4 The Effect of Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on the Breast Milk Microbiological Composition
  • 5 The Traditional Hypothesis: “A Contamination”
  • 6 The Revolutionary Hypothesis: “Active Migration”
  • 7 The Effect of Probiotic or Synbiotic Supplementation on Maternal Nutritional Status and Infants’ Health
• Chapter 30: Synbiotics and the Immune System
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgment
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Interaction of Microbiota with Host Immunity
  • 3 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics
  • 4 Synbiotics and Immune Response
  • 5 Conclusion
• Chapter 31: Synbiotics and Immunization Against H₉N₂ Avian Influenza Virus
  • Abstract
  • 1 Avian Immune System
  • 2 Avian Influenza
  • 3 Association of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics With Immunity
  • 4 Immunity Against AIVs
  • 5 Conclusion
• Chapter 32: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Foodborne Illness
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Inhibitory Mechanisms of Probiotics Against Pathogenic Bacteria
  • 4 Inhibition of Pathogens in Food Products Prior to Consumption
  • 5 Pathogen Inactivation in the Gut
  • 6 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 33: In Vitro Screening and Evaluation of Synbiotics
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Screening of Synbiotic Combinations
  • 3 Models of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract
  • 4 Cell Assays
  • 5 Future Perspectives
• Chapter 34: Synbiotics and Infantile Acute Gastroenteritis
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Intestinal Microfloria and Mucosal Barrier
  • 3 Treatment and Synbiotics
  • 4 Conclusions
• Chapter 35: Symbiotics, Probiotics, and Fiber Diet in Diverticular Disease
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Diverticular Disease—Definition and Epidemiology
  • 3 Which Options to Treat Diverticular Disease?
  • 4 Diverticular Disease and Probiotics-Symbiotics
  • 5 Diverticular Disease and Dietary Fiber/Prebiotics
  • 6 Conclusion
• Chapter 36: Gut Microbiota: Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Pharmabiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Gut Microbiota
  • 3 Evolving Field of Probiotics
  • 4 Conclusions
• Chapter 37: Potential Benefits of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on the Intestinal Microbiota of the Elderly
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Elderly Population
  • 3 The Gut Microbiota
  • 4 The Gut Microbiota and Aging
  • 5 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics During Aging and Their Potential Beneficial Effects on Intestinal Microbiota
  • 6 Concluding Remarks
• Chapter 38: Synbiotics in Gastrointestinal Surgery
  • Abstract
  • 1 Prevention of Infectious Complications After GI Cancer Surgery
  • 2 Prevention of Colonic Carcinogenesis in Postcolectomy and Postpolypectomy
  • 3 Prevention of Adjuvant Therapy-Related Toxicity
  • 4 Conclusions
• Chapter 39: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Other Strategies to Modulate the Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Novel Concept: Alterations in the Microbiota and Inflammation in the Pathophysiology of IBS
  • 3 Treatment Strategies in IBS
  • 4 Conclusion
• Chapter 40: Gut Microbiota and IBS
  • Abstract
  • 1 The Normal Microbiota: An Essential Factor for a Healthy Gut
  • 2 Gut Microbiota in IBS: Harmful or Beneficial?
  • 3 Is the Alteration of Gut Microflora Harmful?
  • 4 Is the Alteration of Gut Microbiota Beneficial?
• Chapter 41: Synbiotics: A New Strategy to Improve the Immune System from the Gut to Peripheral Sites
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Conclusions
• Chapter 42: Probiotics and Prebiotics for Prevention of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Mechanisms of Action
  • 3 Clinical Trials
  • 4 Summary
• Chapter 43: Synbiotics in the Intensive Care Unit
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Rationale for Synbiotic Therapy in the ICU
  • 3 Commonly Studied Synbiotic Preparations
  • 4 Synbiotics in Severe Acute Pancreatitis
  • 5 Positive SAP Trials
  • 6 Negative SAP trials
  • 7 Synbiotics in Elective Surgery
  • 8 Synbiotics in Liver Transplantation
  • 9 Synbiotics in Esophageal Surgery
  • 10 Synbiotics in Critically Ill Trauma Victims
  • 11 Synbiotics to Prevent VAP
  • 12 Positive VAP Trials
  • 13 Negative VAP Studies
  • 14 Synbiotics in Hepatic Disease
  • 15 Synbiotics in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy
  • 16 Synbiotics and Diarrheal Disorders
  • 17 Conclusions
• Chapter 44: Properties of Probiotic Bacteria: A Proteomic Approach
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Identification of Unknown Microorganisms According to Reference Proteome Map
  • 3 Evaluation of Virulence Factors
  • 4 Identification of Pathogenic from Nonpathogenic Microorganisms
  • 5 Detection of Surface Proteins in Microbiota
  • 6 Analysis of Secretome
  • 7 Evaluation of Environmental Effects on the Growth and Functions of Microorganisms
  • 8 Evaluation of Probiotic Bacteria
  • 9 Conclusion
• Chapter 45: Symbiotic Bacteria and Gut Epithelial Homeostasis
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Sensing the Microbiota by the Intestinal Epithelium
  • 3 Deliberate Generation of Physiological Levels of ROS Within Cells
  • 4 ROS Signaling and Reactive Cysteines
  • 5 Bacterial-Induced ROS Generation in the Intestinal Epithelium
  • 6 Cell Signaling Pathways Activated by Bacterial-Induced ROS Generation
  • 7 Bacterial-Induced Generation of ROS and Cell Motility
  • 8 Lactobacilli-Induced ROS Generation and Epithelial Growth
  • 9 Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling and Bacterial-Induced Cytoprotection
  • 10 Microbiota-Induced Cell Proliferation and Colorectal Cancer
  • 11 Future Perspectives
  • 12 Conclusions
• Chapter 46: Nonprebiotic Actions of Prebiotics
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 The Intestinal Mucosal Barrier Function
  • 3 Innate Immune Response and Pattern Recognition Receptors as Regulators of MBF
  • 4 Oligosaccharides in Human Milk
  • 5 Nonprebiotic Effects of Prebiotics
  • 6 Conclusions

Part IV: Probiotics in Health

• Chapter 47: Probiotics and Physical Strength
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Bone Strength
  • 3 Protein
  • 4 Muscle Wasting
• Chapter 48: Probiotics in Invasive Candidiasis
  • Abstract
  • 1 Candida
  • 2 Pathogenesis of ICs
  • 3 Prevention of ICs
  • 4 Probiotics and ICs
  • 5 Conclusion
• Chapter 49: Probiotics and Usage in Bacterial Vaginosis
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgment
  • 1 Bacterial Vaginosis
  • 2 Probiotic and BV
  • 3 Conclusion
• Chapter 50: Evidence and Rationale for Probiotics to Prevent Infections in the Elderly
  • Abstract
  • 1 Background
  • 2 Gastrointestinal Infections
  • 3 Common Cold and Airways Infections
  • 4 Genitourinary Infections
  • 5 Final Considerations
• Chapter 51: Probiotics Usage in Childhood Helicobacter pylori Infection
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Mechanisms of Action of Probiotics on H. pylori
  • 3 Probiotics for the Treatment of H. pylori Infection
  • 4 Probiotics and Antibiotic-Associated Gastrointestinal Side Effects During H. pylori Eradication Therapy
  • 5 Conclusions
• Chapter 52: Lipoic Acid Function and Its Safety in Multiple Sclerosis
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 De Novo Synthesis of LA
  • 3 α-LA and Functions
  • 4 α-LA as a Cofactor
  • 5 Antioxidant Effect
  • 6 Antiinflammatory Effect
  • 7 Metal Chelating
  • 8 Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Safety of α-LA
  • 9 Multiple Sclerosis
  • 10 Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Safety of α-LA in Experimental and Clinical MS
  • 11 Lipoic Acid and Multiple Sclerosis
• Chapter 53: Probiotics and Health: What Publication Rate on Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics Implies?
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Materials and Methods
  • 3 Results
  • 4 Discussion
• Chapter 54: The Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Probiotic Bacteria on Lipid Metabolism
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Cholesterol Metabolism
  • 3 Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis
  • 4 The Relationship of the Composition of Intestinal Microbial Flora with Lipid Metabolism
  • 5 Cholesterol-Lowering Mechanisms of Probiotics
  • 6 In Vivo Studies
  • 7 Obesity and Probiotics
  • 8 Conclusions
• Chapter 55: The Use of Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics in the Critically Ill
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Immunology of Probiotics in the Critically Ill
  • 3 Type of Probiotic Therapy Matters in the ICU
  • 4 The Amount of Probiotic Supplied
  • 5 The Method of Administration
  • 6 Time Probiotic is Administered and Duration of Therapy
  • 7 ICU Patients
  • 8 Diarrhea
  • 9 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
  • 10 Severe Acute Pancreatitis
  • 11 Abdominal Surgery Patients
  • 12 Liver Transplantation Patients
  • 13 Trauma Patients
  • 14 Critically Ill Children and Probiotics
• Chapter 56: Gynecological Health and Probiotics
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Vaginal Microbiota
  • 3 Urogenital Infections
  • 4 Antibiotic as Therapeutic of Urogenital Infections
  • 5 Probiotics as Alternatives or Complements to Conventional Treatments
  • 6 Antagonistic Properties of Probiotics
  • 7 Probiotics and Prebiotics
  • 8 Vaginal Probiotic Administration
  • 9 Oral versus Vaginal Administration of Probiotics
  • 10 Conclusion

Part V: Probiotics and Chronic Diseases

• Chapter 57: Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Cancer Prevention
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Probiotics and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
  • 3 Probiotics in Cancer Prevention
  • 4 Conclusions
• Chapter 58: Resistant Starch as a Bioactive Compound in Colorectal Cancer Prevention
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgment
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Resistant Starch
  • 3 Epidemiological Studies
  • 4 Conclusion
• Chapter 59: Probiotics in Cancer Prevention, Updating the Evidence
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Probiotics
  • 3 Cancer
  • 4 Probiotic and Cancer
  • 5 Appropriate Probiotic Strains for Use in Cancer Therapy
  • 6 Effective Dosage of Probiotics for Cancer Therapy
  • 7 Duration of Probiotic Therapy in Patients With Cancer
  • 8 Mechanisms by Which Probiotic Bacteria May Inhibit Cancer
  • 9 Conclusion
• Chapter 60: Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention: Association with Foodborne Pathogens and Potential Benefits of Probiotics
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgment
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Direct Affects
  • 3 Indirect Affects
  • 4 Emerging Issues
  • 5 Conclusions
• Chapter 61: Probiotics Usage in Heart Disease and Psychiatry
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Probiotics
  • 3 Psychobiotics
  • 4 Mechanisms of Action
  • 5 Conclusions and Future Trends
  • Acknowledgment
• Chapter 62: Intestinal Microbiota and Susceptibility to Viral Infections: Role of Probiotics
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Gastrointestinal Viruses
  • 3 Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Virus Susceptibility
  • 4 Suggested Antagonistic Mechanisms of Probiotics Against Intestinal Viral Pathogens
  • 5 Rotaviruses, Noroviruses, and the Intestinal Microbiota
  • 6 Efficacy of Probiotics Against Enteric Viruses in In Vitro Models, Animal, and Clinical Trials
  • 7 Conclusions
• Chapter 63: Probiotics and Usage in Urinary Tract Infection
  • Abstract
  • 1 Urinary Tract Infection
  • 2 Probiotics
  • 3 Probiotic and Urinary Tract Infection
  • 4 Conclusion
  • Acknowledgment
• Chapter 64: Probiotics: Immunomodulatory Properties in Allergy and Eczema
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Probiotics: An Innovative Therapeutic Strategy
• Chapter 65: Prebiotics and Probiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Food Allergy
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics
  • 3 Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Animal Models of Food Allergy
  • 4 Prevention of Food Allergy
  • 5 Treatment of Food Allergy
  • 6 Implications for Future Research
  • 7 Conclusion
• Chapter 66: Probiotics and Prebiotics for the Prevention or Treatment of Allergic Asthma
  • Abstract
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Probiotics: Mechanisms of Action
  • 3 Clinical Effects of Probiotics and Prebiotics in the Treatment of Allergic Asthma
  • 4 Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Preventing Allergic Asthma
  • 5 Final Remarks
  • 6 Conclusion
• Chapter 67: Amelioration of Helicobacter pylori-Induced PUD by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
  • Abstract
  • 1 Peptic Ulcer Disease
  • 2 H. pylori Infection and its Association with Gastric Mucosa
  • 3 Association of H. pylori with PUD
  • 4 Disease Prevalence
  • 5 Genome Organization of H. Pylori
  • 6 Role of Host Cell Factors in H. Pylori Infection and Progression of PUD
  • 7 Role of Virulence Factors in H. Pylori Pathogenesis
  • 8 Role of Host Tumor Suppressors: p53 and RUNX3
  • 9 Genetic Predisposition to PUD
  • 10 Mode of Transmission of H. pylori Infection
  • 11 Diagnosis of H. pylori Infection
  • 12 Treatment and Preventive Measures
  • 13 Drug Resistance Phenotype of H. pylori
  • 14 Bioactive Compounds Showing Anti-H. pylori Activity
  • 15 Mechanism of H. pylori Inhibition by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
  • 16 Conclusions

Index