Privileged Scaffolds in Drug Discovery

1st Edition - July 19, 2023
Editors: Bin Yu, Ning Li, Caiyun Fu
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 6 1 1 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 8 6 1 2 - 7

Privileged Scaffolds in Drug Discovery is the most complete and up-to-date work in the area. Covering a wide range of privileged structures, it is a perfect reference for scien… Read more

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Privileged Scaffolds in Drug Discovery is the most complete and up-to-date work in the area. Covering a wide range of privileged structures, it is a perfect reference for scientists involved in targeted drug development.

The editors recruited experts from several prestigious Chinese institutions to cover the areas of antiviral drugs, chalcone, pyrimidine, (benz)imidazoles, natural product-derived privileged scaffolds, N-Sulfonyl carboxamides, kinase inhibitors, antitumor molecules, antineurodegenerative drugs, triazoles, oxazolidinone, indole and indoline scaffolds, tigliane diterpenoids, peptide and peptide-based drugs, quassinoids, and others including pseudonatural products, macrocycles, stable peptides and peptidomimetics. The book also explores scaffolds in drug molecules approved in recent years.

Privileged Scaffolds in Drug Discovery is a complete reference for researchers in drug discovery and organic synthesis, in academic and corporate settings, who are investigating privileged structures upon which to base new drugs. Researchers in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology will also find the contents of this book valuable.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1. Thiazole, a privileged scaffold in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Thiazole derivatives as therapeutic agents
3. Conclusions
Chapter 2. Chalcones: Diverse biological activities and structure–activity relationships
1. Background
2. Biological activities of chalcone derivatives
3. Conclusion
Chapter 3. Privileged chalcone scaffolds in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Simple chalcones classified by representative mechanisms of action
3. Representative hybrid chalcones
4. Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 4. The N-sulfonyl carboxamide moiety as a privileged structure in approved drugs
1. Introduction
2. Physicochemical properties and conformations of N-sulfonyl carboxamides
3. Structures and protein targets of marketed drugs 1–27 comprising N-sulfonyl carboxamide moieties
4. Perspective
5. Conclusion
Chapter 5. Scaffolds in cytotoxic drugs and novel antitumor molecules interacting with nucleic acids
1. DNA intercalators
2. Topoisomerase inhibitors
3. G-quadruplex ligands
Chapter 6. Triazoles: a privileged scaffold in drug design and novel drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. 1,2,3-Triazole as bioisosteres
3. Biological significance
4. Conclusions and prospects
Chapter 7. Oxazolidinone scaffolds in drug discovery and development
1. Introduction
2. Launched oxazolidinone antibacterial drugs
3. Modification of linezolid-based oxazolidinone medications
4. Other novel oxazolidinone derivatives
5. Effects of oxazolidinone derivatives on other diseases
6. Summary and perspective
Chapter 8. Indole and indoline scaffolds in drug discovery
1. Background of indole and indoline
2. Chemical profile of indole and indoline
3. Pharmacologic profile of indole and indoline
4. Conclusion and future perspectives
Chapter 9. Cyanopyridine as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Synthesis of cyanopyridine derivatives
3. Conclusion
Chapter 10. Indazole as a privileged scaffold in drug discovery
1. Overview of the indazole
2. Synthesis route for indazole derivatives
3. Medicinal importance
4. Structure–activity relationships
Chapter 11. (Benz)imidazoles: privileged scaffolds in medicinal chemistry
1. Introduction
2. (Benz)imidazole-based anticancer agents
3. (Benz)imidazole-based antitubercular agents
4. (Benz)imidazole-based antibacterial agents
5. (Benz)imidazole-based antifungal agents
6. (Benz)imidazole-based antiparasitic agents
7. (Benz)imidazole-based antiviral agents
8. (Benz)imidazole-based antiinflammatory agents
9. (Benz)imidazole-based anti-Alzheimer’s disease agents
10. (Benz)imidazole-based hypotensive agents
11. Conclusion and perspectives
Chapter 12. Tranylcypromine (TCP): a privileged scaffold for designing histone lysine demethylase 1 inhibitors
1. Introduction
2. Structure and function of lysine-specific demethylase 1
3. Lysine-specific demethylase inhibitors with tranylcypromine privileged scaffold
4. Conclusion and perspectives
Chapter 13. Applications of piperazine scaffold in drug design
1. Introduction
2. Applications of piperazine scaffold in drug design
3. Conclusion
Chapter 14. Thiols as a privileged scaffold against metallo-β-lactamases
1. Introduction
2. Thiol-based metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors
3. Challenges in thiol-based metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors
4. Perspectives
Chapter 15. Tetrahydro-β-carboline scaffold in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Structures and activities of synthetic tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives
Chapter 16. Benzoxaborole: a privileged scaffold for drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Benzoxaboroles for antibacterial activity
3. Benzoxaboroles for antifungal activity
4. Benzoxaboroles for antiviral activity
5. Benzoxaboroles for antiinflammatory activity
6. Benzoxaboroles for antiprotozoal activity
7. Benzoxaboroles for anticancer activity
8. Chemical synthesis approaches to benzoxaboroles
9. Summary and perspectives
Chapter 17. Privileged scaffolds in anti-diabetic drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Thiazolidinediones
3. Biphenyl scaffold
4. Spirocycles
5. Chalcone scaffold
6. Chromone scaffold
7. Pyrazolone scaffold
8. Benzisoxazole scaffold
9. Quinoxalinone scaffold
10. Conclusion
Declaration of competing interest
Chapter 18. Authentic HIV-1 integrase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV-1/AIDS
1. HIV-1/AIDS and its treatment
2. HIV-1 integrase and HIV-1 integrase inhibitors
3. Approved HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors
4. Development of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors
5. Pharmacophore and binding modes of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors
6. HIV-1 integrase allosteric inhibitors
7. Conclusions
Chapter 19. 2-Aminopyrimidine: a privileged scaffold in kinase drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Binding modes of 2-anilinopyrimidine–based kinase drugs
3. 2-Anilinopyrimidine–based representative kinase drugs
4. Conclusions
Chapter 20. Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: current strategies and future directions
1. Introduction
2. Established therapeutic targets and therapies for Alzheimer's disease
3. Future directions
4. Conclusion
Chapter 21. Sulfonyl fluorides as warheads in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Reactivity of sulfonyl fluorides towards amino acids
3. Application of sulfonyl fluoride derivatives in drug discovery
4. Conclusion and perspective
Chapter 22. α,β-Bifunctionalized carbonyl compounds as privileged motifs in drug discovery and their synthetic protocols
1. Introduction
2. Asymmetric catalytic hydrogenation
3. Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation and aminohydroxylation
4. Asymmetric aldol reaction
5. Nucleophilic ring-opening reaction
6. Asymmetric Henry reaction
7. Asymmetric aza-Henry reaction for synthesis of α,β-biamino carbonyl skeleton
8. Asymmetric multicomponent reactions
9. Conclusions
Chapter 23. Diarylpyrimidines and related analogs as antiviral agents
1. Introduction
2. Diarylpyrimidines and related analogs as anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 agents
3. Anticoronavirus agents
4. Discussion and prospects
Chapter 24. Organic synthetic methodology-based new scaffolds in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Fused heterocyclic scaffolds
3. Bridged scaffolds
4. Discussion
Chapter 25. Natural resource of anti–human immunodeficiency virus leading compounds: tigliane diterpenoids
1. Introduction
2. Distribution
3. Tigliane diterpenoids
4. Anti–human immunodeficiency virus activities and structure–activity relationships
5. Biosynthesis and synthesis
6. Drug developments
7. Conclusions
Chapter 26. Biological phenethyl glycosides from plants
1. Introduction
2. Chemistry of phenethyl glycosides
3. Biosynthetic pathway and biotransformation
4. Biological activities and mechanisms
5. Metabolism and bioavailability
Chapter 27. Triterpenoids and saponins in drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Sources and chemical structures of triterpenoids
3. Pharmacologic activities
4. Conclusion
Chapter 28. Casbene-derived diterpenoids
1. Introduction
2. Tigliane diterpenoids
3. Ingenane diterpenoids
4. Daphnane-type diterpenoids
Chapter 29. Quassinoids: phytochemistry and antitumor prospect
1. Introduction
2. Biosynthetic pathway of quassinoids
3. Distribution and classification of quassinoids
4. Phytochemical investigations
5. Antitumor activities of quassinoids
6. Summary and perspectives
Chapter 30. Structural diversity, biosynthesis, and biological functions of meroterpenoids from microbial metabolites
1. Introduction
2. Structural diversity and representative compounds of bacterium-derived meroterpenoids
3. Structural diversity and representative compounds of fungus-derived meroterpenoids
4. Biosynthesis of meroterpenoids from microbial metabolites
5. Biological functions of meroterpenoids from microbial metabolites
Chapter 31. Glucocorticoid compounds in drug discovery by targeting glucocorticoid receptor protein
1. A brief history of cortisone discovery
2. Glucocorticoids
3. Cortisone derivatives
4. Outlook
5. Conclusions
Chapter 32. Peptide and peptide-based drugs
1. Introduction
2. Peptide drugs targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor
3. Peptide drugs targeting glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor
4. Peptide drugs targeting guanylyl cyclase C receptor
5. Peptide drugs targeting calcitonin receptor
6. Peptide drugs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor
7. Peptide drugs targeting active site of 20S proteasome
8. Peptide drugs targeting nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 protein
9. Peptide drugs targeting oxytocin receptor
10. Peptide drugs targeting thyrotropin-releasing hormone
11. Peptide drugs targeting melanocortin receptors
12. Peptide drugs targeting parathyroid hormone 1 receptor
13. Peptide drugs targeting guanylate cyclase C
14. Peptide drugs targeting NPR-A (natriuretic peptide receptor-A)
15. Peptide drugs targeting angiotensin II type 1 receptor
16. Peptide drugs targeting β2 receptor
17. Peptide drugs targeting glycoprotein 41
18. Peptide drugs targeting growth hormone releasing hormone receptor
19. Peptide drugs targeting N-type calcium channels
20. Peptide drugs targeting thrombopoietin receptor
21. Peptide drugs targeting erythropoietin receptor
22. Peptide drugs as active principal of pulmonary surfactant
23. Peptide drugs targeting calcium-sensing receptor
24. Peptide drugs targeting melanocortin 1 receptor
25. Peptide drugs targeting SSTRs
26. Peptide drugs targeting melanocortin-4 receptor
27. Conclusions
Chapter 33. Stapled peptides for new drug discovery
1. Introduction
2. Transition metal-catalyzed reaction
3. Acid–amine condensation reaction
4. Click chemistry
5. Photocatalytic reactions
6. Other reactions
7. Conclusion and outlook
Chapter 34. Current status and trends in research and development of polypeptide drugs
1. Concept
2. Synthesis methods
3. Purification and application
4. The state of polypeptide drug development
5. Approved typical peptide drugs
6. Prospects
Chapter 35. Unique opportunities of metal scaffolds in drug design
1. Introduction
2. Metals as coordinative scaffolds
3. Metal complexes as structural scaffolds
4. Catalytic metal drugs
5. Conclusion
Chapter 36. N-Heterocyclic carbene as privileged scaffold in medicinal inorganic chemistry
1. Introduction
2. Platinum N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
3. Rhodium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
4. Gold N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
5. Silver N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
6. Conclusion
Chapter 37. Selenium-containing heterocycles
1. Introduction
2. Seleno-heterocycles: selenium in sp3 hybridization
3. Seleno-heterocycles: selenium in sp2 hybridization
4. Concluding remarks and future perspectives
Chapter 38. Computational methods for scaffold hopping
1. Introduction
2. Computational methods of scaffold hopping
3. Conclusion
Index

Bin Yu

Professor Bin Yu obtained his PhD degree from Zhengzhou University and University of Cambridge and currently is a professor of medicinal chemistry at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University. His research interests focus on chemistry driven drug discovery for novel therapeutics. To date, he has published over 120 papers in international high-impact peer-reviewed journals including Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Organic Letters, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Journal of Hematology & Oncology, Drug Discovery Today, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, etc., 10 of them were published in journal with impact factor (IF) >10.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, China

Ning Li

Professor Ning Li is the associate dean of Chinese Materia Medica of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, the "Youth talent" of Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program, the "Talent of Hundred level" of Liaoning Bai Qian Wan Talents Program, the "Leading talent" of both Shenyang High-Level Talent Program and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. She has focused on the research of chemoprevention of critical diseases, especially the neurodegenerative disease and cancer, through post-transcriptional mechanism on the perspective view of ‘preventive treatment strategy’ of the Traditional Chinese theory. She has hosted seven projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China and published more than 120 SCI papers on famous academic journals, born several prizes like the "First Prize of Provincial Science and technology progress award", and obtained the authorization of 20 invention patents.

Affiliations and expertise

School of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China

Caiyun Fu

Professor Caiyun Fu obtained her PhD degree from Lanzhou university and currently is a professor of biology and deputy director of the College of Life Sciences and Medicine, director of the Research Institute for Polypeptide and Protein Pharmaceutical Products, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University. Her research interests focus on screening and identification of tumor targets and exploration of targeted intervention and developing new drugs of peptides by synthetic biology. To date she has published 34 academic papers as corresponding author or first author in international high-impact peer-reviewed journals, including Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Advanced Science, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, etc

Affiliations and expertise

College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, China

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Privileged Scaffolds in Drug Discovery

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