Principles of Ion Exchange Technology

AcknowledgmentTrade Names of Ion Exchange Resins MentionedForewordNomenclature1 Introduction2 Equilibria 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Binary Equilibria 2.3 Exchange of Ions of Equal Valence 2.4 Exchange of Univalent and Divalent Ions 2.5 Anion Exchange Resins 2.6 Empirical Equilibrium Relationships 2.7 Multi-Component Equilibria3 Kinetics of Ion Exchange in Solution 3.1 Rate Equations for Mass Transfer in Solution 3.2 Calculation of Diffusion Coefficients and Mass Transfer Coefficients 3.3 Ion Exchange with Neutralization or Chelating Reaction in Solution4 Kinetics of Ion Exchange in Resin Beads 4.1 Diffusion in Resin Matrix 4.2 Other Rate Expressions 4.3 Pore Diffusion 4.4 Ion Exchange with Chemical Reaction in the Resin 4.5 Shrinking Core Model 4.6 General Comment5 Axial Mixing and Flow Abnormalities 5.1 Packed Beds 5.2 Stirred Tanks 5.3 Fluidized Beds6 Design Equations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Continuity Equations 6.3 Rate Equations 6.4 Equilibrium Relationships 6.5 Simplifying Assumptions7 Calculation of the Performance of Fixed Beds 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Initial and Boundary Conditions 7.3 Normalization of Equations 7.4 Constant Pattern and Proportionate Pattern Behavior 7.5 Bed Capacities 7.6 Fixed Packed Bed Breakthrough Curves 7.7 Fixed Fluidized Bed Breakthrough Curves 7.8 Breakthrough Curves for a Series of Stirred Tanks 7.9 Elution Processes 7.10 Cyclic Operation of Fixed Beds 7.11 Parametric Pumping8 Batch Processes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Liquid Film Diffusion for Isotopic Binary Exchange 8.3 Liquid Film Diffusion for Non-Isotopic Binary Exchange 8.4 Resin Diffusion Controlled Isotopic Binary Exchange 8.5 Comparison of Half-Times 8.6 Resin Diffusion Controlled Non-Isotopic Binary Exchange 8.7 Mixed Kinetics of Binary Exchange 8.8 Shrinking Core Model 8.9 Neutralization Processes 8.10 Multi-Component Ion Exchange9 Continuous Countercurrent Plant Design 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Differential Equipment: Liquid Film Diffusion Rate Control - No Axial Mixing 9.3 Differential Equipment: Liquid Film Diffusion Rate Control - Axial Mixing 9.4 Differential Equipment: Resin Diffusion Rate Control - No Axial Mixing 9.5 Differential Equipment: Resin Diffusion Rate Control - No Axial Mixing, Approximate Solutions 9.6 Differential Equipment: Mixed Kinetics - No Axial Mixing 9.7 Differential Equipment: Mixed Kinetics - Liquid Axial Mixing 9.8 Stage Equipment: Liquid Film Diffusion Rate Control - No Interstage Backflows 9.9 Stage Equipment: Liquid Film Diffusion Rate Control - Well-Mixed Resin, Axially Dispersed Liquid Flow 9.10 Stage Equipment with Backflows in Both Phases10 Periodic Countercurrent Systems 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Periodically Moving Packed Beds 10.3 Multiple Columns: Moving Feed Point 10.4 Multiple Fluidized Bed and Tank Systems11 Laboratory and Pilot Plant Procedures 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Effect of Particle Size Distribution 11.3 Laboratory Apparatus and Procedures 11.4 Practical Procedures for Packed Beds 11.5 Fixed Packed Bed Experimental Work 11.6 Batch Experimental Work 11.7 Stirred Tank Experimental Work 11.8 Fluidized Bed Experimental Work 11.9 Exchange Zone Heights 11.10 Experimental Methods for Equilibria Determination 11.11 Concluding Remarks12 Examples 12.1 Calculation of the Constant Pattern Breakthrough Curve for an Arbitrary Favorable Equilibrium Line 12.2 Breakthrough Curves for Unfavorable Equilibrium 12.3 Elution with Linear Equilibrium 12.4 Axial Dispersion Effects 12.5 Comparison of Curve Shapes 12.6 The Effect of Bed Shape on Breakthrough Curves 12.7 Liquid Film Mass Transfer Coefficients from a Breakthrough Curve 12.8 Loading/Elution Cycle 12.9 Metal Ion Exchange with Unfavorable Equilibrium 12.10 Batch Fluidized Bed Recovery of a Protein with Irreversible Equilibrium 12.11 Continuous Counter-Flow Multi-Stage System with Liquid Film Control and Irreversible Equilibrium 12.12 Continuous Counter-Flow Differential System with Mixed Kinetics and Irreversible EquilibriumBibliographyReferencesIndex