Principles of Digital Image Synthesis
- 1st Edition - June 28, 2014
- Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann
- Author: Andrew S. Glassner
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 5 1 4 7 5 - 8
Image synthesis, or rendering, is a field of transformation: it changesgeometry and physics into meaningful images. Because the most popularalgorithms frequently change, it is incr… Read more
Purchase options
Image synthesis, or rendering, is a field of transformation: it changes
geometry and physics into meaningful images. Because the most popular
algorithms frequently change, it is increasingly important for researchers
and implementors to have a basic understanding of the principles of image
synthesis. Focusing on theory, Andrew Glassner provides a comprehensive
explanation of the three core fields of study that come together to form
digital image synthesis: the human visual system, digital signal
processing, and the interaction of matter and light. Assuming no more than
a basic background in calculus, Glassner transforms his passion and
expertise into a thorough presentation of each of these disciplines, and
their elegant orchestration into modern rendering techniques such as
radiosity and ray tracing.
geometry and physics into meaningful images. Because the most popular
algorithms frequently change, it is increasingly important for researchers
and implementors to have a basic understanding of the principles of image
synthesis. Focusing on theory, Andrew Glassner provides a comprehensive
explanation of the three core fields of study that come together to form
digital image synthesis: the human visual system, digital signal
processing, and the interaction of matter and light. Assuming no more than
a basic background in calculus, Glassner transforms his passion and
expertise into a thorough presentation of each of these disciplines, and
their elegant orchestration into modern rendering techniques such as
radiosity and ray tracing.
Principles of Digital Image Synthesis
ereew
by Andrew S. Glassner
Bibliography
Index
ereew
by Andrew S. Glassner
- Preface
Summary of Useful Notation
VOLUME I (UNITS I AND II)
I THE HUMAN VISUAL SYSTEM AND COLOR
chap11 The Human Visual System
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Structure and Optics of the Human Eye
1.3 Spectral and Temporal Aspects of the HVS
1.4 Visual Phenomena
1.4.1 Contrast Sensitivity
1.4.2 Noise
1.4.3 Mach Bands
1.4.4 Lightness Contrast and Constancy
1.5 Depth Perception
1.5.1 Oculomotor Depth
1.5.2 Binocular Depth
1.5.3 Monocular Depth
1.5.4 Motion Parallax
1.6 Color Opponency
1.7 Perceptual Color Matching:; CIE XYZ Space
1.8 Illusions
1.9 Further Reading
1.10 Exercises
chap22 Color Spaces
2.1 Perceptually Uniform Color Spaces: L*u*v* and L*a*b*
2.2 Other Color Systems
2.3 Further Reading
2.4 Exercises
chap 33 Displays
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CRT Displays
3.3 Display Spot Interaction
3.3.1 Display Spot Profile
3.3.2 Two-Spot Interaction
3.3.3 Display Measurement
3.3.4 Pattern Description
3.3.5 The Uniform Black Field (t = 0)
3.3.6 Clusters of Four (t = .25)
3.3.7 Clusters of Two (t = .5)
3.3.8 The Uniform White Field (t = 1)
3.3.9 Spot Interaction Discussion
3.4 Monitors
3.5 RGB Color Space
3.5.1 Convertin XYZ to Spectra
3.6 Gamut Mapping
3.7 Further Reading
3.8 Exercises
II SIGNAL PROCESSING
chap 44 Signals and Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Signals and Systems
4.2.1 Continuous-Time (CT) Signals
4.2.2 Discrete-Time (DT) Signals
4.2.3 Periodic Signals
4.2.4 Linear Time-Invariant Systems
4.3 Notation
4.3.1 The Real Numbers
4.3.2 The Integers
4.3.3 Intervals
4.3.4 Product Spaces
4.3.5 The Complex Numbers
4.3.6 Assignment and Equality
4.3.7 Summation and Integration
4.3.8 The Complex Exponentials
4.3.9 Braket Notation
4.3.10 Spaces
4.4 Some Useful Signals
4.4.1 The Impulse Signal
4.4.2 The Box Signal
4.4.3 The Impulse Train
4.4.4 The Sinc Signal
4.5 Convolution
4.5.1 A Physical Example of Convulution
4.5.2 The Response of Composite Systems
4.5.3 Eigenfuctions and Frequency Response of LTI Systems
4.5.4 Discrete-Time Convolution
4.6 Two-Dimensional Impulse Response
4.6.1 Linear Systems
4.6.2 Two-Dimensional Impulse Response
4.6.3 Convolution
4.6.4 Two-Dimensional Impulse Response
4.6.5 Eigenfunctions and Frequency Response
4.7 Further Reading
4.8 Exercises
chap55 Fourier Transforms
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basis Functions
5.2.1 Projections of Points in Space
5.2.2 Projection of Functions
5.2.3 Orthogonal Families of Functions
5.2.4 The Dual Basis
5.2.5 The Complex Exponential Basis
5.3 Representation in Bases of Lower Dimension
5.4 Continuous-Time Fourier Representations
5.5 The Fourier Series
5.5.1 Convergence
5.6 The Continuous-Time Fouier Transform
5.6.1 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals
5.6.2 Parseval's Theorem
5.7 Examples
5.7.1 The Box Signal
5.7.2 The Box Specturm
5.7.3 The Guassian
5.7.4 The Impulse Signal
5.7.5 The Impulse Train
5.8 Duality
5.9 Filtering and Convolution
5.9.1 Some Common Filters
5.10 The Fourier Transform Table
5.11 Discrete-Time Fourier Represetnations
5.11.1 The Discrete-Time Fourier Series
5.11.2 The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
5.12 Fourier Series and Transforms Summary
5.13 Convolution Revisited
5.14 Two-Dimensional Fourier Transforms
5.14.1 Continuous-Time 2D Fourier Transforms
5.14.2 Discrete-Time 2D Fourier Transforms
5.15 Higher-Order Transforms
5.16 The Fast Fourier Transform
5.17 Further Reading
5.18 Exercises
chap66 Wavelet Transforms
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Short-Time Fourier Transform
6.3 Scale and Resolution
6.4 The Dilation Equation and the Haar Transform
6.5 Decomposition and Reconstruction
6.5.1 Building the Operators
6.6 Compression
6.7 Coefficient Conditions
6.8 Multiresolution Analysis
6.9 Wavelets in the Fourier Domain
6.10 Two-Dimensional Wavelets
6.10.1 The Rectangular Wavelet Decomposition
6.10.2 The Square Wavelet Decomposition
6.11 Further Reading
6.12 Exercises
chap 77 Monte Carlo Integration
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Baisc Monte Carlo Ideas
7.3 Confidence
7.4 Blind Monte Carlo
7.4.1 Crude Monte Carlo
7.4.2 Rejection Monte Carlo
7.4.3 Blind Stratified Sampling
7.4.4 Quasi Monte Carlo
7.4.5 Weighted Monte Carlo
7.4.6 Multidimensional Weighted Monte Carlo
7.5 Informed Monte Carlo
7.5.1 Informed Stratified Sampling
7.5.2 Importance Sampling
7.5.3 Control Variates
7.5.4 Antithetic Variates
7.6 Adaptive Sampling
7.7 Other Approaches
7.8 Summary
7.9 Further Reading
7.10 Exercises
chap 88 Uniform Sampling and Reconstruction
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Sampling: Anti-Aliasing in a Pixel
8.1.2 Reconstruction: Evaluating Incident Light at a Point
8.1.3 Outline of this Chapter
8.1.4 Uniform Sampling and Reconstruction of a 1D Continuous Signal
8.1.5 What Signal are Bandlimited?
8.2 Reconstruction
8.2.1 Zero-Order Hold Reconstruction
8.3 Sampling in Two Dimensions
8.4 Two-Dimensional Reconstruction
8.5 Reconstruction in Image Space
8.5.1 The Box Reconstruction Filter
8.5.2 Other Reconstruction Filters
8.6 Supersampling
8.7 Further Reading
8.8 Exercises
chap99 Nonuniform Sampling and Reconstruction
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Variable Sampling Density
9.1.2 Trading Aliasing for Noise
9.1.3 Summary
9.2 Nonuniform Sampling
9.2.1 Adaptive Sampling
9.2.2 Aperiodic Sampling
9.2.3 Sampling Pattern Comparison
9.3 Informed Sampling
9.4 Stratified Sampling
9.4.1 Importance Sampling
9.4.2 Importance and Stratified Sampling
9.5 Interlude: The Duality of Aliasing and Noise
9.6 Nonuniform Reconstruction
9.7 Further REAding
9.8 Exercises
chap1010 Sampling and Reconstruction Techniques
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General Outline of Signal Estimation n
10.3 Initial Sampling Patterns
10.4 Uniform and Nonuniform Sampling
10.5 Initial Sampling
10.5.1 Uniform Sampling
10.5.2 Rectangular Lattice
10.5.3 Hexagonal Lattice
10.5.4 Triangular Lattice
10.5.5 Diamond Lattice
10.5.6 Comparison of Subdivided Hexagonal and Square Lattices
10.5.7 Nonuniform Sampling
10.5.8 Poisson Sampling
10.5.9 N-Rooks Sampling
10.5.10 Jitter Distribution
10.5.11 Poisson-Disk Pattern
10.5.12 Precomputed Poisson-Disk Patterns
10.5.13 Multiple-Scale Poisson-disk Patterns
10.5.14 Sampling Tiles
10.5.15 Dynamic Poisson-Disk Patterns
10.5.16 Importance Sampling
10.5.17 Multidimensional Patterns
10.5.18 Discussion
10.6 Refinement
10.6.1 Sample Intensity
10.7 Refinement Tests
10.7.1 Intensity Comparison Refinement Test
10.7.2 Contrast Refinement Test
10.7.3 Object-Based Refinement Test
10.7.4 Ray-Tree Comparison Refinement Test
10.7.5 Intensity Statistics Refinement Test
10.8 Refinement Sample Geometry
10.9 Refinement Geometry
10.9.1 Linear Bisection
10.9.2 Area Bisection
10.9.3 Nonuniform Geometry
10.9.4 Multiple-Level Sampling
10.9.5 Tree-Based Sampling
10.9.6 Multiple-Scale Template Refinement
10.10 Interpolation and Recontruction
10.10.1 Functional Techniques
10.10.2 Warping
10.10.3 Piecewise-Continuous Recontruction
10.10.5 Local Filtering
10.10.6 Yen's Method
10.10.7 Multistep Reconstruction
10.11 Further Reading
10.12 Exercises
Bibiography
Index
VOLUME II (UNITS III, IV, AND V)
III MATTER AND ENERGY
chap1111 Light
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Double-Slit Experiment
11.3 The Wave Nature of Light
11.4 Polarization
11.5 The Photoelectric Effect
11.6 Particle-Wave Duality
11.7 Reflection and Transmission
11.8 Index of Refraction
11.8.1 Sellmeier's Formula
11.8.2 Cauchy's Formula
11.9 Computing Specular Vectors
11.9.1 The Reflected Vector
11.9.2 Total Internal Reflection
11.9.3 Transmitted Vector
11.10 Further Reading
11.11 Exercises
chap1212 Energy Transport
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Rod Model
12.3 Particle Density and Flux
12.4 Scattering
12.4.1 Counting New Particles
12.5 The Scattering-Only Particle Distribution Equations
12.6 A More Complete Medium
12.6.1 Explicit Flux
12.6.2 Implicit Flux
12.7 Particle Transport in 3D
12.7.1 Points
12.7.2 Projected Areas
12.7.3 Directions
12.7.4 Solid Angles
12.7.5 Integrating over solid Angles
12.7.6 Direction Sets
12.7.7 Particles
12.7.8 Flux
12.8 Scattering in 3D
12.9 Components of 3D Transport
12.9.1 Streaming
12.9.2 Emission
12.9.3 Absorption
12.9.4 Outscattering
12.9.5 Inscattering
12.9.6 A Complete Transport Model
12.9.7 Isotropic Materials
12.10 Boundary Conditions
12.11 The Integral Form
12.11.1 An Example
12.11.2 The Integral Form of the Transport Equation
12.12 The Light Transport Equation
12.13 Further Reading
12.14 Exercises
chap1313 Radiometry
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Radiometric Conventions
13.3 Notation
13.4 Spherical Patches
13.5 Radiometric Terms
13.6 Radiometric Relations
13.6.1 Discussion of Radiance
13.6.2 Spectral Radiometry
13.6.3 Photometry
13.7 Reflectance
13.7.1 The BRDF fr
13.7.2 Reflectance p
13.7.3 Reflectance Factor R
13.8 Examples
13.8.1 Perfect Diffuse
13.8.2 Perfect Specular
13.9 Spherical Harmonics
13.10 Further Reading
13.11 Exercises
chap1414 Materials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Atomic Structure
14.3 Particle Statistics
14.3.1 Fermi-Dirac Statistics
14.4 Molecular Structure
14.4.1 Ionic Bonds
14.4.2 Molecular-Orbital Bonds
14.5 Radiation
14.6 Blackbodies
14.6.1 Bose-Einstein Statistics
14.7 Blackbody Energy Distribution
14.7.1 Constant Index of Refraction
14.7.2 Linear Index of Refraction
14.7.3 Radiators
14.8 Phosphors
14.9 Further Reading
14.10 Exercises
chap1515 Shading
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Lambert, Phong, and Blinn-Phong Shading Models
15.2.1 Diffuse Plus Specular
15.3 Cook-Torrance Shading Models
15.3.1 Torrance-Sparrow Microfacets
15.3.2 Fresnel's Formulas
15.3.3 Roughness
15.3.4 The Cook-Torrance Model
15.3.5 Polarization
15.4 Anistropy
15.4.1 The Kajiya Model
15.4.2 The Poulin-Fournier Model
15.5 The HTSG Model
15.6 Empirical Models
15.6.1 The Strauss Model
15.6.2 The Ward Model
15.6.3 The Programmable Model
15.7 Precomputed BRDF
15.7.1 Sampled Hemispheres
15.7.2 Spherical Harmonics
15.8 Volume Shading
15.8.1 Phase Functions
15.8.2 Atmospheric Modeling
15.8.3 The Earth's Ocean
15.8.4 The Kubelka-Munk Pigment Model
15.8.5 The Hanrahan-Krueger Multiple-Layer Model
15.9 Texture
15.10 Hierarchies of Scale
15.11 Color
15.12 Further Reading
15.13 Exercises
chap1616 Integral Equations
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of Integral Equations
16.3 Operators
16.3.1 Operator Norms
16.4 Solution Techniques
16.4.1 Residual Minimization
16.5 Degenerate Kernels
16.6 Symbolic Methods
16.6.1 The Fubini Theorem
16.6.2 Successive Substitution
16.6.3 Neumann Series
16.7 Numerical Approximations
16.7.1 Numerical Integration (Quadrature)
16.7.2 Method of Undetermined Coefficients
16.7.3 Quadrature on Expanded Functions
16.7.4 Nystrom Method
16.7.5 Monte Carlo Quadrature
16.8 Projection Methods
16.8.1 Projection
16.8.2 Pictures of the Function Space
16.8.3 Polynomial Collocation
16.8.4 Tchebyshev Approximation
16.8.5 Least Squares
16.8.6 Galerkin
16.8.7 Wavelets
16.8.8 Discussion
16.9 Monte Carlo Estimation
16.9.1 Random Walks
16.9.2 Path Tracing
16.9.3 The Importance Function
16.10 Singularities
16.10.1 Removal
16.10.2 Factorization
16.10.3 Divide and Conquer
16.10.4 Coexistence
16.11 Further Reading
16.12 Exercises
chap1717 The Radiance Equation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Forming the Radiance Equation
17.2.1 BDF
17.2.2 Phosphorescence
17.2.3 Fluorescence
17.2.4 FRE
17.3 TIGRE
17.4 VTIGRE
17.5 Solving for L
17.6 Further Reading
17.7 Exercises
IV RENDERING
chap1818 Radiosity
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Classical Radiosity
18.2.1 Collocation Solution
18.2.2 Galerkin Solution
18.2.3 Classical Radiosity Solution
18.2.4 Higher-Order Radiosity
18.3 Solving the Matrix Equation
18.3.1 Jacobi Iteration
18.3.2 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
18.3.3 Southwell Iteration
18.3.4 Overrelaxation
18.4 Solving Radiosity Matrices
18.4.1 Jacobi Iteration
18.4.2 Gauss-Seidel Iteration
18.4.3 Southwell Iteration
18.4.4 Progressive Refinement
18.4.5 Overrelaxation
18.4.6 Comparison
18.5 Form Factors
18.5.1 Analytic Methods
18.5.2 Contour Integration
18.5.3 Physical Devices
18.5.4 Projection
18.5.5 Discussion
18.6 Hierarchical Radiosity
18.6.1 One Step of HR
18.6.2 Adaptive HR
18.6.3 Importance HR
18.6.4 Discussion
18.7 Meshing
18.8 Shooting Power
18.9 Extensions to Classical Radiosity
18.10 Further Reading
18.11 Exercises
chap1919 Ray Tracing
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Photon and Visibility Tracing
19.3 Visibility Tracing
19.3.1 Strata Sets
19.3.2 Applying Resolved Strata
19.3.3 Direct and Indirect Illumination
19.3.4 Discussion
19.4 Photon Tracing
19.5 Bidirectional Ray-Tracing Methods
19.6 Hybrid Algorithms
19.7 Ray-Tracing Volumes
19.8 Further Reading
19.9 Exercises
chap2020 Rendering and Images
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Postprocessing
20.2.1 A Nonlinear Observer Model
20.2.2 Image-Based Processing
20.2.3 Linear Processing
20.3 Feedback Rendering
20.3.1 Illumination Painting
20.3.2 Subjective Constraints
20.3.3 Device-Directed Rendering
20.4 Further Reading
20.5 Exercise
chap2121 The Future
21.1 Technical Progress
21.1.1 Physical Optics
21.1.2 Volume Rendering
21.1.3 Information Theory
21.1.4 Beyond Photo-Realism: Subjective Rendering
21.2 Other Directions
21.3 Summary
V APPENDICES
appaA Linear Algebra
A.1 General Notation
A.2 Linear Spaces
A.2.1 Norms
A.2.2 Inf and Sup
A.2.3 Metrics
A.2.4 Completeness
A.2.5 Inner Products
A.3 Function Spaces
A.4 Further Reading
appbB Probability
B.1 Events and Probability
B.2 Total Probability
B.3 Repeated Trials
B.4 Random Variables
B.5 Measures
B.6 Distributions
B.7 Geometric Series
B.8 Further Reading
appcC Historical Notes
C.1 Specular Reflection and Transmission
C.1.1 Specular Reflection
C.1.2 Specular Transmission
appdD Analytic Form Factors
D.1 Differential and Finite Surfaces
D.1.1 Differential to Differential
D.1.2 Differential to Finite
D.1.3 Finite to Finite
D.2 Two Polygons
appeE Constants and Units
appfF Luminaire Standards
F.1 Terminology
F.2 Notation
F.3 The IES Standard
F.3.1 The Big Picture
F.3.2 The Tilt Block
F.3.3 The Photometry Block
F.4 The CIE Standard
F.4.1 The Main Block
F.4.2 The Measurement Block
F.4.3 The Photometry Block
appgG Reference Data
G.1 Material Data
G.2 Human Data
G.3 Light Sources
G.4 Phosphors
G.5 Macbeth ColorChecker
G.6 Real Objects
Bibliography
Index
- Edition: 1
- Published: June 28, 2014
- Imprint: Morgan Kaufmann
- Language: English
AG
Andrew S. Glassner
Andrew Glassner's contributions to computer graphics span 20 years. His work at Microsoft Research, Xerox PARC, the IBM Watson Research Labs, Bell Communications Research, and the Delft University of Technology has produced numerous technical articles on rendering theory and practice, animation, modeling, and new media. He currently creates new computer graphics tools at Microsoft Research. Among his recent work is Chicken Crossing, a 3D animated short film that has been shown internationally at film festivals and on television, and Dead Air, an interactive game for play over the Internet. Dr. Glassner is the author of the two volume bible, Principles of Digital Image Synthesis and 3D Computer Graphics: A Handbook for Artists and Designers. He has also edited An Introduction to Ray Tracing, and created the Graphics Gems series for programmers.
Affiliations and expertise
Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CaliforniaRead Principles of Digital Image Synthesis on ScienceDirect