Principles of Bone X-Ray Diagnosis

Preface to the Third EditionPreface to the Second EditionAcknowledgmentsIntroductionDefinition of TermsChapter 1 Alterations in Bone Shape Alterations in Length-Breadth Relationship Short and Wide—Achondroplasia Chondro-Osteodystrophy Long and Thin—Osteogenesis Imperfecta (Fragilitas Ossium) Muscular Paralysis Exaggeration of Size—Acromegaly Regional Alterations In Shape Congenital Growth Defects Regional Deformities due to Disease Local Enlargement of the Bones of a Limb Local Bony Protuberance Exostosis External Chondroma Local Bone Deficiency Collapse of a Single Vertebra Vertebral Osteochondritis Xanthomatous Deposit Traumatic and Post-Traumatic Collapse Vascular Lesion Hydatid Cyst Neoplastic Secondary Deposit Neoplastic Secondary Deposit with Disc Intrusion Benign Tumor Developmental Defect Inflammatory Lesion (Non-Tuberculous) with Collapse Tuberculous Lesion with Vertebral Collapse Paget's Disease Spinal Osteoporosis with Collapse of a Single Vertebra Deformity from Softening of the Bones Triradiate Pelvis Protrusio Acetabulae Bowing of the Long BonesChapter 2 Alterations in the Position of a Bone Congenital Elevation of the Scapulae Depressed Sternum Genu Valgum Spondylolisthesis Congenital Dislocation of the Hip Displaced Patella Congenital Vertical Talus Hallux Valgus ScoliosisChapter 3 Abnormalities in the Region of the Epiphyses Alteration in the Maturity of the Epiphyses Acceleration of Epiphyseal Maturity Retardation of Epiphyseal Maturity Acceleration or Retardation of Epiphyseal Fusion Generalized Abnormalities in the Region of the Epiphyses Developmental Defects Endocrine Epiphyseal Defects Epiphyseal Disorders and Osteomalacia Epiphyseal Disorders due to Enzyme Defect Dietetic Epiphyseal Disorders with Osteoporosis Metaphyseal Disorders from Heavy Metal Deposition Delayed Growth Abnormality of a Single Epiphyseal Region Osteochondritis of the Femoral Head (Perthes' Disease) Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis (Adolescent Coxa Vara) Osteochondritis of the Tibial Tuberosity (Osgood-Schlatter Disease) Osteochondritis of a Metatarsal Epiphysis Osteochondritis of the Navicular (Köhler's Disease) Osteochondritis of the Primary Center of a Vertebral Body Osteochondritis of the Secondary Center of a Vertebral Body (Scheuermann's Uncommon Sites of Epiphyseal Fragmentation (Osteochondritis, Epiphysitis)Chapter 4 Increase in Bone Density Generalized Increase In Bone Density Developmental Osteopoikilosis Myelosclerosis Fluorosis Hypervitaminosis Secondary Deposits Paget's Disease Increase in Bone Density Confined to Metaphyseal Region Heavy Metal Deposition Renal Osteosclerosis and Hyperparathyroidism Increase In Density of a Single Vertebra Secondary Deposit of Carcinoma Hodgkin's Disease Paget's Disease Local Vascular Disorder Low-Grade Chronic Osteomyelitis Benign Tumor or Developmental Defect Primary Bone Sarcoma Isolated Increase in Bone Density in a Limb Bone, Rib or Pelvis Developmental Defect Deep Bone Infarct Healing Cyst Avascular Necrosis or Osteochondritis Secondary Deposit Sclerosing Osteitis and Sarcoma Condensans Ilii Osteoid Osteoma Isolated Increase In Density in the Skull or Facial Bones Anatomical Variations Hyperostosis Frontalis Meningioma Inflammatory Lesion Secondary Deposit Fibrous Dysplasia and Ossifying Fibroma Leontiasis Ossea Paget's DiseaseChapter 5 New Bone and Calcification outside the Cortex (Periosteal Shadow or Periostitis) Post-Traumatic Periosteal Shadow Infantile Non-Traumatic Cortical Hyperostosis Non-Traumatic Haematoma Stress, Fatigue and Pseudo-Fracture Stress Fracture of a Metatarsal (March Fracture) Stress or Fatigue (Pseudo-Fracture) of the Tibia in Children and Athletes Stress Fracture of a Rib Pseudo-Fracture (Looser Zone) Post-Irradiation Fractures Inflammatory Conditions Pyogenic or Typhoid Bone Infections Syphilitic Bone Lesions Tuberculous Bone Lesions Fungus Infections of Bone Benign Neoplasm Osteoid Osteoma Malignant Neoplasm Vascular Disorders Varicose Veins and Arterial Occlusion Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy Associated with General Diseases Idiopathic Hypertrophie Osteoarthropathy Pachydermo-Periostosis Developmental Periosteal Bone Thickening Melorheostosis (Leri)Chapter 6 Widespread and Regional Reduction in Bone Density Diagnostic Criteria and Techniques Widespread Reduction in Bone Density Mechanisms Leading to Reduction in Bone Density Diseases Causing Widespread Reduction in Bone Density Coarsened Trabecular Pattern Associated with Decrease in Bone Density Hyperparathyroidism Haemoglobinopathy (Hereditary Abnormalities of Haemoglobin) Alimentary Tract Disorders Heritable Enzyme Defect Paget's Disease Patchy Decrease in Bone Density Multiple Secondary Deposits from a Carcinoma Multiple Myelomatosis Old Age Haemopoietic Diseases Decreased Bone Density in One Region or Group or Bones Spinal Under-Mineralization Decrease In Bone Density in Part of a Limb due to Disuse or Sepsis Post-Traumatic and Idiopathic Atrophy (Südeck)Chapter 7 A Relatively Transradiant Area in a Bone Introduction Well-Demarcated Transradiant Area within a Bone Simple Cysts of Uncertain Aetiology Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica in Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism Developmental Defects Tumors Histiocyte and Non-Specific Granulomas Histiocytosis (Gaucher's Disease) Sarcoid Infective Conditions Hydatid Cysts Post-Traumatic Cyst-Like Transradiancy Haemophilia with Haemorrhagic Bone Cyst Cyst-Like Transradiancy in Association with Arthritis Well-Demarcated Transradiant Area with Cortical Thinning and Gross Bone Expansion Simple Cyst of Uncertain Origin Hyperparathyroidism (Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica) Developmental Defects Neoplasm Infection Well-Demarcated Erosion of the Surface of a Bone Pressure Erosion Developmental Defect and Implantation Dermoid Hyperparathyroidism Urate Deposit Rheumatoid Arthritis Surface Absorption of the Tip of a Terminal Phalanx Surface Erosion of the Articular Cortex—Osteochondritis Dissecans Poorly-Demarcated Transradiant Area within the Bone Malignant Neoplasm—Primary Bone or Secondary Deposit Fibrous Dysplasia Haemangioma Xanthomatous Granuloma Tuberculous Lesion Poorly-Demarcated Erosion of the Surface of a Bone Intercostal Arteries Malignant Neoplasm Xanthomatous Granuloma Tuberculosis A Transradiant Area in the Vault of the Skull Anatomical Variations Development Defects Acquired Lesions Response to an Intracranial Lesion Direct Invasion from Scalp NeoplasmChapter 8 Combination of Shadows Periosteal Opacity and Erosion Pyogenic Inflammation Tuberculous Inflammation Syphilis Fungus Infection Cysts and Innocent Tumors Malignant Neoplasm Differential Diagnosis Periosteal Shadow and Sclerosis Low-Grade Chronic Osteomyelitis Diaphyseal Dysplasia (Engelmann) Osteoid Osteoma Syphilis Malignant Neoplasm Periosteal Opacity with Erosion and Sclerosis Chronic Osteomyelitis Chronic Localized Bone Abscess Osteoid Osteoma Malignant NeoplasmChapter 9 Alterations in the Bone Architecture Paget's Disease Paget's Disease and Sarcoma of BoneChapter 10 Alterations in Joint Space (Arthritis) and Associated Bone Changes Introduction The Diminished Joint Space Associated Bone Changes Difficulties of Classification Arthritis of Known Cause Pyogenic Arthritis (Septic Arthritis) Gonococcal Arthritis Virus Arthritis Tuberculous Arthritis Haemophilia with Arthritis (Hemorrhage into a Joint) Arthritis of Unknown Cause Classical Rheumatoid Arthritis Unusual Manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis Arthritis in Association with Other Diseases Ankylosing Spondylitis (Rheumatoid Spondylitis—U.S.A.) Arthritis of Partly-Known Origin Osteoarthritis Intra-Articular Loose Bodies Neuropathic Arthritis Metabolic Defect with Arthritis Narrowing of the Intervertebral Disc SpacesChapter 11 Some Hints on X-Ray Technique Plain Radiographs To Acquire Good Detail To Acquire Good Contrast Good Positioning Measurement of Bone Length Tomography Selection and Spacing of Layers Simultaneous Multisection Tomography Value of Tomography Injection of Sinuses Avoidance of Excessive RadiationChapter 12 Bone in Unusual Sites and Calcifications in or near a Joint Bone in Muscles and Tendons Myositis Ossificans Ossification in a Tendon Calcifications in Structures in or near a Joint Calcification in a Joint Cartilage Calcification in a Joint Capsule Calcification in or near a Joint Ligament Calcification in or near the Supraspinatus Tendon Calcifications near The Finger Joints Calcification in Tuberculous Synovitis Calcification in a Bursa Over a Joint or a Synovial Cyst Calcifications in Tumors near Bone Calcification or Ossification in a Joint Calcifications in MusclesAppendix—Additional TablesReferencesIndex