Principles and Practice of Pediatric Sleep Medicine

3rd Edition - July 16, 2022
Editors: Stephen H. Sheldon, Meir H. Kryger, David Gozal, Temitayo O. Oyegbile-Chidi, Craig Canapari
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 5 6 6 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 5 6 8 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 5 6 7 - 2

Globally recognized as the definitive resource for any health practitioner who treats children, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Sleep Medicine provides state-of-the-… Read more

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Globally recognized as the definitive resource for any health practitioner who treats children, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Sleep Medicine provides state-of-the-art information on virtually all sleep-related problems encountered in pediatric patients. Written by preeminent sleep medicine experts Drs. Stephen H. Sheldon, Meir H. Kryger, David Gozal, and Craig Canapari, this full-color 3rd Edition equips you with a complete understanding of both medical and psychiatric pediatric sleep disorders in one convenient, trustworthy resource.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
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Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Part I: Principles
1. History of Pediatric Sleep Medicine
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Overview
Introduction
Development of Pediatrics as a Unique Discipline
Development of Sleep Medicine as a Unique Discipline
Summary
References
2. Development of Sleep in Infants and Children
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Sleep Onset
Wake
Transitional Sleep
Stage N2 Sleep
Stage N3 Sleep
Stage REM Sleep
Normal Course of Evolution of Sleep Across The Night
References
3. Chronobiology and Circadian Rhythm Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Abstract
Introduction
The Two-Process Model
Circadian Rhythm Sleep–Wake Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment
Delayed Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
Advanced Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
Irregular Sleep–Wake Rhythm Disorder
Non–24-Hour Sleep–Wake Phase Disorder
Conclusion
References
4. Sleep During Adolescence
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Sleep-Wake Patterns
Sleep-Wake Regulation
Changes to Sleep-Wake Regulation Across Adolescence
Psychosocial Context
Acknowledgments
References
5. Pharmacology of Sleep in Children
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
General Principles for Medication Use inPediatric Insomnia
Specific Medications Used for Pediatric Insomnia
Summary
References
Key References
Recommended Readings
6. Promoting Healthy Sleep Practices
Abstract
Introduction
Building Safe Sleep Practices
Adequate Sleep Duration
Bedtime Routines and Sleep-Onset Associations
Contributing Factors
Summary
References
Part II: Diagnosis
7. Taking a Sleep History
Abstract
Introduction
Developing a Differential Diagnosis: Process of Solving Clinical Problems
The Physical Examination
Other Assessments
References
8. Differential Diagnosis in Pediatric Sleep Medicine
Abstract
Differential Diagnosis
Pediatric Insomnia (Problem Sleeplessness)
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (Problem Sleepiness)
Arousals/Awakenings
Regularity and Duration of Sleep
Sleep Breathing Disorders
References
Part III: Clinical Practice
Section I: The Insomnia (Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep)
9. Sleep and Colic
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Terminology and Definitions
Properties and “Natural Course”
Prevalence
Pathogenesis
Outcome and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Infantile Colic and Sleep Problems
References
10. Sleep and Gastroesophageal Reflux
Abstract
Introduction
Esophageal Physiology
Mechanisms of Gastroesophageal Reflux
Esophageal Physiology During Sleep
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Diagnosis
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
11. Sleep and Pain
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Bidirectional Relationship of Pain and Sleep
Methods of Sleep Assessment
Psychologic Interventions/Treatments
Pharmacologic Interventions
Conclusion
References
12. Enuresis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
Abstract
Abstract
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Secondary Nocturnal Enuresis
Therapeutic Options in Children With Nocturnal Enuresis
Summary: Clinical Implications and Future Research
Future Research: “The Central Hypothesis”
References
13. Bedtime Problems and Nightwakings
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Summary
References
14. Attention Deficit, Hyperactivity, and Sleep Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep Disturbances and Comorbidity of Neurocognitive and Behavioral Deficits
OBJECTIVES
Shared Neurobiology of Sleep and Wakefulness, and Regulation of Behavior and Executive Function
Psychotropic Medications Frequently Used in Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Effects on Sleep
Conceptualizing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Its Inherent Heterogeneity
Primary Sleep Disorders or Conditions Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Behavioral Management of Sleep Disturbances in Youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Future Directions
References
15. Sleep and Its Disturbances in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Causes of Sleep Problems in Children with ASD
References
16. Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Obesity in Children
Sleep and the Components of Metabolic Syndrome
Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Obese Children
Summary
References
Section II: The Hypersomnias
17. Narcolepsy
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Case Presentation
Management
Future Directions
References
18. Idiopathic Hypersomnia
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Evaluation of Sleepiness in Children
Clinical Presentation
Differential Diagnosis of Idiopathic Hypersomnolence
Treatment
Summary
References
19. Kleine-Levin Syndrome and Recurrent Hypersomnias
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Characteristics
Etiology
Evaluation
Treatment
References
20. Posttraumatic and Post-Neurosurgical Hypersomnia
Abstract
References
21. Medication-Related Hypersomnia
Abstract
Introduction
Hypersomnia
Sleep–Wake Continuum: Anatomy and Its Substrates
Abuse or Misuse of Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medications Contributing to Hypersomnia
Medications That Result in Sleepiness as Either an Intended or Unintended Consequence
Other Medications That Can Cause Daytime Sleepiness
Complementary Alternative Medications
Cannabinoids
Evaluating Hypersomnia Resulting From Medications: Considerations for the Clinician
Summary
References
Section III: Sleep & Breathing Disorders
22. Normal Respiratory Physiology During Sleep in Infants and Children
Abstract
Introduction
Thoracic Cage and Pulmonary Mechanics
Response to Mechanical Loading of the Respiratory System During Sleep
Maintenance of Upper Airway Patency During Sleep in Normal Children
Ventilation During Sleep in Normal Children
Control of Ventilation During Sleep
Normal Arousal from Sleep
Summary
References
23. Apnea of Prematurity
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Relevance
Treatment
References
24. Apnea of Infancy and Apparent Life-Threatening Events
Abstract
Definitions of Apparent Life-Threatening Events and Brief Resolved Unexplained Events
Relationship Between Apparent Life-Threatening Events and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Should All Apparent Life-Threatening Events Infants be Admitted?
Long-Term Follow-Up: Home Monitoring
Impact of the New American Academy of Pediatrics Brief Resolved Unexplained Event Guidelines
Summary
References
25. Primary Snoring
Abstract
Primary Snoring
Future Directions
References
26. Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Childhood: Pathophysiology and Clinical Characteristics
Abstract
Definitions
Pathophysiology
OSA and Obesity
OSA and Asthma
OSA and Inflammation
OSA in Infants
Clinical Characteristics
Clinical Consequences of OSA
Summary
References
27. Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
Introduction
Nomenclature
Clinical History
Physical Examination
Questionnaires
Imaging Studies
Airway Endoscopy
Metabolic Testing
Video/Audio Recordings
Overnight Polysomnography
Normative Polysomnographic Data
Domiciliary Studies
Night-to-Night Polysomnographic Variability
Diagnostic and Event Classification
Phenotyping/Endotyping Classification
Ancillary Testing
Special Considerations in Infants
Conclusions
References
28. Ambulatory Monitoring in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
Gold Standard for Diagnosis: In-Lab Polysomnogram (PSG)
Factors in Diagnosis
Can Ambulatory Monitoring Provide the Essential Elements to Diagnose Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children?
Portable Monitoring Classifications
Other Monitoring Options
Currently Experimental Noncontact Methods for Assessing Sleep-Disordered Breathing in the Home
Children Are Not Small Adults
Conclusion
References
29. Cognitive and Behavioral Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
Introduction
Behavior
Cognition
Causality
Potential Mechanisms
Summary
References
30. Cardiovascular Consequences of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
Introduction
SDB-Related Cardiac and Vascular Dysfunction
Conclusion
References
31. Metabolic Consequences of Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep Curtailment, Irregular Sleep, and Obesity
Obesity as a Risk Factor of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea May Promote Obesity and Its Consequences
References
32. Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Cystic Fibrosis and Asthma
Abstract
Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Cystic Fibrosis and Asthma
Introduction to Cystic Fibrosis
Factors Affecting Sleep in Cystic Fibrosis
Polysomnography Findings in Cystic Fibrosis
Poor Sleep Quality
Conclusions
Introduction to Asthma
Asthma and Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Pathophysiologic Overlap Between Asthma and Sleep-Disordered Breathing
Asthma and Sleep Quality
Conclusions
References
33. Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Allergic Disorders
Abstract
Introduction to Allergic Disease
Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Allergy
Bidirectional Relationship between Sleep and Allergy
Asthma
Allergic Rhinitis
Atopic Dermatitis
Other Allergic Conditions to Consider
Conclusion
References
34. Treatment of Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Treatment Options
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation
Supplemental Oxygen
Weight Loss/Role of Bariatric Surgery
Watchful Waiting
Summary
References
35. The Otolaryngologist Approach to Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
History
Physical Exam
Medical Therapy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
Adenotonsillectomy for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children
Additional Surgical Alternatives
Conclusions
References
36. Sleep Disordered Breathing: A Dental Perspective
Abstract
Introduction
Etiology of Malocclusion
Pediatric Oral Health and Sleep
Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Treatment Options for Pediatric SDB/OSA
Summary and Future Considerations
References
37. CPAP Therapy for OSA in Children
Abstract
Understanding Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
Titration Studies and AutoPAP Therapy
Safety and Benefits of Positive Airway Pressure Use for the Treatment of Childhood OSAS
Positive Airway Pressure Adherence and Factors Affecting Positive Airway Pressure Compliance
Device and Mask Factors
Positive Airway Pressure Device Compliance Monitoring and a Follow-Up
Positive Airway Pressure Desensitization
High-Flow Nasal Cannula
Summary
References
38. Noninvasive Ventilation in Neuromuscular Disease
Abstract
References
39. Novel Pharmacologic Approaches for Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Abstract
CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS
Introduction
Evidence of Local Upper Airway and Systemic Inflammation in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Leukotriene and Leukotriene Receptors
Glucocorticoid Receptors and Corticosteroids in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
References
40. Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology and Neuroanatomy
Diagnosis
Phenotype
Management
Outcomes
Recommended Resources
References
41. Rapid-Onset Obesity with Hypothalamic Dysfunction, Hypoventilation, and Autonomic Dysregulation Syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis and Presentation
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Outcomes
Additional Considerations
References
Section IV: Parasomnias
42. Disorders of Arousal
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Description
Pathophysiology of Disorders of Arousal
Genetics of Disorders of Arousal
Sleep Homeostasis and Disorders of Arousal
Polysomnography in Disorders of Arousal
Clinical Evaluation of Children With Disorders of Arousal
Polysomnography
Treatment of Children With Disorders of Arousal
Summary
References
43. REM Sleep Parasomnia in Children
Abstract
Introduction
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Conclusions
References
Section V: Movement Disorders
44. Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Leg Movements, and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Abstract
Introduction
Symptoms and Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder and Periodic Leg Movements
Pathophysiology of Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
The Genetics of Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
The Diagnosis of Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in Children
Restless Legs Syndrome and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Restless Legs Syndrome and Restless Sleep Disorder in Children
Treatment and Management of Restless Legs Syndrome/Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
References
45. Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Assessment of Rhythmic Movements Surrounding the Sleep Period
Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
References
Section VI: Sleep in Medical Disorders and Special Populations
46. Sleep and Sleep Disorders in Children with Epilepsy
Abstract
Questionnaire-Based Studies on the Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in Children with Epilepsy
Non–Rapid Eye Movement Activator and Rapid Eye Movement Neuroprotective of Interictal Epileptiform Activity and Seizures
Sleep-Related Epilepsies
Diagnosing Sleep-Related Epilepsy
Effects of Vagal Nerve Stimulation on Respiration During Sleep
Treating Sleep Disorders in Children with Epilepsy
Conclusion
References
47. Neoplasms and Sleep: Impact and Implications
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanisms of Sleep Disturbance
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Insomnia
Fatigue
Demographic and Treatment Variables Related to Differences in Sleep Problems
Impact of Sleep Disturbance
Interventions
Summary
References
48. Sleep in Psychiatric Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Sleep in Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder
Sleep in Childhood Anxiety and Related Disorders
Shared Factors and Mechanisms of Interest for Anxiety and Related Disorders
Psychosocial Treatment
Pharmacologic Treatment
References
49. School Start Times
Abstract
Chapter Highlights
Introduction
Conclusion
References
Section VII: Scoring and Assessment of Sleep and Related Physiological Events
50. Polysomnography and Multiple Sleep Latency Test
Abstract
Introduction
Indications for Polysomnography
Organization of Sleep Services in the Context of the Sleep Study
Running the Polysomnogram
The Multiple Sleep Latency Test
Scoring and Interpreting the Data
Summary
References
Part IV: Atlas
Section I: Normal Development
51. The Premature Infant
Abstract
Introduction
References
52. Infants 0–3 Months
Abstract
Infant at Term
Two-Month-Old Infant
53. Infants 3–6 Months
Abstract
4-Month-Old Infant
54. Infants 6–12 Months
Abstract
9-Month-Old
55. Toddler 12 Months to 2 Years
Abstract
1-Year-Old
2-Year-Old
56. Children 2–5 Years Old
Abstract
4-Year-Old
57. School-Age Children 5–10 Years Old
Abstract
9-Year-Old
Section II: Disorders
58. Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Abstract
Definitions
59. Partial Arousal Disorders: Parasomnias
Abstract
NREM PARASOMNIAS
REM SLEEP PARASOMNIAS
60. Central Hypersomnias
Abstract
Central Hypersomnias
61. Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Abstract
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
62. Sleep-Related Seizures and Epilepsy
Abstract
Spike and Wave Activity
Generalized Tonic/Clonic Seizure
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey

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Principles and Practice of Pediatric Sleep Medicine

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Stephen H. Sheldon

Meir H. Kryger