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Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases
2nd Edition - February 10, 2017
Editors: Louis R. Caplan, Jose Biller, Megan C. Leary, Eng H. Lo, Ajith J Thomas, Midori Yenari, John H. Zhang
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 3 0 5 8 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 3 0 5 9 - 2
Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, Second Edition, is a handy reference source for scientists, students, and physicians needing reliable, up-to-date information on basic… Read more
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Primer on Cerebrovascular Diseases, Second Edition, is a handy reference source for scientists, students, and physicians needing reliable, up-to-date information on basic mechanisms, physiology, pathophysiology, and medical issues related to brain vasculature. The book consists of short, specific chapters written by international experts on cerebral vasculature, presenting the information in a comprehensive and easily accessible manner.
Numerous changes have occurred in the field since the publication of the first edition in 1997, particularly our understanding of the genetic aspects of cerebrovascular disease. This updated edition reflects the advances made over the last two decades, not only demonstrating the promise for therapy, but also for a molecular understanding of cerebrovascular diseases. The new edition includes new and expanded topics, including carotid stenting, Iatrogenic causes of stroke, axonal transport and injury, RNAIs, proteomics, and more.
2018 BMA Medical Book Awards Highly Commended in Neurology.
- Provides concise chapters on topics in cerebral blood flow and metabolism, pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disorders, diagnostic testing, and management in a comprehensive and accessible format
- Written by international leading authorities on cerebral vasculature
- Provides up-to-date information on practical applications of basic research and the main clinical issues facing the community, such as axonal transport and proteomics
Advanced graduate students, researchers, and clinicians in the fields of neuroscience, neurology, neurosurgery, and pharmacology and physiology
Section I. Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 1. Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Hemodynamics
- Introduction
- Anatomical Considerations
- Overview of Cerebral Hemodynamics
- Conclusion
Chapter 2. Cerebral Microcirculation
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Physiology of Microcirculation
- Neurovascular Unit and Coupling
- Microcirculation After Stroke and Thrombolysis
- Microvascular Dysfunction and Dementia
- Capillary Transit Time Heterogeneity as a Measure of Capillary Dysfunction
Chapter 3. The Glymphatic System and Brain Interstitial Fluid Homeostasis
- Introduction
- Interstitial Solute Clearance
- Perivascular Bulk Flow and the Glymphatic System
- Terminal Efflux Routes
- Physiological Roles of Perivascular Exchange and Cerebral Lymphatics
- Pathological Roles of Perivascular Cerebrospinal Fluid–Interstitial Fluid Exchange
- Conclusion
Chapter 4. Cerebrospinal Fluid: Formation, Absorption, Markers, and Relationship to Blood–Brain Barrier
- Introduction
- Blood–Brain Interfaces
- Blood–CSF Interface
- CSF–Blood Interface
- CSF Pressure
- Blood–Brain Barrier Interface
- Pathological Changes in the Capillary
- Conclusion
Chapter 5. Anatomy of Cerebral Veins and Dural Sinuses
- Introduction
- Dural Venous Sinuses
- Cerebral Veins
Chapter 6. Cerebral Vasa Vasorum
- Introduction
- Structure, Function, and Localization
- Cerebral Vasa Vasorum Neovascularization
- Molecular Imaging and Detection
- Clinical Significance in Disease
Chapter 7. Cerebral Vascular Muscle
- Introduction
- Myogenic Tone: Role of TRP Channels
- Mechanisms Underlying Vasodilation
- CADASIL: A Vascular Muscle Defect That Reduces Cerebral Blood Flow and Impairs Cognitive Function
- Summary
Chapter 8. Endothelium
- Introduction
- Endothelium and Vascular Tone
- Endothelium and Thrombosis
- Endothelium and Oxidative Stress
- Endothelium and Inflammation
- Endothelium and the RhoA/Rho-Kinase Pathway
- Endothelium and Angiogenesis
- Therapeutic Strategies to Maintain Cerebral Endothelial Function
- Funding Statement
Chapter 9. Development and Maintenance of the Blood–Brain Barrier
- Introduction
- Cell Types of the Neurovascular Unit
- Development
- Conclusion
Chapter 10. Cerebral Autoregulation
- Introduction: From Static to Dynamic
- Mechanisms Underlying Cerebral Autoregulation
- Cerebral Autoregulation in Hypertension and Neurological Diseases
Chapter 11. Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation (Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Nitric Oxide)
- Introduction
- Physiological Responses of CO2
- Mechanisms of Action of CO2
- Conclusion
- Physiological Responses of O2
- Mechanisms of Action of O2
- Conclusion
- Physiological Responses of Nitric Oxide
- Conclusion
Chapter 12. CBF–Metabolism Coupling
- Introduction
- CBF Measurements
- CBF and Metabolism Coupling
- Neuronal Coupling to CBF and Metabolism
- Role of Astrocytes
- Uncoupling Between CBF and Metabolism
Chapter 13. Perivascular Neurotransmitter Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow
- Introduction
- Sensory Nervous System
Chapter 14. Adenosine and Its Receptors Update: Influence on Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF)
- Introduction
- Adenosine Background
- Data Supporting Ado’s Role in Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation
- Conclusion
Chapter 15. Cerebrovascular Activity of Peptides Generated by Central Nervous System
- Introduction
- Endothelins
- The Kallikrein–Kinin System
Chapter 16. Eicosanoids in Cerebrovascular Diseases
- Introduction
- Production of Eicosanoids
- The Eicosanoid-Producing Enzymes
- Contributions to Stroke Injury
- Conclusion and Outlook
Chapter 17. Neurogenesis in Cerebrovascular Disease
- Introduction
- Adult Neurogenesis
- Cerebrovascular Disease and Neurogenesis
- Functional Significance of Neurogenesis in Cerebrovascular Disease
- Mechanisms of Neurogenesis-Mediated Repair
- Conclusion
Chapter 18. Gliogenesis
- Introduction
- Radial Glia Gives Rise to Neurons and Glial Cells During Development
- Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis Take Place in SVZ or SGZ in Adult Brain
- Intrinsic Factors for Gliogenesis Regulation
- Gliogenesis After Brain Injury
- Conclusion
Chapter 19. Vascular Remodeling After Cerebral Ischemia
- Neovascularization After Cerebral Ischemia and Hypoxia
- Angiogenesis After Ischemia and Hypoxia
- Vasculogenesis and the Role of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
- Arteriogenesis and the Remodeling of Collateral Vessels After Stroke or Cerebral Hypoperfusion
- Therapies to Promote Poststroke Neovascularization
Section II. Pathophysiology
Chapter 20. An Overview of Atherosclerosis
- Introduction
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis
- Pathology
Chapter 21. Thrombosis
- Introduction
- Physiology: Homeostatic System
- Role of Platelets
- Role of Vascular Endothelium
- Fibrinolysis
- Thrombotic Mechanisms
- Antithrombotic Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
Chapter 22. Histopathology of Cerebral Ischemia and Stroke
- Introduction
- Cerebral Infarction
- Astrocyte and Vascular Changes
- Inflammatory Events
- White Matter Changes
- Ischemic Penumbra
- Selective Ischemic Cell Death
- Summary
Chapter 23. Histopathology of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Histopathological Changes
- Summary
Chapter 24. Pathophysiology of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation in the Brain
- Introduction
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation
- Intervention Strategies for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
- Conclusion
Chapter 25. Pathophysiology of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Early Brain Injury, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia
- Introduction
- Aneurysm Formation
- Etiology of SAH
- Early Brain Injury
- Delayed Cerebral Ischemia
- Conclusion
Chapter 26. Pathophysiology of Ischemic White Matter Injury
- Cellular Anatomy of White Matter
Chapter 27. Central Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia: The Role of Glia
- Introduction
- Neuroinflammatory Response of Microglia to Cerebral Ischemia
- Neuroinflammatory Response of Astrocytes to Cerebral Ischemia
- Astrocyte–Microglia Cross Talk Following Cerebral Ischemia
- Conclusions
Chapter 28. Pathophysiology of the Peripheral Immune Response in Acute Ischemic Stroke
- Cerebral Ischemia and Inflammation
- Immune Cells Participating in Ischemic Injury and Tissue Repair
- Immune Cell Entry Into the Ischemic Brain
- Alterations of the Peripheral Immune System After Stroke
- Conclusion
Chapter 29. Cytotoxic and Vasogenic Brain Edema
- Introduction
- Normal Fluid Movement in the Brain
- Cerebral Edema
- Imaging and Monitoring Brain Edema
- Treatment
- Conclusion
Chapter 30. Spreading Depolarizations
- Basic Characteristics
- Impact on Injury Outcome
- Natural History of SDs in Injured Brain
- Trigger Factors and Modulators
- Detection of SDs
- Therapeutic Targeting of SDs
- Conclusion
Chapter 31. Hypertension
- Introduction
- Vascular Function
- Blood–Brain Barrier
- Vascular Structure
- Consequences of Vascular Disease During Hypertension
Chapter 32. Risk Factors: Diabetes
- Introduction
- Diabetes and Stroke
- Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment
- Cerebrovascular Function and Structure in Diabetes—Lessons From Preclinical Models
- A Unifying Hypothesis: Relevance of Microcerebrovascular Disease to Ischemic Stroke and Cognitive Impairment
- Conclusion
Chapter 33. Risk Factors: Aging
- Introduction
- Aged Blood–Brain Barrier and Neuroinflammation-aging
- Stroke
- Vascular Dementia
- Therapeutic Targets
- Research Disconnect
- Conclusion
Chapter 34. Risk Factors: Gender and Sex
- Introduction
- Examples of Traditional, Well-Studied Risk Factors: Hypertension and Hyperlipidemia
- Clinical Risk Factors More Prevalent in Women: Atrial Fibrillation, Diabetes Mellitus, Migraine With Aura, and Depression
- Female-Specific Clinical Risk Factors: Menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Oral Contraceptives, and Pregnancy
- Role of Sex in Fundamental Stroke Pathobiology
Chapter 35. Mechanisms of Stroke Recovery
- Introduction
- Timeline for Stroke Recovery
- Excitatory Neuronal Signaling
- Promotion of Growth Programs
- Conclusions
Section III. Neuroprotection
Chapter 36. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Remain Viable Therapeutic Targets for Stroke
- Introduction
- N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Subtype Glutamate Receptors at the Acute Phase of Stroke
- N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Subtype Glutamate Receptors and the Late Consequences of Stroke
- Conclusion
Chapter 37. Neuroprotectants: Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Based
- Introduction
- Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cerebral Ischemia and SAH
- Basics of Free-Radical-Induced Lipid Peroxidation
- Mechanisms for Pharmacologic Inhibition of Oxidative Damage in Acute Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke
- New Antioxidant Approaches
- Conclusion
Chapter 38. Neuroprotectants: Cell-Death Based
- Introduction
- Caspase
- Mitochondrial Pathway
- Bcl-2 Family
- Extrinsic Pathway
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis
- Caspase-Independent Cell Death
- Conclusion
Chapter 39. Comprehensive Concept of Regenerative Medicine for Ischemic Stroke With Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
- Introduction
- BMSC Transplantation for Ischemic Stroke
- Muse Cell Transplantation for Ischemic Stroke
- Conclusion
Chapter 40. Neuroprotectants: Temperature
- Introduction
- Therapeutic Hypothermia for Ischemia
- Therapeutic Hypothermia for Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Conclusion
Chapter 41. Drug Delivery to the Central Nervous System
- Introduction
- Crossing the BBB
- Circumventing the BBB
- Conclusion
Chapter 42. Ischemic Tolerance: In Situ and Remote Pre- and Postconditioning
- Introduction
- In Situ PreC and PostC
- Cross-tolerance Induced by Heterologous Conditioning
- Remote Conditioning
- The Underlying Protective Mechanisms of In Situ and Remote Conditioning
- In Situ PreC
- In Situ PostC
- Remote PreC and PostC
- Conclusion
Section IV. Molecular Mechanisms
Chapter 43. Mechanisms of Neuron Death (Necrosis, Apoptosis, Autophagy) After Brain Ischemia
- Introduction
- Apoptosis, Necrosis, and Autophagy After Brain Ischemia
- Mechanisms of Selective Neuronal Death After Brain Ischemia
Chapter 44. Mechanisms of Glial Death and Protection
- Introduction
- Glia Metabolism
- Oligodendrocytes Are Vulnerable to Excitotoxicity Following Ischemia
- Mechanisms of Oligodendrocyte Damage, Protection, and Repair in Stroke
- Mechanisms of Astrocyte Damage and Protection in Stroke
- Conclusion
Chapter45. Mechanisms of Endothelial Injury and Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Stroke
- Introduction
- Disruption of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Ischemic Stroke
- Pathological Mechanisms of Endothelial Injury in Ischemic Stroke
- Therapeutic Opportunities
- Summary
Chapter 46. The Neurovascular Unit
- Introduction
- The Neurovascular Unit in CNS Function
- The Neurovascular Unit in Acute Stroke
- The Neurovascular Unit in Stroke Recovery
- Summary
Chapter 47. Mitochondrial Mechanisms During Ischemia and Reperfusion
- Introduction
- Adenosine Triphosphate and Energy Metabolisms
- Ion Channel Regulation of Mitochondrial Calcium
- Cell Death and Mitophagy
- Mitochondrial Transfer and Biogenesis
- Overview
- Abbreviations
Chapter 48. Excitotoxicity and Stroke
- Introduction
- What Is Excitotoxicity?
- How Excitotoxicity Kills Neurons
- Ischemia Initiates Excitotoxicity
- Clinical Disappointment—and Possible Explanations
- Possible Paths Forward—Maybe Still Starting With NMDA Antagonists
Chapter 49. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress
- Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Stroke
- The Superoxide Radical
- Hydrogen Peroxide: A Superoxide Dismutant
- Nitric Oxide
- Peroxynitrite
- Iron and Oxidative Stress
- Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Signaling Pathways
- Glutamate Excitotoxicity
- Sex Differences in Oxidative Stress and Stroke
- Oxidative Stress During Various Stages of Ischemia
- Antioxidants: Defense Against Reactive Oxygen Species
Chapter 50. Protein Kinases in Cerebral Ischemia
- Introduction
- Conclusion
Chapter 51. Ischemia Regulated Transcription Factors: Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 and Activating Transcription Factor 4
- Introduction
- Hypoxia-Mediated Transcription Changes During Stroke
- Hypoxia Regulates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor System
- Regulation of Adaptive Transcription by HIF–Prolyl Hydroxylases
- Inhibiting HIF-PHDs as a Therapeutic Strategy
- HIF-PHD Inhibition to Prevent Oxidative Stress
- ATF4 is an Oxidative Stress–Inducible Transcription Factor Regulated by HIF-PHDs
- Glucose Deprivation and HIF Activity
- Conclusion
Chapter 52. Lipid Mediators
- Platelet-Activating Factor and Other Bioactive Lipids
- Platelet-Activating Factor Contributes to Excitotoxicity by Enhancing Glutamate Release
- Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
- Docosahexaenoic Acid is Neuroprotective in Cerebral Ischemia
- Docosanoids: Neuroprotectin D1
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 53. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Cerebrovascular Disease
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling
- Ischemic Stroke
- Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Summary
Chapter 54. Rho-Associated Kinases in Cerebrovascular Disease
- Introduction
- Rho-Associated Kinases
- Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors
- Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibition in Experimental Models of Cerebrovascular Diseases
- Rho-Associated Kinase Inhibitors in Clinical Use for Cerebrovascular Diseases
- Conclusion
Chapter 55. Akt-GSK3β Pro-survival Signaling Pathway in Cerebral Ischemic Injury
- Introduction
- Akt Activation and Regulation
- Activation and Regulation of Akt in Cerebral Ischemic Injury
- Akt Regulates Transcriptional Machinery Leading to an Environment Supporting Cell Survival
- Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β
- Other Akt Targets Impacting Transcription
- Summary
Chapter 56. Heat Shock Proteins and the Stress Response
- Introduction
- Heat Shock Proteins
- The Heat Shock Response
- Hsp70 in Ischemic Stroke
- Other Heat Shock Proteins
- Conclusion
Chapter 57. Noncoding RNAs and Stroke
- Introduction
- Noncoding RNAs
- miRNAs and Ischemic Brain Damage
- LncRNAs in the Post-Ischemic Brain
- piRNAs in the Post-Ischemic Brain
- Concluding Remarks
Chapter 58. Cytokines and Chemokines in Stroke
- Introduction
- Cytokines as Signaling Molecules in the Innate Immune Response of the Ischemic Brain
- Cytokines and Neuroinflammation
- The Role of Chemokines After Stroke
- Implication of Chemokines and Cytokines in Neurorepair Mechanisms After Stroke: Focus on Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis
- Therapeutic Approaches and Future Directions
Chapter 59. Growth Factors and Cerebrovascular Diseases
Chapter 60. Tissue Plasminogen Activator Signaling in the Normal and Diseased Brain
- Signaling in the Normal CNS
- Signaling in the Diseased CNS
- Conclusion
Chapter 61. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Extracellular Matrix in the Central Nervous System
- Introduction
- Basal Lamina and Endothelial Cells
- Common Features of the MMPs in Nervous Tissues and Cerebral Blood Vessels
- Enzymes and ECM
- Conclusion
Section V. Models and Methods
Chapter 62. Animal Models of Focal Ischemia
- Approaches to Inducing Focal Ischemia
- Induction of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: Considerations for Anesthesia and Monitoring Physiological Variables
- Monitoring Cerebral Blood Flow During Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion and Reperfusion
- Common Outcome Measures
- Use of Stroke Models for Understanding Pathophysiology Versus Treatments
- Comorbidities and Sex Differences
Chapter 63. Animal Models: Global Ischemia
- Introduction
- Rodent Models: Mice, Rats, Gerbils, and the Arctic Ground Squirrel
- Larger Animals: Dogs, Cats, and Monkeys
- Comparing Global Cerebral Ischemia With Cardiac Arrest
- Conclusion and Outlook
Chapter 64. Animal Models: Cerebral Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Blood Injection Model
- Collagenase Injection Model
- Comparison of Blood and Collagenase Models
- Conclusion
Chapter 65. Animal Models of Neonatal Stroke/Ischemia
- Introduction
- Developmental Patterns of Ischemia-Associated Brain Damage in Preterm and Term Infants
- Large Animal Models of Ischemia-Related Injury
- Rodent Models of At-Term/Neonatal Focal Stroke and Hypoxia-Ischemia
- Method for Induction of tMCAO in P7 Rats
- Method for Induction of tMCAO in P10 Rats
- Method for Induction of tMCAO in P9–P10 Mice
- Model-Specific Oxidative and Inflammatory Mechanisms of Ischemic Injury in Neonates
Chapter 66. Animal Models: Vascular Models of Cognitive Dysfunction
- Introduction
- Cognitive Dysfunction of Vascular Origin in Human
- Animal Models: Advantages and Limitations
- Commonalities and Pathophysiology
- Conclusion
Chapter 67. Animal Models: Nonhuman Primates
- Introduction
- The Choice of Species
- Methods of Stroke Creation
- Assessment of Functional Outcome
- Surrogate Outcome Measures
- Conclusion
Chapter 68. Cerebral Blood Flow Methods
- Introduction
- Methods Requiring Brain Penetration
- Methods Requiring the Injection of a Radioactive Tracer
- Optical Techniques
- Conclusion
Chapter 69. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Stroke
- Introduction
- T1-, T2-, and T2∗-Weighted MRI
- Diffusion-Weighted MRI
- MR Angiography and Perfusion MRI
- Perfusion-Diffusion Mismatch
- Tissue Classification and Prediction
Chapter 70. Principles and Methods of Molecular Imaging in Stroke
- Imaging Agents and Modalities
- Imaging Plaque Vulnerability
- Imaging Thrombus
- Imaging Apoptonecrosis
- Imaging Neuroinflammation
- Imaging Stem Cells
- Conclusion
Chapter 71. Experimental Methods for Measuring Blood Flow in Brain Capillaries
- Two-Photon Microscopy of Fluorescent Signals
- Line-Scans Overcome Limitations of Measurement Speed
- Analysis Methods
- Viewing Stalled Vessels
- Other Methods and Future Outlook
Chapter 72. Genomic Tools
- Introduction
- Ischemic Stroke Versus Controls and Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- mRNA Profiles for Causes of Stroke
- Transient Ischemic Attacks
- Hemorrhagic Transformation
- micro RNA Regulation of mRNA
- Alternative Splicing of mRNA and the Future
Chapter 73. Proteomes and Biomarkers of the Neurovascular Unit
- Introduction
- Neurovascular Unit “Carta”
- Brain Endothelial Cell “Carta”
- Proteome of Cerebral Vessels
- Translational Proteomics: Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases
- Quantitative Targeted Proteomics: From Discovery to Application
- Conclusion
Chapter 74. Blood Biomarkers in Acute Stroke
- Introduction
- Methodological Aspects
- Identification of Patients With Ischemic Stroke
- Differentiation Between Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Ischemic Stroke
- Predicting Bleeding Complications After Thrombolysis
- Identifying Ischemic Stroke Etiology
- Predicting Recurrent-Events in Patients With Transitory Ischemic Attack
- Summary
Chapter 75. Rodent Behavioral Tests Sensitive to Functional Recovery and Compensation
- Introduction
- Forelimb Function Tasks
- Hind Limb Function Tasks
- Cognitive Tasks Overview
- Conclusion
Clinical Chapters
Section VI. Clinical Aspects: Medical and Surgical
Chapter 76. Transient Focal Neurological Events
- Transient Ischemic Attacks
- Seizures
- Migraine
- Transient Global Amnesia
- Vertigo
- Hypoglycemia
- Functional Neurological Disorders
- Neuromuscular Conditions
- Brain Tumors, Subdural Hematomas, and Space-Occupying Lesions
- Syncope and Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency
- Primary Ophthalmologic Conditions
- Demyelinating Conditions
Chapter 77. Types of Stroke and Their Differential Diagnosis
- Introduction
- Ischemic Stroke
- Hemorrhagic Stroke
Chapter 78. Small Artery Occlusive Diseases
- Introduction
- Characteristics of Small Artery Occlusive Diseases on Specific Arteries
Chapter 79. Anterior Circulation: Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism
- Introduction
- Vascular Anatomy and Pathology
Chapter 80. Carotid Artery Disease
- Introduction
- Pathology
- Mechanisms of Symptoms From Carotid Occlusive Disease
- Cerebral Hemispheric Syndromes
- Retinal Ischemia
- The Carotid Bruit
- Other Less Common Clinical Features of Carotid Artery Occlusive Disease
- Carotid Dissection and Moyamoya Disease
Chapter 81. Posterior Circulation: Large Artery Occlusive Disease and Embolism
- Introduction
- Vascular Anatomy of the Posterior Circulation
- Subclavian Artery Disease
- Vertebral Artery Origin Disease
- Extracranial Vertebral Artery Dissection
- Intracranial Vertebral Occlusion
- Basilar Artery Disease
- Cerebellar Infarction
- Thalamic Infarction
- Posterior Cerebral Artery Territory Infarction
- Posterior Circulation Embolism
- Imaging Studies
Chapter 82. Primer in Cerebrovascular Disease: Innominate and Subclavian Disease
- Introduction
- Evaluation and Workup
- Subclavian and Innominate Stenosis
- Subclavian and Innominate Aneurysmal Disease
Chapter 83. Vertebral Artery Disease
- Vascular Anatomy
- Extracranial Vertebral Artery
- Intracranial Vertebral Artery
Chapter 84. Basilar Artery Disease
- Anatomy
- Pathology and Pathophysiology
- Other Less Common Pathophysiologic Findings of the Basilar Artery
- Clinical Syndromes of Basilar Artery Ischemia
- Clinical Presentation and Outcomes From the Registry Data: NEMC-PCR and BASICS
Chapter 85. The Heart and Stroke
- Overview
- Stroke Classification
- Direct Cardiogenic Brain Embolism
- Brain Hypoperfusion Due to Cardiac Pump Failure
- Neurological Effects From Cardiac Drugs
- Neurological Complication From Endovascular Cardiac Procedure
- Cardiac Complications Associated With Brain Lesions
- Coexistent Vascular Diseases Affecting Both Heart and Brain
Chapter 86. Aortic Arch Artherosclerotic Disease
- Introduction
- Complex Atheromatous Plaques in the Descending Aorta and Stroke
- Stroke Prevention in Patients With Aortic Arch Atherosclerosis
- Conclusion
Chapter 87. Brain Injury From Cerebral Hypoperfusion
- Introduction
- Syncope
- Watershed Territory Infarcts
- Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Chapter 88. Stroke and Eye Findings
- Introduction
- Conclusion
Chapter 89. Spinal Cord Strokes
- Spinal Cord Vascular Supply
- Spinal Cord Ischemia and Infarction
- Causes of Spinal Ischemia
- Spinal Vascular Malformations
- Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients Presenting With Spinal Cord Ischemia
- Spinal Hemorrhages
Chapter 90. Unique Features of Aneurysms by Location
- Introduction
- Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms
- Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms
- Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms
- Vertebrobasilar and Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms
- Conclusions
Chapter 91. Clinical Aspects of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Clinical Course
- Vasospasm
- Treatment of Cerebral Aneurysms
- Conclusion
Chapter 92. Clinical Aspects of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Classification
- Clinical Presentation
- Radiologic Findings
- Management
- Conclusion
Chapter 93. Clinical Aspects of Intraventricular Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Etiology of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants
- Clinical Presentation of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants
- Grading of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants
- Diagnosis of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants
- Treatment of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Infants
- Etiology of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Adults
- Symptoms of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Adults
- Diagnosis of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Adults
- Grading of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Adults
- Treatment of Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Adults
- Prognosis
Chapter 94. Clinical Aspects of Subdural Hemorrhage (SDH)
- Acute Subdural Hematoma
- Chronic Subdural Hematomas
Chapter 95. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Etiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prognosis
Chapter 96. Developmental Venous Anomalies
- Introduction
- Radiopathological Characteristics
- Classification and Key Descriptive Attributes
- Presentation and Natural History
- Treatment Options
- Considerations for Management
Chapter 97. Vein of Galen Arteriovenous Malformations
- Embryology
- Anatomy and Classification
- Clinical Presentation
- Prognosis
- Goals of Treatment
- Treatment Options
- Ongoing Challenges
Chapter 98. Carotid Cavernous and Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
- Introduction
- Carotid Cavernous Fistulas
- Other Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas
Chapter 99. Cavernous Malformations
- Introduction
- Genetics
- Pathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Natural History
- Diagnosis
- Indications for Treatment
- Timing of Surgical Treatment
- Choice of Operative Approach
- Radiosurgery
- Principles of Surgical Treatment
- Cavernous Malformations Associated With Seizures
- Future Directions
Chapter 100. Spinal Vascular Malformations
- Spinal Vascular Anatomy
- Classification and Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology, Hemodynamics, and Natural History
- Radiological Features
- Treatment
- Conclusion
Chapter 101. Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndromes
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Risk Factors and Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Laboratory Test Results
- Brain Imaging Results
- Diagnostic Approach
- Management
- Prognosis and Counseling
Chapter 102. Spontaneous Dissections of Cervicocephalic Arteries
- Etiology and Physiopathology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Management
Chapter 103. Stroke Secondary to Trauma
- Introduction
- Ischemic Stroke
- Decreased Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
- Vasospasm
- Vascular Injury
- Hemorrhagic Stroke
- Delayed Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhagic Progression
- Conclusion
Chapter 104. Vascular Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders
- Introduction
Section VII. Medical Conditions and Stroke
Chapter 105. Stroke in Children
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Perinatal and Neonatal Stroke
- Stroke in Children
- Work-Up
- Stroke Mimics
- Treatment
- Conclusion
Chapter 106. Ischemic Stroke in the Young
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Stroke in the Young
- Causes of Ischemic Stroke in the Young
- Clinical Clues Suggesting Specific Causes of Stroke
- An Approach to Diagnostic Testing in Young Stroke Patients
- Treatment and Prognosis in Young Stroke Patients
Chapter 107. Rare Genetic Causes of Stroke
- Introduction
- Monogenic Diseases
- Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS)
- Hereditary Endotheliopathy With Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Stroke (HERNS)
- Type IV Collagen α1-Chain Mutation (COL4A1)
- Homocystinuria
- Marfan Syndrome and Vascular Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
- Moyamoya Disease
- Polygenic Diseases
- Conclusions
Chapter 108. Stroke in Fabry Disease
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Features
- Stroke Pathogenesis
- Neuroimaging
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
Chapter 109. Moyamoya Disease and Syndrome
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Prognosis and Treatment
- No. of pages: 968
- Language: English
- Published: February 10, 2017
- Imprint: Academic Press
- Hardback ISBN: 9780128030585
- eBook ISBN: 9780128030592
LC
Louis R. Caplan
Louis R. Caplan, M.D. (Editor)
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA
Dr. Caplan is a world-renowned neuroscientist and a senior member of the Division of Cerebrovascular Disease at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston. He is a Professor of Neurology at Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the founder of the Harvard Stroke Registry. Dr. Caplan is the author or editor of 45 books and more than 700 articles in medical journals. He is a member of many professional societies, serving as an officer on committees for the American Heart Association, the American Academy of Neurology, and the American Neurological Association. He has served as the Chair of both the Boston Society of Neurology and the Chicago Neurological Society.
Affiliations and expertise
Neurology, Harvard University, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USAJB
Jose Biller
José Biller, M.D., FACP, FAAN, FANA, FAHA
Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
Dr. José Biller is Professor of Neurology and Neurological Surgery and Chairperson of the Department of Neurology at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. Dr. Biller served as Director of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) from 1994 to 2001, and President of the ABPN in 2001. He is Chief Editor of the Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases , and an editorial board member and reviewer for an array of other national and international journals and publications. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, American College of Physicians, and the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. He has published more than 370 peer-reviewed articles, more than 150 book chapters, and numerous books.
Affiliations and expertise
Neurology, Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USAML
Megan C. Leary
Megan Carroll Leary, M.D. (Editor)
Department of Neurology, Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, Allentown, PA USA
Dr. Leary is a neurologist with 15 years clinical experience, who specializes in Neurology and Vascular Neurology. She currently is the Neurology Residency Program Director for Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network in Allentown, PA, and is an Assistant Professor of Neurology in affiliation with Morsani College of Medicine at the University of South Florida. Dr. Leary is also a consulting neurologist at Harvard Clinical Research Institute at Harvard Medical School. Additionally, Dr. Leary is a member of many professional societies and serves on the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology's Vascular Neurology Examination Committee. Her interests include cryptogenic stroke, acute ischemic stroke, and the association between cardiac disease and stroke.
Affiliations and expertise
Neurology, Lehigh Valley Hospital and Health Network, Allentown, PA, USAEL
Eng H. Lo
Eng H. Lo is a basic neurovascular scientist. He helped develop the neurovascular unit concept (Lo, Nat Rev Neurosci 2003; Tiedt et al, Nat Rev Neurol 2022).
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Neurology and Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Research Staff, Mass General Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroprotection Research Lab, Charlestown, MA, USAAT
Ajith J Thomas
Ajith J. Thomas, M.D.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA
Dr. Thomas is a Neurosurgeon Co- Director of the Brain Aneurysm Institute at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. He is also an Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery at Harvard University Medical School. He is the Program director for the Cerebrovascular fellowship for cranial and endovascular neurosurgery and site director for the Beth Israel Deaconess Center Neurosurgery Residency program. He has authored more than 100 peer reviewed papers in neurosurgery and several book chapters. His clinical interests are Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; Aneurysms; Stroke; Arteriovenous Malformations; Trigeminal Neuralgia; Peripheral Nerve Disorders. He is board certified from the American Board of Neurological Surgery.
Affiliations and expertise
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USAMY
Midori Yenari
Midori A. Yenari, M.D.
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
Dr. Yenari specializes in vascular neurology, and is on the faculty in the Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco. She is also a staff neurologist and stroke program director at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Her research focuses on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of stroke and potential therapies particularly as they pertain to immune modulation and therapeutic hypothermia. Dr. Yenari is a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology, a fellow of the American Heart Association and has served on editorial boards for Stroke, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, Neurobiology of Disease and Translational Stroke Research.
Affiliations and expertise
Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USAJZ
John H. Zhang
John H. Zhang, M.D., Ph.D. (Editor)
Loma Linda University Medical School, Loma Linda, CA
Dr. Zhang is currently Professor of Anesthesiology, Neurosurgery, Neurology, Basic Sciences (Physiology & Pharmacology), Pathology & Human Anatomy, and Nursing at Loma Linda University Medical Center. He also serves as Director of Center for Brain Hemorrhage Research, Vice-Chair, Department of Basic Sciences (Chief of Division of Physiology) and Director of Physiology Graduate Training Program, Director of Basic Science Research Division in Neurosurgery and Anesthesiology. Dr. Zhang’s research efforts have been supported by grants from American Heart Association, National Institute of Health, and Department of Defense as well as other Regional foundations and Industry with more than 23 million US dollars. Dr. Zhang has published more than 600 peer reviewed articles and has been invited to speak in meetings, seminars, and grand rounds more than 300 times.
Affiliations and expertise
Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA