Precision Nutrition

The Science and Promise of Personalized Nutrition and Health

1st Edition - October 20, 2023
Editors: David Heber, Zhaoping Li, José Ordovas
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 3 1 5 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 1 5 3 1 6 - 7

Precision Nutrition: The Science and Promise of Personalized Nutrition and Health organizes and integrates information on the diverse special areas of scientific expertise… Read more

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Precision Nutrition: The Science and Promise of Personalized Nutrition and Health organizes and integrates information on the diverse special areas of scientific expertise involved in Precision Nutrition in order to inform health professionals and inspire researchers to advance this field while applying the general principles into health care and medical research now.

Broken into three sections, this book addresses the fundamentals of precision nutrition, applications of precision nutrition in health and disease, and the future directions of precision nutrition.

Nutrition scientists, geneticists, physicians, dietitians, postdoctoral fellows, and epidemiologists seeking to understand Precision Nutrition will benefit from this timely reference.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Introduction
Section 1 Fundamentals of precision nutrition
Chapter 1 Nutrient Composition of Foods: The First Step in Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Nutrient Databases
USDA's Food and Nutrient Databases
International Food Composition Databases
Dietary Supplement Ingredient Database
Future Nutrient Composition Databases and the Dark Matter of Nutrition
Capturing Nutrient Density of Food Through Nutrient Profiling
The Impact of Dietary Guidelines on Nutrient Profiling
Healthy Eating Index and Healthy Dietary Pattern Analysis
NOVA Food Classification, Ultra-Processed Food, and Food Quality
Phytonutrients and Plant-Based Diets
Biodiversity and the Dark Matter of Nutrition
Dietary Assessment Tools
The Future of Dietary Intake Assessment and Precision Nutrition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
Introduction
Current Methods of Nutritional Genomics
Relationship Between Personalized and Precision Nutrition
Nutrigenetic and Nutrigenomic Tests
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 The Use of Chrono Nutrition in Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Biological Rhythms in Human Physiology
Chronotypes
Human eating time patterns
The challenges of chrono nutrition and time-restricted eating
The bidirectional relation of time and food
Sleep, nutrition, and health
The role of the microbiota in biological rhythms, nutrition, and health
Shift work, nutrition, and health
Chrono Nutrition, Gene-Diet Interactions, and Precision Nutrition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Epigenetics and Modification of Gene Expression in Metabolism
Introduction
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications
Non-Coding RNAs
DNA Methylation Clocks and Aging
Methyl Donors, Epigenetics, and Precision Nutrition
Polyphenols, Phytonutrients, and Epigenetics
Selenium and Epigenetics
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 5 The Role of Metabolomics Profiles in Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Untargeted and Targeted Metabolomics
Computational Tools
Nutrient Analysis, Nutrient Databases, and Food Biomarkers
The Human Metabolome Database
Gut Microbiome, Host Metabolite Interactions
Polyphenol metabolites and metabotypes
Xenometabolites, beyond polyphenols
Metabolomics Applications and Promise in Personalized Nutrition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 The Microbiome, Metabolism, and Networks in Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Microbiota in Early Development
Diet and the Microbiota
Microbiota, Metabolism, and Metabolic Diseases
Macronutrients, microbiome, and metabolism
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fat
Polyphenols
Food emulsifiers and sweeteners
Dietary Patterns and Microbiome
Host and Microbiome Metabolites and Their Pathways
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Postbiotics
Fermented Foods
The Future of Precision Nutrition
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7 Phenotyping, Body Composition, and Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Methods for Body Composition
Adipose Tissue Phenotypes
Body Protein and Muscle Mass
Anthropometry and Body Shape Scanning
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 8 Integration of Multiple Big Data Sources for Modeling Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Integration of Big Data Through the Precision Nutrition Modeling Pipeline
Conclusion
References
Section 2 Applications of Precision Nutrition in Health and Disease
Chapter 9 Future Visions of Personalized and Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Advancing Nutrient Analysis is Fundamental to the Future of Precision Nutrition
Future Vision of Gene-Nutrient Interaction Sciences in Precision Nutrition
Future Vision of Chronobiology in Precision Nutrition
Future Vision of Wearables for Precision Nutrition
Future Vision of Nutritional Epidemiology in Precision Nutrition
Future Vision of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Precision Nutrition
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 A Multifaceted Approach to Precision Nutrition: The Genome, Epigenome, and Microbiome in the Prevention and Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases
Introduction
The Power of Nutrition in the Prevention and Therapy of CVD: From Diet to Heart Health
Genetics in CVD Risk Prediction: Unraveling the Blueprint for Personalized Prevention
Precision Nutrition: A Personalized Approach to Cardiovascular Health
Nutriepigenomics: The Dynamic Interface Between Diet and Gene Expression
The Role of the Microbiome in PrN for the Prevention of CVD
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Precision Nutrition in Diabetes
Introduction
Diabetes: An Evolution of Treatment Strategies
The Complex Genomics and Epigenetics of Diabetes
Prediction of Personalized Glucose Responses
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Precision Nutrition
Gestational Diabetes and Nutritional Programming in Utero of the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Current and Future Status of Precision Nutrition in Diabetes Prevention and Treatment
References
Chapter 12 Precision Nutrition, Epigenome, and Male Reproductive Health
Introduction
Undernutrition and Male Reproduction
Overnutrition, Obesity, and Male Reproduction
Precision Nutrition, Obesity, and Male Reproduction
Nutrition, Obesity, Epigenetics, and Intergenerational Health
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Precision Nutrition in Female Reproductive Health
Introduction
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Abdominal Fat and Insulin Resistance in PCOS
Adipose Stem Cells in Subcutaneous Fat and PCOS
Genetic Evolution of PCOS Phenotypes
Infertility and Nutritional Effects on Female Reproductive Health
Standard American Diet
Plant-Based Diets
Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and PCOS
Obesity and Female Reproductive Health
Underweight and Eating Disorders in Female Reproductive Health
Exercise
Precision Nutrition Research Opportunities in PCOS and Female Reproductive Health
References
Chapter 14 Precision Nutrition in Aging and Brain Health
Introduction
Normal Brain Function, Nutrition, and Aging
Cognitive Disorders and Depression
Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology and Genetic Risk Factors
Apolipoprotein E and Nutrition
Epigenetics and Nutrition
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Nutrition
Psychobiotics and the Brain
Metabolic Disorders
Nutritional Supplements
Whole Diet Approaches
Summary
References
Chapter 15 Precision Nutrition and Cancer
Introduction
The Linkage of Nutrition, Aging, and Cancer
Combining Precision Oncology and Precision Nutrition
Precision Oncology Current Status and Future Prospects
Selective Tyrosine Kinase and Small Molecule Inhibitors
Immunotherapy
Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer Cells
The Tumor Microenvironment and Metabolic Reprogramming of Immune Cells
Metastasis
Engineering Immune Cells against Cancer with Adoptive Cell Therapies
The Microbiome
Current and Future Potential of Precision Nutrition in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Precision Nutrition in Allergy and Immune Function
Introduction
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue, Microbiome, and Nutrition
Food Allergies and Food Intolerance
Immune Function Development and Immunosenescence
Micronutrients and Immune Function
Caloric Restriction and Fasting Mimicking Diets
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Precision Nutrition and Obesity
Introduction
Genetics of Obesity
Epigenetics of Obesity
Metabolomics of Obesity
Microbiome, Immune Function, and Obesity
Homeostatic Mechanisms in Obesity
Hedonic and Behavioral Factors in Obesity
The Exposome and Hedonic Eating
Precision Nutrition Approaches to Obesity
References
Chapter 18 Precision Nutrition in Exercise and Sports Performance
Introduction
Cardiopulmonary Function and Fitness
The Metabolic Threshold, Lactate Threshold, or Anaerobic Threshold and Critical Power
Fatigue and Critical Power
Resistance Training, Dietary Protein, and Muscle
Combining Aerobic and Resistance Training
Genomics and Epigenomics of Exercise Responses
Transcriptomic Studies of Exercise Responses
The Microbiome and Exercise
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 19 Precision Nutrition and Racial and Ethnic Minority Health Disparities
Introduction
Key Social Determinants or Structural Drivers of Health (SDoH)
Precision Nutrition and Basic Mechanisms
Cardiometabolic Disease is Common and Associated with Profound Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities
The All of Us Research Program
The Nutrition for Precision Health Program
Patient and Community Engagement Strategies
The Way Forward
References
Section 3 The Future Directions of Precision Nutrition
Chapter 20 Network Science and Machine Learning for Precision Nutrition
Abbreviations
Introduction
Food Composition
Existing Knowledge of Food Composition
Knowledge Extraction Using Machine Learning
Analysis of Food Composition by Mass Spectrometry
Spectra Annotation and Machine Learning
Unveiling Health Effects With Network Medicine
Collecting Association Data for Network Medicine
Network-Based Modules and Proximity
Individual Mechanisms of Action
Combinatorial Mechanisms of Action
Machine Learning Assisted Network Medicine
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 21 Point of Care Genomics, Proteomics, Biomarkers, and Precision Nutrition: Emerging Point of Care Sensors for Precision Nutrition
Introduction
Precision Nutrition and Health
Strategies and Challenges for Nutrition Monitoring
Point of care biosensors
Wearable biosensors
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 22 The Key Role of Cooking and Food Preparation in Affecting Nutrient Composition of Foods
Introduction
The Composition of Food
Methods of Cooking
What Happens to Proteins During Cooking?
How are Carbohydrates Influenced by Cooking?
Fats and Oxygen Do not Always Get Along
Water is the Great Equalizer
Go Easy on the Vitamins
Phytochemicals from Plants can be Lost or Gained
References
Chapter 23 Balancing Public Health/Population Nutrition and Precision Nutrition in the Development of Dietary Guidelines
Introduction
Current Scenario in Dietary Guidelines
The Need for Balance
Hypothetical cases of how current population-level genetic knowledge could be incorporated into future dietary guidelines
The Role of AI and Machine Learning in Precision Nutrition and Public Health
Harmonizing Precision Nutrition, Public Health, and Sustainability
Ethical Considerations in Integrating Precision Nutrition into Public Health and Dietary Guidelines
Precision Public Health
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Index

David Heber

Dr. Heber is Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Public Health at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. He is also the Founding Director of the UCLA Center for Human Nutrition and founding Chief of the Division of Clinical Nutrition in the UCLA Department of Medicine. He has directed interdisciplinary research centers on Cancer and Nutrition and Botanical Dietary Supplements. Dr. Heber is board-certified in Internal Medicine, and Endocrinology and Metabolism by the American Board of Internal Medicine and is a certified Physician Nutrition Specialist. He earned his MD at Harvard Medical School, and his Ph.D. in Physiology at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has published over 250 research papers, and is a fellow of the American Society for Nutrition. Dr. Heber's research centers on the role of nutrition, phytonutrients, and botanical dietary supplements in gene-nutrient interaction, and modulation of the microbiome.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Public Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA, USA

Zhaoping Li

Dr. Zhaoping Li is Professor of Medicine and Lynda & Steward Resnick Endowed Chair in Human Nutrition at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. She currently serves as the Director of Center for Human Nutrition and Chief of Division of Clinical Nutrition at Department of Medicine, UCLA. She is also the Chair of Medicine at the VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System.

Dr. Li is board certified in internal medicine and a physician nutrition specialist. She is a fellow of the American College of Physicians, a former President of the National Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists and a member of the Board of Directors of the American Society for Nutrition. She is a council member of International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS). Her research centers on gene-nutrient interaction, nutritional modulation of the microbiome, and health impacts of phytonutrients. Dr. Li has been a principal investigator for over 100 investigator-initiated National Institutes of Health and industry-sponsored clinical trials and published over 240 peer-reviewed scientific papers. Dr. Li has co-Authored textbook “Primary Care Nutrition: Writing the Nutrition Prescription” in 2017, and is a co-editor of “Nutritional Oncology” in 2021.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Medicine and Chief, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA, USA

José Ordovas

Dr. Jose Ordovás is a Professor of Nutrition and Genetics at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy and Professor at the School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts University. He is also Senior Scientist and Leader of the Nutrition and Genomics Team at the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. His research concerns genetic factors that predispose individuals to heart disease and obesity through interaction with the environment and behavioral factors. In particular, Dr. Ordovás examines the impact of diet on genetic factors. He has published well over 850 scientific articles (H-index: 115) in peer-reviewed journals and has written numerous reviews and books on these topics. In this regard, Dr. Ordovás is considered one of the founders of nutrigenomics. Dr. Ordovás embraces new areas of nutrigenomics related to the regulation of gene expression by microRNAs and DNA methylation and the relation between genes, chronobiology and obesity.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Nutrition and Genetics, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy and Professor, School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, USA