Power Ultrasonics

Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound

2nd Edition - April 6, 2023

Editors: Juan A. Gallego-Juarez, Karl F. Graff, Margaret Lucas

Paperback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 0 2 5 4 - 8

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 1 4 4 - 2

Power Ultrasonics: Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound, Second Edition provides a comprehensive reference on the fundamentals, processing, engineering, medical, food and… Read more

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Power Ultrasonics: Applications of High-Intensity Ultrasound, Second Edition provides a comprehensive reference on the fundamentals, processing, engineering, medical, food and pharmaceutical applications of ultrasonic processing. Chapters cover the fundamentals of nonlinear propagation of ultrasonic waves in fluids and solids, discuss the materials and designs of power ultrasonic transducers and devices, identify applications of high power ultrasound in materials engineering and mechanical engineering, food processing technology, environmental monitoring and remediation and industrial and chemical processing (including pharmaceuticals), medicine and biotechnology, and cover developments in ultrasound therapy and surgery applications.The new edition also includes recent advances in modeling, characterization and measurement techniques, along with additive manufacturing and micromanufacturing. This is an invaluable reference for graduate students and researchers working in the disciplines of materials science and engineering. In addition, those working on the physics of acoustics, sound and ultrasound, sonochemistry, acoustic engineering and industrial process technology, R&D managers, production, and biomedical engineers will find it useful to their work.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Chapter 1: Introduction to power ultrasonics
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: The field of power ultrasonics
1.3: Historical notes
1.4: Coverage of this book
References
Part I: Fundamentals
Chapter 2: High-intensity ultrasonic waves in fluids: Nonlinear propagation and effects
Abstract
Acknowledgments
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Nonlinear phenomena
2.3: Nonlinear interactions within the acoustic mode
2.4: Nonlinear interactions between the acoustic and entropy modes
2.5: Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Acoustic cavitation: Bubble dynamics in high-power ultrasonic fields
Abstract
Acknowledgments
3.1: Introduction
3.2: Cavitation thresholds
3.3: Single-bubble dynamics
3.4: Bubble ensemble dynamics
3.5: Acoustic cavitation noise
3.6: Sonoluminescence
3.7: Ultrasonic cleaning
3.8: Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: High-intensity ultrasonic waves in solids: Nonlinear dynamics and effects
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Fundamental nonlinear equations
4.3: Nonlinear effects in progressive and stationary waves
4.4: Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Piezoelectric ceramic materials for power ultrasonic transducers
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: Fundamentals of ferro-piezoelectric ceramics
5.3: Characterization methods of ceramics from piezoelectric resonances
5.4: Applications of the iterative automatic method in the characterization of ceramics
5.5: Lead-free piezoceramics for environmental protection
5.6: Future trends
References
Chapter 6: Power ultrasonic transducers: Principles and design
Abstract
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Ultrasonic vibrations: Mechanical oscillator
6.3: Ultrasonic vibrations: Longitudinal vibrations
6.4: Piezoelectric materials
6.5: The power ultrasonic transducer
6.6: Transducer characterization and control
6.7: Modeling transducer behavior
6.8: Transducer development
6.9: Future trends
6.10: Sources of further information and advice
References
Chapter 7: Power ultrasonic transducers with vibrating plate radiators
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Structure of transducers: Basic design
7.3: Finite element modeling
7.4: Controlling nonlinear vibration behavior
7.5: Fatigue limitations of transducers
7.6: Characteristics of the different types of plate transducers
7.7: Evaluating transducers in power operation: Electrical, vibrational, acoustic, and thermal characteristics
7.8: Conclusions and future trends
References
Further reading
Chapter 8: Measurement techniques in power ultrasonics
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Characterizing the source
8.3: Characterizing the generated ultrasound field
8.4: Characterizing the resultant acoustic cavitation
8.5: Case studies: Characterizing two cavitating systems
8.6: Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Modeling of power ultrasonic transducers
Abstract
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Transduction and elastic wave propagation in solids
9.3: Acoustic waves in fluids and fluid-structure coupling
9.4: The unbounded problem: far-field radiation of acoustic waves
References
Part II: Welding, metal forming, and machining applications
Chapter 10: Ultrasonic welding of metals
Abstract
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Principles of ultrasonic metal welding
10.3: Ultrasonic welding equipment
10.4: Mechanics and metallurgy of the ultrasonic weld
10.5: Monitoring and control
10.6: Applications of ultrasonic welding
10.7: Ultrasonic metal welding—Process advantages and disadvantages
10.8: Other ultrasonic metal welding processes
10.9: Future trends
10.10: Sources of further information and advice
References
Chapter 11: Ultrasonic welding of plastics and polymeric composites
Abstract
11.1: Introduction
11.2: History
11.3: Theory of the ultrasonic welding process
11.4: Design for ultrasonic plastic welding
11.5: Types of ultrasonic processing
11.6: Ultrasonic welding equipment
11.7: Process variables
11.8: Material weldability
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: Power ultrasonics for additive and hybrid manufacturing
Abstract
12.1: Introduction
12.2: Ultrasonic additive manufacturing
12.3: Applications of UAM
12.4: Future trends
12.5: Conclusion
12.6: Sources of further information and advice
References
Chapter 13: Ultrasonic metal forming: Materials
Abstract
13.1: Introduction
13.2: Microstructure effects
13.3: Macroscopic behavior
13.4: Surface friction
13.5: Future trends
13.6: Sources of further information and advice
References
Chapter 14: Ultrasonic metal forming: Processing
Abstract
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Wire and tube drawing
14.3: Deep drawing and bending
14.4: Forging and extrusion
14.5: Shearing and blanking
14.6: Ultrasonic rolling
14.7: Surface treatment, surface rolling
14.8: Compaction
14.9: Microforming
14.10: Other forming processes
14.11: Future trends
14.12: Sources of further information and advice
References
Chapter 15: Using power ultrasonics in machine tools
Abstract
15.1: Introduction
15.2: Historical and technical review
15.3: Ultrasonic turning
15.4: Ultrasonic drilling
15.5: Ultrasonic milling
15.6: Ultrasonic grinding
15.7: Reaming, honing, lapping, tapping
15.8: Future trends
15.9: Sources of further information and advice
References
Part III: Engineering applications
Chapter 16: Ultrasonic motors
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: Traveling-wave ultrasonic motors
16.3: Hybrid transducer ultrasonic motors
16.4: Performance of ultrasonic motors and driver circuits
16.5: Conclusion and future trends
References
Chapter 17: Power ultrasound for the production of nanomaterials
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Ultrasound synthesis of metallic nanoparticles
17.3: Ultrasound synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles
17.4: Ultrasound synthesis of chalcogenide nanoparticles
17.5: Ultrasound synthesis of metal halide nanoparticles
17.6: Using ultrasonic waves in the synthesis of graphene, graphene oxide, and other nanomaterials
17.7: The use of ultrasound for the deposition of nanoparticles on substrates
17.8: Ultrasound synthesis of micro-and nanospheres
17.9: Conclusions and future trends
References
Further reading
Chapter 18: Ultrasonic cleaning
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: Applications
18.3: History
18.4: Ultrasonic cleaning hardware
18.5: Mechanism of ultrasonic cleaning
18.6: Benefits of ultrasonic cleaning
18.7: Ultrasonic cleaning process variables
18.8: Ultrasonic cleaning chemistry
18.9: Achieving optimum ultrasonic performance
18.10: Evaluating ultrasonic performance
18.11: Measures of ultrasonic cleaning performance
18.12: Advancements in ultrasonic cleaning technology
18.13: Ultrasonic damage mechanisms
18.14: Megasonics
18.15: Future of ultrasonic cleaning
References
Chapter 19: Ultrasonic degassing of liquids
Abstract
Acknowledgment
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Fundamentals of ultrasonic degassing
19.3: Mechanism of ultrasonic degassing in melts
19.4: Main process parameters in ultrasonic degassing
19.5: Industrial implementation of ultrasonic degassing
References
Chapter 20: Applications to solidification and casting of metals
Abstract
20.1: Historical overview of ultrasonic cavitation science and applications
20.2: Brief theoretical introduction to ultrasonic cavitation processing
20.3: Mechanisms of ultrasonic melt processing
20.4: Practical implementations of ultrasonic melt processing in solidification and casting
20.5: Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 21: Applications of power ultrasound in mining
Abstract
21.1: Introduction
21.2: The mining process
21.3: The rock mass stress state
21.4: Application of power ultrasound in particle size reduction
21.5: Development of an ultrasonic-assisted flotation process for improving concentration of valuable minerals
21.6: Ultrasonic-assisted sedimentation rate for increasing water-solid separation efficiency
21.7: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 22: Power ultrasonics: Exploration tools
Abstract
22.1: Introduction
22.2: Ultrasonic motors on the Moon
22.3: Piezoelectric vibration techniques on Mars
22.4: Ongoing research in power ultrasonics for space
22.5: Conclusion
References
Part IV: Medical applications
Chapter 23: Ultrasonic surgical devices and procedures
Abstract
Acknowledgment
23.1: Introduction
23.2: Surgical device requirements and goals
23.3: General device design
23.4: Mechanisms of action
23.5: Device types
23.6: Medical device regulations
23.7: Future trends
23.8: Sources of further information and advice
References
Further reading
Chapter 24: Ultrasonic dental instrumentation
Abstract
Acknowledgments
24.1: Introduction
24.2: Historical overview
24.3: Mechanisms of action
24.4: Clinical evaluation of ultrasonic scalers
24.5: Endosonics
24.6: Cleaning of titanium implant surfaces
24.7: Antimicrobial drug delivery
24.8: Surgical applications
24.9: Future trends
24.10: Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: High-intensity focused ultrasound for medical therapy
Abstract
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Ultrasound interaction with tissue
25.3: Therapy devices
25.4: Imaging guidance
25.5: Clinical experience
25.6: Future trends
References
Chapter 26: Pulsed waves for medical therapy
Abstract
Acknowledgments
26.1: Introduction
26.2: Acoustic sources
26.3: Clinical treatments
26.4: Conclusions and future directions
References
Chapter 27: Ultrasonic cutting for surgical applications
Abstract
27.1: Introduction: The origins of ultrasonic cutting for surgical devices
27.2: Developments in ultrasound for soft-tissue dissection
27.3: Developments in ultrasound for bone cutting and other surgical applications
27.4: Cutting mechanisms in soft tissue
27.5: Ultrasonic dissection of mineralized tissue
27.6: Factors affecting device performance
27.7: Device characterization
27.8: Orthopedic, orthodontic, and maxillofacial procedures
27.9: Current and future trends
References
Further reading
Part V: Food technology and pharmaceutical applications
Chapter 28: Design and scale-up of sonochemical reactors for food processing and other applications
Abstract
28.1: Introduction
28.2: Modeling of cavitational reactors
28.3: Understanding cavitational activity
28.4: Types of reactors
28.5: Developments in reactor design
28.6: Selecting operating parameters
28.7: Reactor choice, scale-up, and optimization
28.8: Future trends
28.9: Conclusions
References
Chapter 29: Ultrasonic mixing, homogenization, and emulsification in food processing and other applications
Abstract
29.1: Introduction
29.2: Cavitation and acoustic streaming
29.3: Mixing
29.4: Particle and aggregate dispersion and disruption
29.5: Solid and liquid dissolution
29.6: Homogenization
29.7: Emulsification
29.8: Conclusions and future trends
References
Further reading
Chapter 30: Ultrasonic defoaming and debubbling in food processing and other applications
Abstract
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Foams
30.3: Conventional methods for foam control
30.4: Ultrasonic defoaming
30.5: Mechanisms of ultrasonic defoaming
30.6: Ultrasonic defoamers
30.7: Using ultrasound to remove bubbles in coating layers
30.8: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 31: Power ultrasonics for food processing
Abstract
31.1: Introduction
31.2: Ultrasonically assisted extraction (UAE)
31.3: Emulsification
31.4: Viscosity modification
31.5: Defoaming
31.6: Sonocrystallization
31.7: Fat separation
31.8: Other applications: Sterilization, pasteurization, brining, and marinating
31.9: Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) for ultrasound in food processing operations
31.10: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 32: Crystallization and freezing processes assisted by power ultrasound
Abstract
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Fundamentals of crystallization
32.3: Impact of ultrasound on solute crystallization
32.4: Impact of ultrasound on ice crystallization (freezing)
32.5: Solute nucleation mechanisms induced by ultrasound
32.6: Growth and breakage mechanisms
32.7: Ice nucleation mechanisms induced by ultrasound
32.8: Future trends
References
Chapter 33: Ultrasonic drying for food preservation
Abstract
33.1: Introduction
33.2: Ultrasonic mechanisms involved in transport phenomena
33.3: Transducers with stepped plate, flat plate with reflectors, and cylindrical radiators
33.4: Testing the effectiveness of ultrasonic drying
33.5: Product properties affecting the effectiveness of ultrasonic drying
33.6: Structural changes caused by ultrasound drying
33.7: Impact of ultrasonic-assisted drying on product quality
33.8: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 34: Use of ultrasonic atomization for encapsulation and other processes in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing
Abstract
34.1: Introduction
34.2: Fundamentals of ultrasonic atomization
34.3: Ultrasonic atomizer design
34.4: Measuring droplet size and distribution
34.5: The effect of different operating parameters on droplet size
34.6: Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the food industry: Spray drying and encapsulation
34.7: Other food industry applications of ultrasonic atomization
34.8: Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the pharmaceutical industry: Aerosols for drug delivery
34.9: Applications of ultrasonic atomization in the pharmaceutical industry: Encapsulation for drug delivery
34.10: Future trends
34.11: Conclusions
References
Part VI: Environmental and energy applications
Chapter 35: The use of power ultrasound for water treatment
Abstract
35.1: Introduction
35.2: Ultrasonic cavitation and advanced oxidative processes (AOPs)
35.3: Sonochemical devices and experimentation
35.4: Characteristics of sonochemical elimination
35.5: Kinetics and sonochemical yields
35.6: Sonochemical treatment parameters
35.7: Ultrasound in hybrid processes
35.8: Conclusion
References
Chapter 36: The use of power ultrasound for wastewater and biomass treatment
Abstract
36.1: Introduction
36.2: Impact of ultrasound on biological suspensions
36.3: Anaerobic digestion processes: Full-scale application
36.4: Aerobic biological processes: Full-scale application
36.5: Development and design of a full-scale ultrasound reactor
36.6: An emerging technology: Ballast water treatment
36.7: Sources of further information and advice
References
Further reading
Chapter 37: The use of power ultrasound for green organic synthesis: Sonochemical organic reactions in aqueous media
Abstract
37.1: Introduction
37.2: Suzuki coupling reactions
37.3: Michael addition
37.4: Knoevenagel condensation
37.5: Diels-Alder cycloaddition
37.6: Aza-Michael reaction
37.7: Hantzsch condensation or cyclization
37.8: Huisgen cycloaddition
37.9: Ugi-azide reaction and Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction
37.10: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 38: Ultrasonic agglomeration and preconditioning of aerosol particles for environmental and other applications
Abstract
38.1: Introduction
38.2: The development of practical applications of aerosol agglomeration
38.3: Linear acoustic effects that determine the agglomeration process
38.4: Nonlinear acoustic effects
38.5: Translational motion of aerosol particles
38.6: Interactions between aerosol particles: Orthokinetic effect (OE)
38.7: Hydrodynamic mechanisms of particle interaction
38.8: Mutual radiation pressure effect (MRPE)
38.9: Acoustic wake effect (AWE)
38.10: Modeling of acoustic agglomeration of aerosol particles
38.11: Experimental systems for acoustic agglomeration of aerosol particles
38.12: Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 39: The use of power ultrasound in biofuel production, bioremediation, and other applications
Abstract
39.1: Introduction
39.2: The chemical effects of ultrasound
39.3: The molecular effects of ultrasound
39.4: Sonochemical reactors
39.5: Biofuel production
39.6: Ultrasound-assisted bioremediation
39.7: Biosensors
39.8: Biosludge processing
39.9: Conclusions and future trends
References
Further reading
Index