PrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroductionChapter 1 Families and Welfare: a Philadelphia Case The Sullivan Family Themes in the History of the Sullivan FamilyChapter 2 Poorhouses, Paupers, and Tramps Part I From Family Refuge to Old Age Home: the Demographic History of the Erie County, New York, Poorhouse from 1829 to 1886 Aggregate Trends in Poorhouse Composition Conclusion Part II Early Social Science and the Causes of Pauperism The Design of the Report The Sample Institutional Demography: Age, Sex, Birthplace Hoyt and the Causes of Pauperism The Act of 1875 and the Creation of Poorhouse Records Poorhouse Demography Conclusion Part III "The Morphology of Evil" The Problem of Social Categories The Demography of Dependence Conclusion Part IV New York's Tramps and the Problem of Causal Attribution in the 1870s The Tramp Problem The Characteristics of Tramps The Problem of Causal AttributionChapter 3 American Historians and Dependence Historians and Philanthropy: Urban Masses and Moral Order in America as the Culmination of a Historiographical Tradition Historians and Institutions: David Rothman and Asylums The History of Public Welfare: Roy Lubove on Social InsuranceEpilogue: The Significance of Welfare HistoryAppendixIndex