Postbiotics

Health and Industry

1st Edition - October 9, 2024
Editors: Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai, Prakash M Halami
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 1 8 8 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 2 1 8 9 - 7

Postbiotics: Health and Industry provides a detailed overview on the fundamentals, biological and therapeutic properties, safety, and application of postbiotics in health and indus… Read more

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Postbiotics: Health and Industry provides a detailed overview on the fundamentals, biological and therapeutic properties, safety, and application of postbiotics in health and industry. Sections cover the fundamentals of postbiotics, which include insights on probiotic microorganisms, postbiotics, and host–microbe interaction, analysis, and characterization of postbiotics. The book goes on to delve into the different types of postbiotics and their mechanisms. Remaining sections explore various health, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications of postbiotics.

Title of Book
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Foreword
Preface
Section 1. Fundamentals of postbiotics
Chapter 1. Postbiotics and host–microbe interactions
1 Introduction
2 Classification of postbiotics
2.1 Cell-free supernatants
2.2 Exopolysaccharides
2.3 Short-chain fatty acids
2.4 Enzymes
2.5 Bacteriocins
3 Health benefits of postbiotics
4 Postbiotics mechanism of action
5 Postbiotics and the microbiome
6 The impact of postbiotics on host–microbiota interactions
7 Effects of postbiotics on microbial community interactions
8 Future perceptive and conclusion
Chapter 2. An insight into probiotic microorganisms
1 Introduction
2 Human gut microbiota
3 Gut microbiota (GM) composition in diseases
4 The biotics family: Current knowledge in diseases
5 Probiotics: Protecting our health from the gut
6 Mechanism of action of probiotics
6.1 Intestinal homeostatic effects of probiotics
6.2 Intestinal barrier regulatory effects of probiotics
6.3 Immunomodulatory effects of probiotics
6.4 Active components and derivatives
7 Health effects of metabolites from probiotic bacteria
7.1 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
7.2 Plasmalogens
7.3 Enzymes
7.4 Bacteriocins
7.5 Exopolysaccharides (EPSs)
7.6 Teichoic acids
7.7 Vitamins
7.8 Biosurfactants
7.9 Amino acids
7.10 Sphingolipids
7.11 Extracellular polysaccharides
8 Evolving research from probiotics to postbiotics
9 Future perspectives
10 Conclusion
Chapter 3. Postbiotics from Lactobacillus
1 Introduction
1.1 Significance of Lactobacillus sp. in the production of postbiotics
1.2 Importance of postbiotics
2 Postbiotics from Lactobacillus sp.
2.1 Overview of Lactobacillus sp.
2.2 Role of Lactobacillus sp. in gut health
2.3 Traditional application of probiotics
3 Lactobacillus sp. derived postbiotics
3.1 Production methods of postbiotics
3.2 Chemical analysis of postbiotics
4 Health benefits of postbiotics isolated from Lactobacillus sp.
4.1 Modulation of the immune system
4.2 Improvement of gut health
4.3 Antiinflammatory properties of postbiotics
4.4 Antimicrobial property of postbiotics
5 Application of postbiotics from Lactobacillus sp.
5.1 Medical application
5.2 Food and beverage industry
5.3 Milk fermentation
5.4 Improved shelf life
5.4.1 Improved shelf life of soybeans
5.4.2 Improved shelf life of meat
5.5 Cheese fermentation
5.6 Cosmetics and skin care products
5.7 Impact on animal health
6 Regulatory and safety considerations
6.1 Current regulation on postbiotics
6.2 Safety concern of postbiotics
7 Role of postbiotics in treatment of gut-related disorders
7.1 Role of Lactobacillus sp. in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
7.2 Role of Lactobacillus sp. in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
7.3 Role of Lactobacillus sp. in gastrointestinal infection
8 Clinical studies and research findings
8.1 Recent clinical and preclinical studies on postbiotics
8.2 Interaction of postbiotics and paraprobiotics with their host cell receptors
8.3 Recent findings and their implications
9 Future perspective and emerging trends
9.1 Current research direction
9.2 Detoxification
9.3 Regulation of the systemic metabolism
9.4 Immune system
10 Potential application and innovation
10.1 Immunomodulatory effects in ruminants
10.2 Aquaculture
10.3 Healthy gut microbiota in swine
10.4 Adding value and food safety
11 Challenges and limitations
12 Conclusions
Chapter 4. Postbiotics from Bifidobacterium sp.
1 Introduction
2 Postbiotics
3 Bifidobacterium sp.
4 Bifidobacterium sp., as postbiotics
5 Preparation of Bifidobacterium sp. postbiotic
5.1 Cell lysis
6 Lyophilization
7 Extraction by classical solvent method
8 Pasteurization
9 Conclusion
Chapter 5. Postbiotics from Lactococcus sp. and its biomedical applications
1 Introduction
2 Lactococcus sp. as a source of postbiotics
3 Biomedical applications of postbiotic components of Lactococcus sp.
3.1 Antibacterial activity
3.2 Antifungal activity
3.3 Antiinflammatory
3.4 Antiimmunomodulatory
3.5 Antiproliferative and antihypertensive activity
3.6 Secondary metabolite compound
4 Conclusion
Chapter 6. Investigation of postbiotic from Saccharomyces sp. and its biotherapeutic applications
1 Introduction
2 Saccharomyces spp. as a source of postbiotics
3 Biotherapeutic efficacy of postbiotic components of Saccharomyces spp.
3.1 Antimicrobial activity
3.2 Anticancer activity
3.3 Antioxidant activity
3.4 Antidiabetic activity
4 Conclusion
Chapter 7. Oral microbiome and human health
1 Development of the oral microbiome
2 The human microbiome project
3 Functions of the oral microbiome
4 Oral bacterial microbiome
5 Oral microbiome and diseases
5.1 Periodontitis
5.2 Dental caries
5.3 Halitosis
6 Oral bacteria and systemic diseases
6.1 Tumor
6.2 Diabetes mellitus
6.3 Cardiovascular Diseases
6.4 Respiratory diseases
6.5 Bacteremia
6.6 Alzheimer’s
6.7 Preterm Birth
7 Oral fungal, viral, protozoan, and archaeal microbiome
7.1 Fungal microbiome
7.2 Viral microbiome
7.3 Protozoan microbiome
7.4 Archaeal microbiome
8 Conclusion
Chapter 8. Separation, characterization and identification of postbiotics from probiotic microbes
1 Introduction
2 Postbiotics and well known probiotics
3 Production and separation of postbiotics from probiotic bacteria
4 Characterization of postbiotics
4.1 Gas chromatography
4.2 Liquid chromatography
4.3 Fourier-infrared transform spectroscopy
4.4 NMR spectroscopy
4.5 Spectrophotometric analysis
4.6 Other techniques
5 Health benefits of postbiotics obtained from probiotic organisms
6 Conclusion
Chapter 9. Genomic characterization of postbiotics
1 Discovery of probiotics
2 Definition of pro-, pre-, syn-, and postbiotics
3 Applications of probiotics
3.1 Probiotics on human health
3.2 Probiotics on poultry and animal health
4 Critical issues of probiotics
5 Postbiotics
6 Applications of postbiotics
7 Genomic characterization of postbiotics
7.1 Genomic characterization of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)
7.1.1 Bacillus velezensis
7.2 Genomic characterization of Corynebacterium amycolatum
7.2.1 Stress response genes
7.2.2 Genes responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis
7.2.3 H2O2-related genes
7.2.4 Nutrient production
7.3 Genomic characterization of Bifidobacterium longum
7.3.1 pH and bile salt tolerance
7.3.2 Bacterial adhesion
8 Conclusion
Chapter 10. Unlocking health potential of postbiotics: Exploring there potential and overcoming challenges
1 Introduction
2 Importance of postbiotic
3 Classification of postbiotics
3.1 Short-chain fatty acids
3.2 Exopolysaccharides
3.3 Enzymes
3.4 Cell wall fragments
3.5 Cell-free supernatants
3.6 Bacterial lysates
3.7 Other metabolites
4 Methods for obtaining and identifying postbiotics
5 Bioactivity and consequences of postbiotics
5.1 A possible mechanism for postbiotic activity
6 Postbiotic applications in food production and healthcare
6.1 Postbiotics potential role in food industry
6.2 The potential role of postbiotics in the pharmaceutical or health industry
7 Future impact of postbiotics on probiotic vision for future research
8 Challenges and safety regulations of postbiotics
9 Limitations of postbiotics
10 Conclusion
Section 2. Postbiotics types and mechanisms
Chapter 11. Exopolysaccharides: Exploring their role as postbiotics
1 Introduction
1.1 Exopolysaccharide as postbiotics
1.2 Health-promoting benefits of postbiotics produced by lactic acid bacteria: Exopolysaccharide
1.3 Health-promoting benefits of postbiotics produced by yeast: Exopolysaccharide
2 Structure and classification of EPS—Physical properties of EPS
2.1 Exopolysaccharides (EPS): Structure, classification, and physical properties
2.1.1 Biosynthetic pathway of EPS
3 Functional and health-based importance of EPS
3.1 Immunomodulatory activities
3.2 Antiinflammatory effects
3.3 Antitumor and antimutagenicity
3.3.1 Antitumor activity
3.3.2 Antimutagenicity
4 Modulation of gene expression
4.1 Antioxidant activity
4.2 Antibacterial and antiviral activity
4.3 Antiviral activity
4.4 Cholesterol lowering and antidiabetic properties
4.5 Antidiabetic properties
4.6 Gastroprotective activity
4.7 Antibiofilm activity
5 Conclusion
Chapter 12. Short-chain fatty acids as postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Microbiome and human health
3 Production of SCFA in vivo
4 SCFA-producing microbes in the gut
5 Metabolism and signal pathways of SCFA
6 Biological functions of SCFA
6.1 SCFA and colonic epithelium integrity
6.2 SCFA and metabolic effects
6.3 SCFA and antitumor activity
6.4 SCFA and immunity
6.5 SCFA and gut–brain communication
7 Applications of SCFA as postbiotic
7.1 Delivery strategies of SCFA
7.2 Diet regulation
7.3 “Postbiotic” delivery
8 Conclusions and future perspectives
Chapter 13. Enzymes and vitamins from probiont as postbiotics: A review
1 Introduction
2 Classification of postbiotics
2.1 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
2.2 Peptides and proteins
2.3 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
2.4 Bacteriocins
2.5 Nucleotides
2.6 Other postbiotic compounds
2.7 Enzymes from postbiotics
3 Vitamins used in postbiotics
4 Industrial importance of postbiotics
4.1 Importance of postbiotics in food and beverages industries
4.2 Importance of postbiotics in pharmaceuticals industries
4.3 Importance of cosmetics and skin care industries
4.4 Importance of postbiotics in animal feed and agriculture industries
5 Uses of postbiotics
5.1 Modulates immune system
5.2 Antitumor effects
5.3 Prevention of infection
5.4 Used in arthrosclerosis
5.5 Use in allergic diseases
5.6 Industrial production of vitamins and enzymes
5.7 Example:Vitamin B1
5.8 Example 2: Vitamin B12
5.9 Example 3: Vitamin C
5.10 Example 4: Vitamin A
6 Application of postbiotics
6.1 Medical application of postbiotics
6.2 Agricultural applications of postbiotics
6.3 Other application of postbiotics
7 Conclusion
Chapter 14. Bacteriocins or microbial peptides produced by probiotics
1 Introduction
2 Classification of bacteriocins and microbial peptides
3 Overview of the definitions of terms, connected with bacteriocins, bioactive peptides, and probiotics
4 Methodology of research
5 Bacteriocins or bioactive peptides produced by probiotics and other beneficial microbes
5.1 Bacteriocins or bioactive peptides produced by lactobacilli strains
5.2 Bacteriocins or bioactive peptides produced by bifidobacteria strains
5.3 Bacteriocins or bioactive peptides produced by bacteria other than lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains
6 Characteristics of identified studies on bacteriocins or bioactive peptides
7 Conclusions
Chapter 15. Mechanisms of postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Modulation of the gut microbiota
3 Antimicrobial activity
4 Intestinal adaptations
5 Immunomodulation
5.1 Inactive microorganisms and cell fragments
5.2 Peptidoglycan
5.3 Lipoteichoic acids
5.4 Exopolysaccharide
5.5 Short-chain fatty acids
5.6 Bacteriocins
6 Metabolic adaptations
7 Conclusion and perspectives
Chapter 16. Commercially available human and animal postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Classification of postbiotics
2.1 Short-chain fatty acids
2.2 Exopolysaccharides
2.3 Enzymes
2.4 Cell wall fragments
2.5 Cell-free supernatants
2.6 Bacterial lysates
2.7 Other metabolites
3 Commercially available human and animal postbiotics
3.1 HT-BPL1
3.2 Del-Immune V
3.3 CytoFlora
3.4 Hylak forte
3.5 Epicor
3.6 LAC-shield
3.7 Pylopass
3.8 HK L-137
3.9 Totipro
3.10 Lactobacillus fermentate
3.11 LivaltaTMCell HY40
3.12 NutriTek
3.13 SafMannan
4 Addressing the knowledge gap in postbiotic advancements
4.1 A lack of standardization and regulatory oversight
4.2 Scarcity of technical expertise in postbiotic manufacturing
4.3 Inadequate clinical studies
4.4 Limited data on adverse effects of postbiotics consumption
5 Emerging trends in the postbiotics utilization
5.1 Postbiotics in the therapeutic field
5.2 Postbiotics as performance enhancers
5.3 Postbiotics as dietary supplements for infants
5.4 Precision postbiotics
5.5 Nanotechnology for targeted postbiotics delivery
6 Conclusions
Chapter 17. Postbiotic effects on drug metabolism and therapeutic outcomes
1 Introduction
2 Existing classes of postbiotic drugs
2.1 Cell free supernatants
2.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPSs)
2.3 Enzymes
2.4 Cell wall fragments
2.5 Bacterial lysates
3 Postbiotic action mechanism
3.1 Immunostimulating effects
3.2 Prevention of infection
3.3 Anticancer effects
3.4 Antiatherogenic effects
3.5 Rapid wound healing
4 Therapeutic outcomes
4.1 Manufacturing technology
4.2 Usage safety
4.3 Functional food products
4.4 Utilization in allergic diseases
5 Future clinical applications
6 Conclusion
Chapter 18. Modulation of human gut dysbiosis by postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Causes that trigger gut dysbiosis
3 Gut dysbiosis in clinical disorders
4 Convection therapeutic treatments for gut dysbiosis and their disadvantages
5 Next-generation therapeutics—postbiotic therapy
6 Postbiotics efficacy mechanisms in stabilizing gut microbiota
6.1 Protective modulation against gut pathogens
6.2 Enhancing the intestinal wall barrier
6.3 Immunomodulatory activity
7 Commercially available postbiotics in gut dysbiosis treatment
8 Future prospects of postbiotics in gut dysbiosis treatment
Chapter 19. Meta-analysis of postbiotics on evaluating health benefits and mechanisms
1 Introduction
2 Gut biota and its metabolome
3 Conception of postbiotics and mechanism of action of microbial-derived biotics (meta/pharma/postbiotics)
4 Analysis of the microbiome and probiotics by bioinformatics and metabolomics
5 Potential effects of postbiotics on intestinal epithelial barrier integrity
6 Beneficial effects of the essential biotics on gut biota
6.1 Bacteriocins
6.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPS)
6.3 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
6.4 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
6.5 Structural compounds and dead cells
7 Precision and prospective role of postbiotics in mental health
7.1 Postbiotic and depression
7.2 Postbiotic and anxiety
7.3 Postbiotic and cognitive function
7.4 Postbiotic and other CNS states
8 Prospective role of postbiotics in innate and adaptive immunity
9 Conclusion and future perspectives
Section 3. Applications of postbiotics in health and pharmaceutical industry
Chapter 20. Postbiotics: A health promoters in human
1 Introduction
2 Sources and types of postbiotics
3 Diverse origins of postbiotics
4 Prominent types of postbiotics
4.1 Short-chain fatty acids
4.2 Exopolysaccharides
4.3 Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
4.4 Enzymes and cellular components
4.5 Others
5 Mechanism and biological activities of postbiotics
6 Health benefits of postbiotics
6.1 Improved gut health
6.2 Enhancement of immune system function
6.3 Antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties
6.4 Metabolic effects and disease prevention
7 Applications of postbiotics
8 Conclusions
Chapter 21. Integrative multiomics: Understanding postbiotics and their role in human physiology
1 Introduction
2 Probiotics, their action modality
3 Conceptualization of postbiotics
4 Application of multiomics in the metamorphosis of commensal microbiota into target-based probiotics
5 Postbiotic components: Production and characterization
6 Postbiotics function health benefits
7 What factors govern the efficacy of probiotics and postbiotics in given circumstances?
7.1 What criteria should be met for the formation of probiotics and postbiotics intended for human use?
7.2 Why do certain probiotics and postbiotic perform inadequately in preclinical and clinical trials?
7.3 Why should host-adapted strains be favored for probiotic and postbiotic formulations?
7.4 Humane use of strategically formulated probiotics and postbiotics
8 Perspectives for nonclinical application
8.1 Biopreservation
8.2 Functional food preparation
8.3 Food packaging
8.4 Cosmetic applications
9 Future prospects
10 Conclusion
Chapter 22. Antimicrobial effects of postbiotics
1 Introduction
1.1 What are antibiotics and antimicrobials?
1.2 Why do we need alternatives?
1.3 What are postbiotics?
2 Mode of action of postbiotics
2.1 Action by lactic acid bacteria
2.1.1 Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus acidophilus
2.1.2 Lactobacillus plantarum
2.1.3 Lactobacillus rhamnosus
2.1.4 Lactobacillus acidophilus LB on ETEC
2.1.5 Lactobacillus acidophilus LB on Salmonella spp.
2.1.6 Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on E. coli
2.1.7 L. casei, L. sporogenes, S. faecalis, C. butyricum, B. mesentericus on Cronobacter sakazakii
2.1.8 Lactobacillus gasseri
2.2 Action of Bifidobacterium bifidum
2.3 Action of Enterococcus faecium
3 Discussion
Chapter 23. Prevention of microbial infections by postbiotic
1 Introduction
2 Therapeutic effects of postbiotics in preventing microbial infections
2.1 Postbiotic mode of action (A general background)
2.2 Clinical evidence based on postbiotics mode of action
3 An overview of postbiotic production to prevent microbial infections
4 Conclusion
Chapter 24. Prevention of food allergies using postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Role of gut microbiome in food allergy
3 Role of postbiotics on host-microbiome interaction
4 Immunomodulatory effects of postbiotics
5 Mechanism of action of postbiotics
6 Role of postbiotics in food
7 Mechanism of postbiotics in food allergy
8 Future perspectives of postbiotics
9 Conclusion
Chapter 25. Anticancer and antioxidant activity of postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 The concept of postbiotics
3 Anticancer activity of postbiotics
4 Antioxidant activity of postbiotics
5 Antioxidant mechanism of postbiotics
5.1 Superoxide dismutase
5.2 Glutathione peroxidases
5.3 Catalase
6 Conclusions and prospects
Chapter 26. Antioxidant activity of postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Antioxidant properties of postbiotics
2.1 Detailed exploration of the antioxidant activity exhibited by postbiotics
2.2 Chemical composition of postbiotics contributing to their antioxidant capacity
2.3 Mechanisms of action involved in the antioxidant effects of postbiotics
3 Role of postbiotics in health promotion
3.1 Impact of postbiotics on oxidative stress and its relevance to human health
3.2 Exploration of postbiotics as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in health promotion
4 Applications of postbiotics in the pharmaceutical industry
4.1 Use of postbiotics as natural antioxidants in pharmaceutical formulations
4.2 Advantages of postbiotics over synthetic antioxidants
4.3 Potential therapeutic applications of postbiotics
4.4 Research advancements and clinical trials involving postbiotics in the pharmaceutical sector
5 Gut microbiota modulation by postbiotics
5.1 Influence of postbiotics on the gut microbiota composition and diversity
5.2 Role of a balanced gut microbiota in maintaining redox homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress
6 Applications of postbiotics in the food industry
6.1 Functional food production
6.2 Shelf life extension and food preservation
6.3 Food packaging
6.4 Safety issues of postbiotics
7 Challenges of using postbiotics as antioxidant compounds
8 Potential areas for further research and future perspectives
Chapter 27. Antiinflammatory effects of postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Antiinflammatory activity of postbiotics
2.1 Cell-free supernatants
2.2 Short-chain fatty acids
2.3 Exopolysaccharides
2.4 Lipoteichoic acid
2.5 Metabolites
2.6 Cell wall components
2.7 Heat-killed cells
2.8 Proteins
3 Are postbiotics a holistic alternative to conventional antiinflammatory therapies?
4 Conclusion and future implications
Chapter 28. Antiatherosclerotic effects of postbiotics
1 Cardiovascular disease
2 Atherosclerosis—A chronic inflammatory disease
3 Immunology behind atherosclerosis
4 Treatment options for atherosclerosis
5 Antiatherosclerosis
6 Antiatherosclerotic effects of natural products
7 All about biotics
7.1 Probiotics
7.2 Prebiotics
7.3 Symbiotics
7.4 Postbiotics
8 Lactobacilli
9 Postbiotic metabolites produced by intestinal gut-microbiota which help in prevention of atherosclerosis
9.1 Heart disease: A role for metabolites released by the gut microbiota
9.2 Exopolysaccharides: A postbiotic metabolite
9.3 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): A postbiotic metabolite
10 Conclusion
Section 4. Applications of postbiotics in nonhuman host
Chapter 29. Postbiotic metabolites in livestock feeding
1 Introduction
2 Production and classification of postbiotic components
2.1 Exopolysaccharides
2.2 SCFAs (short-chain fatty acids)
2.3 Cell wall components
2.4 Antimicrobial peptides
2.5 Vitamins
3 Beneficial effects of postbiotics on livestock gut health
4 Postbiotics feed supplement for pigs
5 Postbiotics feed supplement for chicks
6 Postbiotics feed supplement for goat and cow
7 Conclusion
Chapter 30. Postbiotics metabolites in aquaculture
1 Introduction
2 Health-promoting effects of postbiotics effects in the host species (nonhuman)
2.1 Postbiotic effects of Bacillus velezensis FS26 in giant freshwater prawn against Aeromonas and Vibrio spp.
2.2 Postbiotic effects of Bacillus velezensis GY65 in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) against Aeromonas hydrophila GYK1
2.3 Postbiotic effects of Bacillus subtilis in bullfrog against Mycoplasma
2.4 Postbiotics effects of Bacillus subtilis in rainbow trout and Nile tilapia against Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida
2.5 Postbiotic effects of Spirochetes and Bacteroidetes in rainbow trout against Lactococcus garvieae infection
2.6 Postbiotic effects in shrimp species against shrimp vibriosis and other infections
3 Applications of postbiotics in aquaculture
4 Conclusion
Chapter 31. Growth and immunomodulatory postbiotic effects in fish
1 Introduction
1.1 Postbiotic components: Production and characterization
1.2 Possible signaling mechanisms
1.3 Microbial strains as a postbiotic source
1.4 Methodologies to identify and obtain postbiotics
1.4.1 Postbiotics and immune system
1.4.2 Inactivated and dead probiotics (nonviable probiotics)
1.5 Cell-free suspensions
1.5.1 Exopolysaccharides and extracellular vesicle
1.5.2 Bacterial lysates
1.5.3 Vitamins
1.5.4 Biosurfactants
1.5.5 Short-chain fatty acids
1.5.6 Bacteriocins
1.6 Toll-like receptor (TLR)
1.7 Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization receptor (NLR)
Chapter 32. Growth and immunomodulatory postbiotic effects in shrimp
1 Introduction
1.1 Background of shrimp aquaculture and its challenges
1.2 The emergence of probiotics and prebiotics in shrimp farming
2 Postbiotics: Definition and sources
2.1 Definition and classification of postbiotics
2.2 Sources of postbiotics in shrimp farming
3 Growth-promoting postbiotic effects in shrimp
4 Immunomodulatory postbiotic effects
4.1 Immune system of shrimps
4.2 Disease resistance in shrimp
4.3 Evaluation of immunological parameters
4.3.1 Hemocyte count
4.3.2 Phagocytic activity assay
4.3.3 Total plasma protein
4.3.4 Preparation of hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS)
4.3.5 Bacterial clearance efficiency
5 Formulation and delivery of postbiotics in shrimp
5.1 Encapsulation techniques for postbiotic stability
5.2 Dosing of postbiotics in shrimp aquaculture
6 Assessing the safety of postbiotics in shrimp farming
7 Conclusion
Chapter 33. Immunomodulatory and growth-enhancing postbiotic effects in poultry
1 Introduction
2 Types of postbiotic products: nonviable probiotics
3 Exopolysaccharide
4 Teichoic acid
5 Probiotic bacterial vesicles
6 Fermented products
7 Surface-layer proteins
8 Short-chain fatty acids
9 Probiotic enzymes
10 Probiotic metabolites
11 Yeast extract: A key component in postbiotics
12 Bacterial lysate: Implications for the gut–lung axis
13 Mechanism of action: postbiotics
14 Lactobacillus-derived supernatants: A trove of postbiotics
15 Postbiotics and the poultry gut microbiome
16 Growth enhancement in poultry through postbiotics
17 Immunomodulatory effects of postbiotics on poultry
18 Conclusion
Chapter 34. Growth and immunomodulatory postbiotic effects in mice
1 Introduction
2 Gut microbiota
3 Postbiotics
3.1 Probiotic bacteria-producing postbiotics
3.2 Classification of postbiotics
4 Postbiotics and immune system
4.1 Postbiotics and immune system modulation (Yeşilyurt et al., 2021)
5 The impact of postbiotics on host–microbiota interactions
6 Safety of postbiotics
7 Immunomodulatory effects on gut
8 Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
8.1 Screening for GABA production
8.2 High-performance thin-layer chromatography
8.3 Effects of GABA on immune cells
9 Animals
9.1 Lymph node cells isolation
9.2 Lactate dehydrogenase assay
9.3 MTT assay on lymph node cells
9.4 Quantification of cytokines
9.5 Mice hemagglutination test
9.6 Cell cytotoxicity and proliferation
10 Immunomodulatory
10.1 Neurotransmitter-mediated immunomodulation
10.1.1 Glutamate
10.1.2 Humoral antibody (HA) response
10.1.3 Macrophage phagocytic index in mice
10.1.4 Delayed-type hypersensitivity
10.1.5 Serum hemolysin level
10.1.6 Immune organ index
10.1.7 Monitoring blood glucose level
10.1.8 Oral glucose tolerance test
11 Development of GABA-enriched fermented juices
12 Growth
13 Function
14 Conclusion
Section 5. Applications of postbiotics in food industry
Chapter 35. Biopreservation of dairy products using postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Overview of postbiotics
3 Role of postbiotics in biopreservation and mechanism of action
4 Organic acids and bacteriocins
5 Enzymes
6 Applications of postbiotics in dairy products
7 Dairy products preservation and safety
8 Cheese production and ripening with postbiotics
9 Yogurt and fermented milk products preservation
10 Butter and other dairy product applications
11 Benefits and challenges of postbiotic biopreservation
12 Future perspectives
13 Conclusion
Chapter 36. Biopreservation of fruits and vegetables using postbiotics
1 Introduction
1.1 Classification of postbiotics
1.2 Advantages of postbiotics
2 Exopolysaccharides
3 Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
4 Organic acid
4.1 Applications in the preservation of fruits and vegetables
4.2 Application of citric acid in the food industry
5 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)
6 Vitamins
6.1 Applications of vitamins in food
7 Phenolic derivatives
7.1 Applications of phenolic derivatives in fruits and vegetables
8 Cell wall fragments
8.1 Applications in the food industry
9 Conclusion
Chapter 37. Bacteriocin-based approach for food preservation
1 Introduction
2 Bacteriocin: Nature and characteristics
3 Classification of bacteriocins
4 Criteria of bacteriocin to be a food preservative
5 Application method of bacteriocin as a food preservative
6 Mode of action of bacteriocin
7 Bacteriocin in food preservation
8 Nisin
9 Pediocin
10 Enterocins
11 Applications of bacteriocin to food
12 Conclusion
Chapter 38. Postbiotics food packing using bacteriocin
1 Introduction
2 Bacteriocin
2.1 Classification of bacteriocins
2.2 Nisin
2.2.1 Physiological properties of nisin
2.2.2 Applications of nisin in food products
2.3 Pediocin
2.3.1 Physiological properties of pediocin
3 Discussion and conclusion
Chapter 39. Antibiofilm activity of postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Materials
2.1 Preparation of primary inoculum for the desired probiotic strain for the extraction of postbiotics
2.2 Culturing and preparation of cell-free supernatant for the extraction of postbiotics
2.3 Extraction of postbiotics from cell-free supernatant of microbial culture
2.4 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracted postbiotics
2.5 Determination of biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) and percentage of biofilm inhibition for the extracted postbiotics
2.6 Evaluation of metabolic viability of biofilm cells upon treatment with postbiotics by Alamar blue assay
2.7 Evaluation of metabolic viability of biofilm cells upon treatment with postbiotics by XTT assay
2.8 Quantification of EPS in biofilms treated with postbiotics
2.9 Determining the efficacy of postbiotics in eradication of mature or preformed biofilms
2.10 Evaluation of biofilm inhibition by microscopy
2.10.1 Observation of biofilm inhibitory potential of postbiotics using confocal laser scanning microscopy
2.10.2 Observation of biofilm inhibitory potential of postbiotics using scanning electron microscopy
3 Methods
3.1 Preparation of primary inoculum for the desired probiotic strain for the extraction of postbiotics (Azami et al., 2022)
3.2 Culturing and preparation of cell-free supernatant for the extraction of postbiotics (Azami et al., 2022; Rossoni et al., 2020)
3.3 Extraction of postbiotics from cell-free supernatant of microbial culture (Azami et al., 2022; Rossoni et al., 2020)
3.4 Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracted postbiotics (Azami et al., 2022)
3.5 Determination of biofilm inhibitory concentration (BIC) and percentage of biofilm inhibition for the extracted postbiotics (Gowrishankar et al., 2012)
3.6 Evaluation of metabolic viability of biofilm cells upon treatment with postbiotics by Alamar blue assay (Squarzanti et al., 2022)
3.7 Evaluation of metabolic viability of biofilm cells upon treatment with postbiotics by XTT assay (Azami et al., 2022)
3.8 Quantification of EPS in biofilm treated with postbiotics (Gowrishankar et al., 2012)
3.9 Determining the efficacy of postbiotics in eradication of mature or preformed biofilms (Ishikawa et al., 2021)
3.10 Evaluation of biofilm inhibition by microscopy
3.10.1 Observation of biofilm inhibitory potential of postbiotics using light microscope (Zhao et al., 2023)
3.10.2 Observation of biofilm inhibitory potential of postbiotics using scanning electron microscopy (Zhao et al., 2023)
Chapter 40. Biodegradation of mycotoxins using postbiotics
1 Introduction to postbiotics in the food industry
1.1 Definition and characteristics of postbiotics
1.2 Importance and potential applications in the food industry
2 Overview of mycotoxins in food
2.1 Definition and sources of mycotoxins
2.2 Regulatory guidelines for mycotoxin limits in food
3 Postbiotics and mycotoxin biodegradation
3.1 Role of postbiotics in mycotoxin degradation
3.2 Mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation by postbiotics
3.3 Factors influencing the efficiency of mycotoxin biodegradation
4 Postbiotic strains for mycotoxin biodegradation
4.1 Selection and isolation of postbiotic strains with mycotoxin degradation potential
4.2 Characterization and identification of effective postbiotic strains
4.3 Safety assessment of postbiotic strains for food applications
5 Biodegradation of specific mycotoxins by postbiotics
5.1 Aflatoxins: Degradation mechanisms and postbiotic strains involved
5.2 Ochratoxin A: Biodegradation pathways and postbiotic strains
6 Applications of postbiotic-based mycotoxin detoxification
6.1 Mechanisms of postbiotic-based mycotoxin detoxification
6.2 Postharvest treatment of mycotoxin-contaminated crops
6.3 Detoxification of mycotoxins during food processing
6.4 Use of postbiotics as a preventive measure for mycotoxin contamination
7 Safety and regulatory aspects
7.1 Safety evaluation of postbiotic-treated food products
7.2 Challenges and future perspectives in postbiotic application for mycotoxin control
Chapter 41. Preservation of postbiotics
1 Introduction
2 Biopreservation
3 Biopreservation of vegetables and bread
4 Biopreservation of dairy products
5 Functional food preparation
6 Food packaging
7 Removal of biofilms
Chapter 42. Postbiotics-promising role as energetic biomolecules, safety regulations, and nutritional aspects
1 Introduction to postbiotics
1.1 Food to postbiotics: The journey of microbial metabolites
1.1.1 Microbiota's role in food transformation
1.2 Definition and characteristics of postbiotics
1.2.1 Clarifying the terminology
1.2.2 Distinguishing postbiotics from probiotics and prebiotics
1.2.3 The distinct identity of postbiotics
1.3 Importance of postbiotics in gut health and beyond
1.3.1 Linking gut microbiota and overall health
1.4 Expanding the reach of postbiotics: Skin, immune system, and more
2 Postbiotics as energetic biomolecules
2.1 Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as key energetic components
2.1.1 Composition and origins
2.1.2 Energy yield and metabolism
2.1.3 Butyrate's dual role
2.1.4 Metabolic signaling
2.1.5 Nutrient utilization and beyond
2.2 Amino acids and peptides as energy sources
2.2.1 Microbial conversion of protein-derived metabolites
2.2.2 Utilization in energy metabolism
2.2.3 Other metabolites with energetic potential
2.3 Role of postbiotics in cellular energy metabolism
2.3.1 Mitochondria and cellular energy metabolism
2.3.2 Impact on cellular ATP production
2.3.3 Interactions with energy-regulating pathways
3 Safety regulations and oversight
3.1 Current regulatory framework for postbiotic products
3.1.1 FDA (food and drug administration) guidelines
3.1.2 EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) regulations
3.1.3 DST guidelines for probiotics
3.2 Assessment of safety and potential risks
3.2.1 Toxicological studies and safety evaluations
3.2.2 Allergenicity and adverse reactions
3.2.3 Microbial contamination and quality control
4 Postbiotics as nutrient sources
4.1 Bioavailability of postbiotic compounds
4.2 Impact on essential nutrient absorption
4.3 Health benefits of incorporating postbiotics into the diet
4.3.1 Gut health improvement and microbiota modulation
4.3.2 Immune system enhancement
4.3.3 Potential for metabolic health and weight management
5 Applications and future perspectives
5.1 Industrial applications of postbiotics
5.1.1 Postbiotics in food and beverage industries
5.1.2 Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications
5.1.3 Cosmetics and personal care products
5.2 Exploring future research avenues
5.2.1 Novel postbiotic sources and production techniques
5.2.2 Postbiotics and personalized nutrition
5.2.3 Clinical trials and therapeutic potential
6 Conclusion
Index

Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai

Dr. Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran is a Professor in the Department of Microbiology, Principal Investigator in National Repository for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria—Freshwater (NRMC-F) at Bharathidasan University in Tiruchirappalli, India. His research experience is in the fields of actinobacteriology and mycology. His current research focuses on probiotic microorganisms and postbiotics and microbiome profiling in plant and animal system. He has been awarded an UGC-Raman Post-Doctoral Fellowship and has worked in the Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences at the University of New Hampshire in Durham, USA. He studied the genome properties of probiotic bacteria by whole genome, metagenome sequencing, and formulated probiotic feed supplements for dairy cow. He edited 17 books with international publishers and served as a reviewer, guest editor, and on the editorial boards of national and international journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Assistant Professor, Bharathidasan University, Department of Microbiology, Tiruchirappalli, India

Prakash M Halami

Dr. Prakash M. Halami is a Chief Scientist in Microbiology and Fermentation Technology at CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute in Mysore, India. He has a postgraduate degree in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology from the National Centre for Plant Biotechnology, PUSA Institute, IARI in New Delhi, and a doctorate in Biotechnology from the University of Mysore. Dr. Halami also has advanced training in Biotechnology from Kobe University in Japan, conducted doctoral degree research at the University of Frankfurt in Germany, and postdoctoral research at the University of Minnesota, USA, as a Raman Research Fellow. His laboratory investigates the mechanism of food-grade metabolite production by microorganisms using classical microbiology approaches and by using genomic tools, and his research activities include the characterization and transferability of antibiotic resistance genes in probiotic bacteria, development of defined starter cultures, and molecular taxonomy. He also has nearly three decades of R & D experience.

Affiliations and expertise

Chief Scientist, Microbiology and Fermentation Technology CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health