Positive Social Behavior and Morality

ContentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1 Positive Behavior, Morality, and Human Nature Prosocial Behavior: Definition, Significance, and Relationship to Morality Prosocial Acts and Altruistic Motives Morality and Human Nature Sources of Morality Genetic Origins of Altruism Social Evolution in Contrast to Biological Evolution Prosocial Behavior in Animals Chapter 2 Personality, the Situation, and the Determination of Prosocial Behavior Why People Behave Prosocially Self-Gain Personal Values and Norms Empathy and Identification with Other People A Theoretical Model for Predicting Prosocial Behavior Personal Goals and the Activating Potential of Situations Goal Conflict and Conflict Resolution The Measurement of Goals and Activating Potentials Other Personality Influences on Goal Activation and Behavior Perceptual Tendencies Competence A Person's State of Well-Being and the Connection between the Self and Others Justification Processes Supporting Research Classes of Influences on Prosocial Behavior Chapter 3 Determinants of People Helping Other People in Physical Distress The Early Research of Latané and Darley The Influence of Others Defining the Situation, Defining the Appropriate Response, and Communicating Expectations about Appropriate Behavior Diffusion of Responsibility and Normative Explanations of Helping Behavior Stimulus Characteristics That Affect Helping Variation in Ambiguity The Degree of Need, the Cost of Helping, and the Opportunity to Escape Spontaneous (or Impulsive) Helping Temporary States of the Actor, Stimulus Overload, Urban-Rural Helping, and Personality Summary of Situational Influences Personality and Helping Others in Physical Need Moral Reasoning and Helping Behavior The Influence of Combinations of Personal Characteristics and of Situations Personality and the Influence of the Number of Bystanders on Helping The Personalities of Helpful Individuals Chapter 4 Observing and Causing Harm to Others: Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Consequences Empathy and Prosocial Behavior Physiological Arousal in Response to Another's Suffering The Reinforcing Effect of Reducing Another's Pain or Distress Perceptual-Cognitive Set, Empathy, and Helping Individual Differences That Affect Empathic Reactions Demonstrating the Influence of Empathy on Prosocial Behavior Empathy-Related Issues Just World, Devaluation, and Aggression Research on the Just-World Hypothesis Conditions Affecting Devaluation Devaluation and Helping Others Harmdoing Trangression, and Their Consequences Questions and Problems; Research and Theoretical Issues Proposed Explanations of the Effects of Harmdoing Comparing the Effects of Observing and of Causing Harm Alternative Explanations Conclusions, Issues, and Limitations of Research Can Violence Be Constructive? Chapter 5 Prosocial Behavior in Response to Varied Needs Social Influence The Effects of Exposure to Others' Deeds and Words Research on Modeling and Verbal Communications by Models Attributions about Models' Motives as a Determinant of Imitation Verbal Communications That Specify Behavioral Rules The Effects of Vicarious Reinforcement Summary of Modeling and Verbalization Influences Reactance and Prosocial Behavior Verbal Requests, Reactions to Helping, Self-Attribution, and Later Positive Behavior Changes in Self-Perception and Positive Behavior Additional Studies of Reactions to Help Giving and Positive Behavior Stimulus Influence Degree of Dependence and Need Sex Differences in Reactions to Dependence Internal versus External Sources of Dependence Additional Studies on How the Degree of Need and the Degree of Cost Influence Helping The Meaning and Validity of Research Decision Making, Personal Norms, and Helping Behavior Schwartz's Decisional Model Specific Norms versus General Orientations An Additional Decision-Making Model Individual Characteristics and Helping Behavior Sex Differences and Helping Behavior Morally Relevant Characteristics and Positive Behavior The Capacity for Control, Competence, Social Desirability, and Other Nonmoral Characteristics Issues for Future Research Chapter 6 Orientation to the Self and Others: The Effects of Positive and Negative Experiences, Thoughts, and Feelings The Effects of Success and Failure, Moods, and Self-Concern on Positive Behavior Competence Success and Failure The Effects of Positive Experiences The Psychological Consequences That Mediate the Effects of Positive and Negative Experiences and States Preoccupation with the Self and Self-Concern Sense of Potency Benevolence to the Self and to Others: Strengthened or Weakened Bonds Sense of Well-Being and Hedonic Balancing Individual Differences in Sense of Well-Being, Characteristic Moods, and Levels of Self-Esteem Self-Esteem and Prosocial Action in Everyday InteractionsChapter 7 The Connection between Self and Others: Similarity, Attraction, and Common Group Membership Conditions That Affect the Bond between the Self and Others Similarity in Attitudes, Opinions, and Personalities Prior Experience with Another Person Common Group Membership: Race, Sex, Nationality, and Other Criteria Shared Humanity and Orientation toward Other Human Beings Personality and the Bond between Self and Others Variations in the Bond between the Self and Others Chapter 8 Exchange and Reciprocity in Positive and Negative Behavior The Nature of Social Exchange Reciprocity and Equity in Social Exchange Beliefs about and Preferences for Reciprocity Indebtedness, Help Seeking, and Reactions to Receiving Help Reciprocity in Behavior Generalized Reciprocity Perceived Intent of a Benefactor (or Harmdoer) and Its Effect on Reciprocity Conditions That Affect the Attribution of Prosocial Intention Personality Differences in Making Attributions and in Reciprocity Reciprocity between Friends and Transactions in Prosocial Behavior Reciprocity in Everyday Life Trust in Other People Chapter 9 Cooperation and Intimate Relationships: Further Explorations in Human Transactions Determinants of Cooperation Inducing Cooperation and Its Consequences The Development and Maintenance of Intimate Relationships Relationships: Their Formation and Nature Self-Disclosure Principles of Interaction in Extended Relationships A Model of Interpersonal Relationships Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusions: The Determinants of Positive Behavior Limitations of Our Knowledge: Future Goals How Does Positive Behavior (Or Its Absence) Come About? Moving from Perception to Action The Influence of Cultures References Subject Index