Polyphenols in Human Health and Disease

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Volume 1: Polyphenols in Chronic Diseases and their Mechanisms of Action

 

Section 1: Overview of Polyphenols and Health

Chapter 1. Polyphenols in Foods and Dietary Supplements: Role in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health

1 Animal Models and Potential Medicinal Uses of Polyphenols

2 Companion Animals

3 Produce Animals

4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2. Polyphenols and Public Health

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenol Content and Sources: Role in Health and Nutrition

3 Epidemiology of Polyphenols

4 Application of Polyphenols in Health Promotion

5 Governmental Regulations: Dietary Reference Intake

6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 3. The History of Islamic Medicine at a Glance

1 Introduction

2 History of Islamic Medicine in the East Section of the Geographic Extent of the Islamic Civilization

3 History of Islamic Medicine in the West Section of the Geographic Extent of the Islamic Civilization

4 History of the Hospitals in the Islamic Civilization

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4. Polyphenols and Their Formulations: Different Strategies to Overcome the Drawbacks Associated with Their Poor Stability and Bioavailability

1 Introduction

2 Stability of Polyphenols: Formulation Approaches

3 Bioavailability of Polyphenols

4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5. Biological Activities of Polyphenols from Grapes

1 Introduction

2 The Distribution and Occurrence of Different Types of Phenolic Compounds in Grape

3 Bioactivities of Phenolic Compounds from Grape

4 Bioavailability

5 Potential Toxicity

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6. The Atomic Level Interaction of Polyphenols with the Aβ Oligomer Aggregate, A Molecular Dynamic Guidance for Rational Drug Design

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenolic Compounds for Treating Alzheimer’s Disease

3 Molecular Dynamics Simulations

4 Free Energy Calculation in the Structure-Based Designing of Aβ Aggregation Inhibitors

5 MD Simulation Studies of the Interaction of Polyphenols with Aβ Aggregates

6 Prospects and Outlook

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7. Polyphenols as Supplements in Foods and Beverages: Recent Methods, Benefits and Risks

1 Introduction

2 Methods for Supplement Preparation

3 Formulations Using Polyphenols

4 Benefits of Polyphenol Consumption: Experimental Data

5 Noxious Activities Induced by Polyphenols: An Intriguing Issue

6 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges

References

Section 2: Polyphenols in Therapy of Obesity and Diabetes

Section 2.1: Polyphenols and Diabetes

Chapter 8. Anthocyanins and Diabetes Regulation

1 Introduction

2 Chemical Properties of Anthocyanins

3 Dietary Anthocyanin Sources

4 Anthocyanin Bioavailability

5 Antidiabetic Effects of Anthocyanins and the Underlying Mechanisms

6 Conclusion and Perspective

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9. Influence of Dietary Polyphenols on Carbohydrate Metabolism

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols and Glycemic Responses

3 Polyphenols and Carbohydrate Digestion/Absorption

4 Polyphenols and Pancreatic β-Cell Function

5 Polyphenols and Hepatic Glucose Homeostasis

6 Polyphenols and Peripheral Glucose Uptake

7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10. Polyphenols in Ayurvedic Medicine and Type 2 Diabetes

1 Introduction

2 Components of Polyphenols

3 Type 2 Diabetes

4 Ayurvedic Herbal Remedies for Diabetics that Contain Polyphenols

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 11. Antidiabetic and Anticancer Potential of Native Medicinal Plants from Saudi Arabia

1 Introduction

2 Diabetes Mellitus

3 Cancer

4 Conclusion

References

Section 2.2: Polyphenols and Obesity

Chapter 12. Prevention of Diet-Induced Obesity by Dietary Polyphenols Derived from Nelumbo nucifera and Black Tea

1 Introduction

2 Black Tea Polyphenols

References

Chapter 13. Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antioxidant Effects of the Flavonoids

1 Introduction

2 Flavonoids as Antidiabetic Agents

3 Flavonoids as Antihyperlipidemic Agents

4 Flavonoids as Antioxidants

5 Clinical Trials on Flavonoids

6 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 14. Dietary Quercetin and other Polyphenols: Attenuation of Obesity

1 Introduction

2 Dietary Patterns Related to Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

3 Tea

4 Quercetin

5 Resveratrol

6 Other Polyphenols

7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 15. Role of Protocatechuic Acid in Obesity-Related Pathologies

1 Introduction

2 Protocatechuic Acid: Food Content and Bioavailability

3 Obesity: A Global Challenge

4 Mechanism of Action of PCA

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 16. Food and Supplement Polyphenol Action in Cancer Recurrence

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols and Food and Supplements

3 Polyphenols and Cancer

4 Cancer Recurrences

5 Diet and Recurrence

6 Polyphenols and Cancer Recurrence

7 Conclusion

References

Section 3: Oxidation and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols

Section 3.1: Polyphenolic Antioxidants in Health Promotion

Chapter 17. Implications of Polyphenols on Endogenous Antioxidant Defense Systems in Human Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Overview of Oxidative Stress and the Antioxidant Defense System

3 Oxidative Stress-Mediated Human Diseases and the Beneficial Effects of Polyphenols

4 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives

References

Chapter 18. Potent Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Flavonoids in the Nutrient-Rich Amazonian Palm Fruit, Açaí (Euterpe spp.)

1 Introduction

2 Açaí Fruit Composition

3 Nutritional Composition

4 Phytochemical Composition

5 Other Constituents

6 Açaí Seed Extract

7 Açaí Oil

8 Total Polyphenol and Anthocyanin Content

9 Bioactive Compounds

10 Antioxidant Capacity of Açaí and Açaí Constituents

11 Açaí Anthocyanin Stability

12 Safety Studies

13 In Vivo Studies of Açaí Polyphenols

References

Chapter 19. Dark Chocolate/Cocoa Polyphenols and Oxidative Stress

1 Introduction

2 Antioxidant Properties

3 Bioavailability

4 Research on Cocoa and Oxidative Stress

5 Summary

References

Chapter 20. Polyphenol Antioxidants from Natural Sources and Contribution to Health Promotion

1 Introduction

2 Plant Material Containing Polyphenols—Our Experience

3 Antioxidant Capacity of Natural Sources Rich in Polyphenols, and Isolated Phenolic Compounds

4 Benefits of Polyphenols Antioxidant Properties in Human Diseases—Health Promotion

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 21. Antioxidant Role of Catechin in Health and Disease

1 Introduction

2 Antioxidant Action of Green Tea Catechin

3 Toxicity and Drug Interaction

4 Summary Points

References

Section 3.2: Mechanisms of Polyphenols’ Antioxidant Effects

Chapter 22. Cytoprotective Effects of Polyphenols against Oxidative Damage

1 Introduction and General Considerations

2 Methods of Study in Vitro

3 Methods of Study in Vivo

4 Activities of the Different Polyphenols

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 23. The Role of Direct and Indirect Polyphenolic Antioxidants in Protection Against Oxidative Stress

1 Introduction

2 Cytoprotective Proteins (Phase 2 Enzymes)

3 Induction of Cytoprotective Proteins

4 Direct and Indirect Antioxidants and their Role in Protection Against Oxidative Stress

5 Polyphenol and Polyphenol-Derived Inducers of Cytoprotective Proteins (Indirect Antioxidant Effect)

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 24. Polyphenols and Low Iron Bioavailability

1 Introduction

2 Negative and Positive Health Impacts of Polyphenol Iron Complex Formation

3 Tools to Measure the Impact of Polyphenols and other Inhibitors and Enhancers on Iron Bioavailability

4 Iron Isotope Studies Measuring the Impact of Polyphenols on Human Iron Absorption

5 Recent Caco-2 Cell Studies on the Inhibition Mechanism

6 The Nature of Iron Polyphenol Complexes

7 Compounds Influencing the Polyphenol:Iron Complex Formation

8 Approaches to Counteract the Negative Effect of Polyphenols on Iron Absorption

References

Chapter 25. Galloylation and Polymerization: Role of Structure to Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols in Lipid Systems

1 Introduction

2 Role of Polymerization and Galloylation in the Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols: in Vitro Assays to Evaluate their Antioxidant Mechanisms

3 Role of Polymerization and Galloylation in the Redox Interaction with CO-Antioxidants

4 Redox Interaction of Polyphenols with Oxidants

5 Role of Polymerization and Galloylation in the Antioxidant Activity in Lipid Model Systems

References

Chapter 26. Chemical Properties, Bioavailability, and Metabolomics of Fruit Proanthocyanidins

1 Introduction

2 Chemistry of Proanthocyanidins

3 Bioavailability of Proanthocyanidins

4 Metabolomics of Proanthocyanidins

Acknowledgments

References

Section 4: Polyphenols in Brain and Neurobiology Health

Section 4.1: Mechanisms of Polyphenols in Neurobiology

Chapter 27. Plant Polyphenols as Dietary Modulators of Brain Functions

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols Bioavailability and Bioaccesibility to the Brain

3 Effects of Polyphenols on the Brain

4 Conclusion

References

Section 5: Inflammation and Polyphenols

Chapter 28. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Polyphenols on Dendritic Cells

1 Introduction

2 Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells

3 Modulation of DC Activation and Function by Polyphenols

4 Future Perspectives

Ackowledgments

References

Chapter 29. Polyphenols Suppress and Modulate Inflammation: Possible Roles in Health and Disease

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenol Effects on Inflammation-Mediated Diseases

3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Polyphenols: Evidence from Human Studies

4 Effects on Cellular Redox System

5 Effects on Arachidonic Acid Metabolism

6 Effects on Nitric Oxide Synthase

7 Effects on Proinflammatory Molecules

8 Effects on Inflammatory Gene Expression

9 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 30. Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cinnamon Polyphenols and their Monomeric Precursors

1 Introduction

2 Cinnamon, a Medicinal Spice

3 Polyphenols, their Monomeric Precursors and Inflammation

4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon Extracts

5 Cinnamon Polyphenols and their Monomeric Precursors

6 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cinnamon Polyphenols

7 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Monomeric Precursors

8 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Other Cinnamon Phenolics

9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 31. Polyphenols in the Prevention of Acute Pancreatitis: Preclinical Observations

1 Introduction

2 Curcumin

3 Resveratrol

4 Quercetin

5 Genistein

6 Ellagic Acid

7 Cinnamtannin B-1

8 Green Tea Polyphenols

9 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 32. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of Dietary Flavonoids

1 Introduction

2 In Vitro and Animal Studies

3 Human Studies

References

Chapter 33. Immunomodulatory Ethnobotanicals of the Great Lakes

1 Introduction

2 Complementary and Alternative Medicine

3 The Great Lakes

4 Bioactive Compounds: Polyphenols

5 Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

6 Anti-Inflammatory Activity

7 Antimicrobial Activity

8 Antioxidant Activity

9 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 34. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre and Inflammation

1 Introduction

2 Pongamia pinnata and Inflammatory Activity

3 Summary Points

References

Chapter 35. Polyphenol-Mediated Beneficial Effects in Healthy Status and Disease with Special Reference to Immune-Based Mechanisms

1 Introduction

2 Bioavailability

3 Receptors for Polyphenols

4 Red Wine Polyphenol-Mediated Protective Effects

5 Effects of Natural Products Fermented with Lactic Acid Bacteria

6 Effects of Polyphenols on Intestinal Microbiota

7 Future Trends

Acknowledgments

References

Section 5.1: Bioavailability and Effects on Metabolism

Chapter 36. Using Recombinant Microorganisms for the Synthesis and Modification of Flavonoids and Stilbenes

1 Introduction

2 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids and Stilbenes

3 Recombinant Microbes

4 Significance of Flavonoids and Stilbenes in Human Health and Disease

5 Current Techniques Using Recombinant Microbes for the Production of Flavonoids and Stilbenes

6 Perspectives

References

Chapter 37. Bioavailability of Flavonoids: The Role of Cell Membrane Transporters

1 Introduction

2 Principles of Membrane Transport

3 Indirect Evidence Supporting the Existence of Flavonoid Membrane Transporters

4 Anatomical Distribution of Flavonoid-Related Membrane Transporters

5 Issues Related to the Low Bioavailability of Flavonoids

6 Transporter-Based Flavonoid-Drug Interactions

7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Author Contributions

References

Chapter 38. Microorganism Metabolic Activity Stimulation by Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Metabolic Interactions of Microorganisms With Phenolic Compounds

3 Polyphenolic Compounds Biosorption on the Cell Surface of Microorganisms

4 Future Prospects

References

Chapter 39. Interaction of Polyphenols with the Intestinal and Placental Absorption of some Nutrients and other Compounds

1 Introduction

2 Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of 1-Methyl-4-Phenylpyridinium

3 Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of Folates

4 Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of Thiamine

5 Effect of Polyphenols on the Transport of Glucose

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 40. Bioavailability and Metabolism of Citrus Fruit Beverage Flavanones in Humans

1 Introduction

2 Flavanone Composition of Citrus Fruits and Juices and Dietary Intake

3 Antioxidant Potential of Citrus Juices

4 Human Health Benefits of Citrus Flavanones

5 Metabolism and Absorption

6 Citrus Flavanone Bioavailability in Human Intervention Studies

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 41. Uptake and Metabolism of Dietary Proanthocyanidins

1 Introduction

2 Uptake and Metabolism

3 Microbial Metabolism

4 Conclusions and Future Prospectus

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 42. Bioavailability of Dietary Anthocyanins and Hydroxycinnamic Acids

1 Introduction

2 In Vivo Bioavailability of Anthocyanins

3 In Vivo Bioavailability of Hydroxycinnamic Acids

4 Summary

References

Chapter 43. Microbial Metabolism of Polyphenols and Health

1 Introduction

2 Dietary Intake of Polyphenols

3 Absorption, Metabolism and Bioavailability of Polyphenols

4 Metabolism of Polyphenols by the Gut Microbiota

5 Enzymes in the Metabolism of Polyphenols

6 Modulation of Gut Microbiota by Polyphenols

7 Health Benefits of Polyphenols and Their Microbial Metabolites

8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 44. The Impact of Gastrointestinal Modifications, Blood-Brain Barrier Transport, and Intracellular Metabolism on Polyphenol Bioavailability: An Overview

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenol Bioavailability

3 Metabolism in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

4 The Colonic Metabolism

5 Intracellular Metabolism

6 Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

7 Conclusion

References

Section 5.2: Polyphenolic Regulation of Metabolism

Chapter 45. Polyphenols from Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre in Metabolic Disorder

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols in Pongamia pinnata

3 Polyphenols from Pongamia pinnata and their Application in Metabolic Disorder

4 Summary

References

Chapter 46. Garlic (Allium sativum): Role in Metabolic Disorder

1 Introduction

2 Botanical Description

3 Role of Garlic in Metabolic Disorders

References

Chapter 47. Polyphenols and Flavonoids in Controlling Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

1 Introduction

2 NASH: Onset, Progression and Pathogenesis

3 Available Treatment Options

4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 48. Modulation of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption by Dietary Tea Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Green Tea Catechins and Black Tea Theaflavins

3 Green and Black Tea Consumption: Observational and Interventional Studies

4 Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Green Tea Catechins and Black Tea Theaflavins as Inhibitors of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

5 Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption

6 Green Tea Catechins and Black Tea Theaflavins as Inhibitors of Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption: Mechanisms of Their Inhibitory Effects on Cholesterol Absorption

References

Section 6: Diverse Disease and Physiological States Modified by Polyphenols

Section 6.1: Polyphenols in Clinical Medicine

Chapter 49. Polyphenols and Skin Cancers

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols: Types and Dietary Sources

3 Factors Affecting Availability of Polyphenols in Diet

4 Dietary Intake and Metabolism of Polyphenols

5 Overview of Skin Cancers

6 Polyphenols and Skin Cancer

7 Future Perspectives

References

Chapter 50. Polyphenols in the Prevention of Ulcerative Colitis: Past, Present and Future

1 Introduction

2 Curcumin the Active Component of Turmeric

3 Resveratrol

4 Quercetin

5 Kaempferol

6 Ellagic Acid

7 Rutoside or Rutin

8 Green Tea Polyphenols in Colitis

9 Grape Seed Polyphenols

10 Silymarin

11 Polyphenols in Apples

12 Cocoa

13 Conclusions

References

Chapter 51. Protection and Reversal of Hepatic Fibrosis by Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Liver Fibrosis

3 Pathogenesis of Liver Fibrosis in Animal Models

4 Therapeutic Approaches to Hepatic Fibrosis Using Polyphenols in Animal Models

5 Impact of Polyphenols in Clinical Trials

References

Chapter 52. Green Tea and other Fruit Polyphenols Attenuate Deterioration of Bone Microarchitecture

1 Introduction

2 Molecular Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling and Modeling

3 Impact of Ros on Development of Osteoporosis

4 Green Tea Polyphenols

5 Dried Plum Polyphenols

6 Citrus Flavonoids

7 Berry Fruits

8 Resveratrol and Piceatannol

9 Apple Polyphenols

10 Possible Molecular Mechanisms on Bone Metabolism and Microstructure

11 Summary and Future Studies

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 53. Polyphenolics Evoke Healing Responses: Clinical Evidence and Role of Predictive Biomarkers

1 Introduction

2 Flavonoids and Flavonols

3 Measurements of Antioxidant Capacity

4 Quercetins

5 Synergistic Polyphenols: Quercetin Dihydrate and Soluble Orthoproanthocyanidin (sOPC)

6 Orthoproanthocyanidins (Soluble OPC)

7 Ellagic Acid Content: Pomegranate Juice

8 Clinical Considerations: Whole Fruit and Fruit Juice

9 Predictive Biomarkers Referenced to Goal Values

10 Conclusions

References

Relevant Websites

Chapter 54. Polyphenols and Reproductive Health

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols and the Male Reproductive Function

3 Polyphenols and Female Reproductive Function

References

Chapter 55. Hepatoprotective Effects of Green Tea and its Polyphenols: Preclinical Observations

1 Introduction

2 Green Tea and Its Polyphenols as Hepatoprotective Agents

3 Phytochemistry of Tea

4 Validated Uses

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 56. Polyphenols and Tuberculosis

1 Introduction

2 Dietary Sources

3 Tuberculosis

4 Role of Polyphenols on Tuberculosis

References

Chapter 57. Protection by Polyphenols Against Mitochondrial Damage and Cytotoxicity

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols Modulate Cell Signaling as a Mechanism of Cell and Mitochondrial Protection

3 Mitochondrial and Cell Protection by Polyphenols in Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R)

4 Mitochondrial and Cell Protection Induced by Polyphenols in the Brain

5 Mitochondrial and Cytoprotection Induced by Polyphenols in Radiation Damage

6 Polyphenols Repair the Dna-Ho^• Adduct: a Novel Mechanism of Cytoprotection

7 Mitochondrial and Cell Protection Induced by Other Polyphenols or Extracts Containing Polyphenols in Different Oxidant-Induced Injuries

8 Mitochondrial and Cytoprotection Induced by Polyphenols in Heavy Metal- and Drug-Induced Damage

9 Ambivalent Character of Polyphenols

References

Chapter 58. Safety of High and Long-term Intake of Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Apple Polyphenols, and the History of Eating

3 Safety of Apple Polyphenols

4 Hop Bract Polyphenols and their History

5 Safety of Hop Bract Polyphenols

6 Safety of Polyphenols

7 Discussion

References

Chapter 59. Polyphenols in Health and Disease: Practice and Mechanisms of Benefits

1 Introduction

2 Scientific and Mechanistic Basis of Polyphenol Biological Action

3 Nutritional Value of Polyphenols in Foods

4 Mechanisms of Polyphenol Conjugation, Transport and Action

5 Evidence-Based Value of Polyphenols in Human Disease Prevention

6 Guide to Physicians, Nurses and Social Workers

7 Future Directions

8 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 60. Curcumin/Turmeric as an Environment-friendly Stain for Proteins on Acrylamide Gels

1 Introduction

2 Materials and Methods

3 Results and Discussion

References

Chapter 61. Turmeric and its Principle Compound Curcumin are Effective in the Prevention and Treatment of Arthritis

1 Introduction

2 Plants in Arthritis

3 Turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn) in Arthritis

4 Turmeric/Curcumin as an Effective Anti-Arthritic Agent

5 Mechanism of Action

6 Conclusions

References

Section 6.2: Polyphenols and Skin

Chapter 62. Polyphenols and Polyphenol-Derived Compounds and Contact Dermatitis

1 Introduction

2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis

3 Photocontact Dermatitis

4 Irritant Contact Dermatitis

5 Inhibition of Skin Inflammation and Contact Dermatitis by Polyphenols

References

Chapter 63. Polyphenols against Skin Aging

1 Introduction

2 Polyphenols Benefits on Skin Aging: An Overview

3 Polyphenols with Potential Benefits in Anti-Aging Process

4 Other Polyphenols with Potential Anti-Aging Capacity: Emerging Studies

5 Polyphenols Extracts: May the Rings Make the Difference to Fight Aging?

6 Other Polyphenol Extracts with Potential Anti-Aging Capacity: Emerging Studies

7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 64. Skin Photoprotection by Polyphenols in Animal Models and Humans

1 Introduction

2 Skin PhotoProtective Effects of Polyphenols: An Overview

3 Animal Studies Demonstrating Skin Photoprotective Effects of Polyphenols

4 Human Studies Demonstrating Skin PhotoProtective Effects of Polyphenols

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 65. Polyphenols Nano-Formulations for Topical Delivery and Skin Tissue Engineering

1 Introduction

2 Skin Applications of Polyphenols in their Bulk Form

3 Skin Applications of Polyphenol Nano-Formulations: Enhancing Benefits?

4 (Nano-)Polyphenols: Potential for Tissue Inflammation and Repair?

5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 66. Studying Tea Polyphenols and Their Protective Effects on Skin

1 Introduction

2 Tea Chemistry

3 Tea and Human Health

4 Skin Damage by Ultraviolet Radiation

5 Oral Consumption and Topical Application of Tea Polyphenols

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 67. Polyphenols: A Remedy for Skin Wrinkles

1 Introduction

2 Causes of Skin Wrinkling

3 Mechanism of Skin Wrinkling

4 Evaluation of Wrinkles

5 Mechanism of Action of Polyphenols

6 Herbal Polyphenols

References

Volume 2: Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Vascular and Cardiac Disease, and Cancer

 

Section 7: Polyphenols and Vascular Health

Section 7.1: Vascular Endothelial Protection of Polyphenols

Chapter 68. Vascular Protective Effects of Fruit Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Fruit Phenolic Compounds: Generalities

3 Vascular Action of Fruit Phenolic Compounds

4 Potential Mechanisms Involved in the Vascular Health Benefits of Polyphenols

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 69. Atherosclerosis and Mediterranean Diet Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis and the Oxidative Stress Hypothesis

3 Atherosclerosis as an Inflammatory Disease: Role of the Endothelium

4 Dietary Components of Mediterranean Diets and CHD: Evidence from Epidemiological Studies

5 Mediterranean Diet Phytochemicals: Chemical Properties

6 Endothelial Adhesion Molecules and Olive Oil Phytochemicals

7 Olive Oil Phytochemicals and Metalloproteinases

8 Mediterranean Diet Phytochemicals and their Mechanisms of Action: Intracellular Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cellular Activation

9 Human Evidence of Antiatherosclerotic Properties by Olive Oil Phytochemicals

10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 70. Polyphenol Modulation of Blood Flow and Oxygenation

1 Introduction

2 Mechanisms of Polyphenol-Induced Modulation of Blood Flow

3 Outcomes of Polyphenol-Induced Modulation of Blood Flow

4 Mechanisms and Outcomes of Polyphenol-Induced Modulation of Oxygenation

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 71. Flax Lignan in the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Flaxseed Lignans

3 Phenolic and Other Acids

4 Reported Extraction and Isolation Methods of SDG Lignan from Flaxseed

5 Antioxidant Activity

6 Anti-ATherosclerotic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity

7 Clinical Studies

8 Toxicity

9 Summary Points

References

Chapter 72. Anthocyanins in Vascular Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Chemistry and Sources of Anthocyanins

3 Anthocyanin Effects on Endothelium

4 Conclusions

References

Section 8: Cardiac Health and Polyphenols

Section 8.1: Polyphenolic Cardiac Modification

Chapter 73. Pharmacology of Polyphenols in Cardiac Remodeling: Potential Biological Mechanisms

1 Introduction

2 Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure

3 Beneficial Effects of Polyphenols in Cardiac Remodeling

4 Potential Mechanisms of the Protective Effects of Polyphenols on Cardiac Remodeling

5 Regulation of the Endogenous Protective Factors by Polyphenols

6 Polyphenols and Autophagy in Cardiac Myocytes

7 Polyphenols and Epigenetic Mechanisms in Cardiac Remodeling

8 Synthetic Polyphenols as Potential Therapeutic Agents in Cardiac Remodeling

9 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 74. Cacao Polyphenols Influence the Regulation of Apolipoproteins

1 Introduction

2 Risk reduction of Cacao Polyphenols on the Metabolic Syndrome

3 Importance of Apolipoprotein Measurements

4 Influence of Chocolate Consumption on APOB/APO A1 Ratio in Clinical Trials

5 Regulation of Plasma Apolipoprotein Levels by Cacao Polyphenols

References

Chapter 75. Polyphenol Consumption and Blood Pressure

1 Introduction

2 General Chemistry and Classification of Polyphenols

3 Absorption, Metabolism and Bioavailability of Polyphenols

4 Epidemiological Studies on Polyphenol Intake and Blood Pressure

5 Biomarkers of Total Polyphenol Intake

6 Plausible Mechanisms of Action

7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 76. Cardiovascular Effects of Hesperidin: A Flavanone Glycoside

1 Introduction

2 Cardiovascular Effects of Hesperidin

3 Toxicity Study

4 Summary Points

References

Chapter 77. Wine Polyphenols in the Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors

1 Introduction

2 Wine Polyphenols: Cardioprotective Effect

3 Clinical Evidence of Beneficial Effects of Wine Polyphenols on the Cardiovascular System

4 Drinking Pattern According to Gender and Cultural Differences

5 Toxic Effects of Alcoholic Fraction of Wine

6 Conclusions

References

Section 8.2: Polyphenol in Treatment and Prevention of Cardiac Disease

Chapter 78. Cocoa, Flavonoids and Cardiovascular Protection

1 Introduction

2 Cocoa and Flavonoids

3 Cocoa, Flavonoids and Cardiovascular Protection: The Epidemiology

4 Cocoa and Flavonoids

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 79. Emerging Applications of Metabolomics to Polyphenols and CVD Biomarker Discovery

1 Introduction

2 Metabolomics and Biomarkers Discovery

3 Nutrimetabolomics and Biomarkers of Polyphenol Exposure

4 Recent Applications of Metabolomics in CVD Risk Assessment

5 Intermediate Biomarkers of CVD Risk Related to Diet Exposure

6 Conclusions and Future Challenges

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 80. Role of Gallic Acid in Cardiovascular Disorders

1 Introduction

2 Cardiovascular Effects of Gallic Acid

3 Toxicity Study

4 Summary Points

References

Chapter 81. Cranberry Polyphenols: Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

1 Introduction

2 Cranberry Polyphenols

3 Total Phenolic Content of Cranberry Products

4 In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Cranberry Composition

5 Bioavailability in Plasma and Urine

6 Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health

7 Cranberry Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health

8 Summary

References

Chapter 82. Polyphenols and Cardiometabolic Syndrome

1 Introduction

2 Dietary Sources of Polyphenols

3 Consumption of Polyphenols

4 Effect of Polyphenols on Cardiometabolic Syndrome Risk Factors

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 83. Cocoa Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health

1 Introduction

2 Cocoa Chemistry

3 Cocoa and Health

4 Cocoa Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 84. The Use of Bergamot-Derived Polyphenol Fraction in Cardiometabolic Risk Prevention and its Possible Mechanisms of Action

1 Introduction

2 Chemical and Functional Characterizations of Bergamot Flavonoids

3 Pharmacological Effects of Bergamot Polyphenol Fraction on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

4 Statin Therapy and BPF

5 Possible Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Bergamot Polyphenols

6 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 85. Fruit Polyphenols and Postprandial Inflammatory Stress

1 Introduction

2 Classification and Source of Fruit Polyphenols

3 Metabolic Fate of Fruit Polyphenols

4 Postprandial State

5 Effect of Fruit PP on the Modulation of Postprandial Inflammatory Stress

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 86. Modulation of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters by Polyphenols as an Anticarcinogenic Effect

1 Introduction

2 Involvement of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters in Carcinogenicity

3 Modulation of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes by Polyphenols

4 Modulation of Transporters by Polyphenols

5 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

Section 9: Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Polyphenols

Section 9.1: Mechanisms of Polyphenol Modulation of Cancer

Chapter 87. Polyphenol-Mediated In Vivo Cellular Responses during Carcinogenesis

1 Introduction

2 Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention

3 Polyphenols: Classes, SubClasses and Bioavailability

4 Mechanism(S) of Chemopreventive Actions of Polyphenols

5 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 88. Preventive Effects of Plant Polyphenols in the Promotion of Mammary Cancer and Testicular Damage Induced by Alcohol Drinking

1 Introduction

2 Alcohol Drinking, Mammary Cancer, Testicular Damage, Acetaldehyde Production and Promotion of Oxidative Stress

3 Plant Polyphenols and Alcohol Drinking-Promoted Mammary Cancer

4 Alcohol Drinking and Harmful Effects on the Testes

5 Polyphenols and Alcohol Drinking Deleterious Effects in Testes

6 Concluding Remarks and Future Needs

References

Chapter 89. Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Activities of Green Tea Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention

1 Introduction

2 Direct Antioxidant Effects of Tea Polyphenols

3 Direct Pro-Oxidant Effects of Tea Polyphenols

4 Indirect Antioxidant Effects of Tea Polyphenols

5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 90. Cancer Chemoprevention by Dietary Polyphenols: Role for Epigenetics and Inflammation

1 Introduction

2 General Principles of Epigenetic Mechanisms

3 The Important Role of Diet and Environment on Epigenetics

4 Inflammation, a Central Player in Diverse Chronic Diseases Including Cancer

5 The Crucial Role of Nf-κb in Inflammatory Responses

6 Interplay between Inflammatory Responses and Epigenetics

7 The Role of Dietary Polyphenols in Chemoprevention by Reversing Epigenetic Alterations and Inflammation

8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 91. Polyphenols in Prostate Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Resveratrol

3 Green Tea

4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 92. Modifying Effects of Polyphenols on Acute Colitis and Inflammation-Associated Colon Carcinogenesis

1 Introduction

2 Experimental IBD Models

3 Pro-Inflammatory Mediators in IBD

4 Colorectal Cancer

5 Rutin, but not Quercetin, Ameliorated DSS-Induced Colitis

6 Modifying Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols on DSS-Induced Colitis

7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 93. Bioavailability of Soy-Derived Isoflavones and Human Breast Cancer

1 Introduction

2 Endogenous Estrogens

3 Soy-Derived Isoflavones

4 Soy-Breast Cancer Hypothesis

5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 94. Biological Activity of Resveratrol on an Ovarian Cancer Cell

1 Introduction

2 Ovarian Cancer Treatment and Resveratrol Therapeutic Potential

3 Ovarian Cancer Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induced by Resveratrol

4 Regulatory Function of Resveratrol on Ovarian Cancer Cell Cycle and Transcriptional Factors

5 Glucose Metabolism in Ovarian Cancer Cell and Resveratrol

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 95. Resveratrol Inhibitory Effects against a Malignant Tumor: A Molecular Introductory Review

1 Introduction

2 Cancer Cell Characterization Through Resveratrol Activity

3 Malignant Tumor Structure, Microenvironment and Resveratrol

4 Genomics: A Practical Approach Associated With Resveratrol

5 Regulation of the Cell Cycle and Transcription Factors by Resveratrol

6 Cell Cytoskeleton and Migration Implemented by Resveratrol

7 Apoptosis Induced by Resveratrol

8 Anticancer Sensitization Effects of Resveratrol

9 Resveratrol as Phytoestrogen

10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 96. Inhibition of Iron Absorption by Polyphenols as an Anticancer Mechanism

1 Introduction

2 Iron Metabolism and Cancerogenesis

3 Interaction Between Dietary Iron and Polyphenols

4 Iron Reduction and Cancer Mortality in Randomized Trials

5 Conclusion

References

Section 9.2: Cancer Prevention by Polyphenols

Chapter 97. Plant Polyphenols as Chemopreventive Agents

1 Introduction

2 Carcinogenesis and Mechanisms of Chemopreventive Activity

3 Chemoprevention Research: Methods

4 Sources Of Polyphenols in Human Diet

5 Selected Polyphenols with Chemopreventive Potential

6 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter 98. Cancer Preventive Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Impact of Green Tea on Various Cancers

3 GTP Bioavailability

4 Intake Recommendations and Interactions with Drug Therapies

5 Summary

References

Chapter 99. Cancer Chemoprevention by Resveratrol Treatment

1 Introduction

2 Challenges and Perspectives of Chemoprevention as Part of Prevention

3 Dietary Compounds and Resveratrol Can Offer Chemopreventive Effects

4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 100. Polyphenols and Breast Cancer Prevention: A Summary of the Epidemiologic Evidence

1 Introduction

2 Human Consumption of Plant Food Phenols

3 Breast Cancer Risk Related to Different Categories of Polyphenols

4 Breast Cancer Risk Related to Polyphenol-Containing Beverages

5 Biomarker Studies

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 101. Most Relevant Polyphenols Present in the Mediterranean Diet and Their Incidence in Cancer Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Regulating Cell Cycle Progression

3 Induction of Apoptosis

4 Inhibition of Tumor Invasion and Angiogenesis

References

Chapter 102. BRAF Mutation in Melanoma and Dietary Polyphenols as Adjunctive Treatment Strategy

1 Introduction

2 Molecular Features of Melanoma Progression

3 Types of Melanoma

4 Typical Treatments for Melanoma

5 BRAF Mutations and Occurrence of Melanoma

6 BRAF V600E is a Powerful Driver of Advanced Melanomagenesis

7 BRAF V600E Mutation is a Reasonable Therapeutic Target in Advanced Melanoma

8 Resistance to BRAF V600E Mutation Inhibitors

9 Dietary Polyphenols Offer Adjunctive, Complementary Treatment Potential to Overcome Resistance to BRAF V600E Mutation in Melanoma

10 Conclusions

References

Chapter 103. Radioprotective Effects of the Ocimum Flavonoids Orientin and Vicenin: Observations from Preclinical Studies

1 Introduction

2 History of Chemical Radioprotection

3 Plants as Radioprotective Agents with Emphasis on Ocimum Sanctum (Holy Basil)

4 Tulsi as a Radioprotective Agent

5 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 104. Apple Polyphenols in Cancer Prevention

1 Introduction

2 Apoptosis Activity of Apple Polyphenols In Vitro

3 AntiTumor Activity of Proanthocyanidins

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 105. DNA Methylation as a Target of Cancer Chemoprevention by Dietary Polyphenols

1 Introduction

2 Green Tea Polyphenols

3 Soy Isoflavones

4 Curcuminoids

5 Isothiocyanates

6 Stilbene Derivatives

7 Phenolic Acids

8 Other Dietary Polyphenols

9 Possible Mechanisms of Polyphenols Action on DNA Methylation

10 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 106. Punica granatum (Pomegranate Fruit): In Cancer Treatment

1 Introduction

2 Uses for the Pomegranate

3 Phytoconstituents

4 Traditional Uses

5 Cancer

6 Pomegranate, Polyphenols and Cancer

References

Index