Polymers for Oral Drug Delivery Technologies

Polymers for Oral Drug Delivery Technologies covers the fundamentals of oral drug delivery and various aspects of polymer technology in oral drug delivery, from classification and synthesis, to applications and regulatory factors. It presents the oral delivery of therapeutics for treating a number of diseases, along with the challenges of oral drug administration to assure a predictive and reproducible pharmacokinetic profile of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API).

Polymers play an important role to achieve the targeted release profile consistently of an API in vivo by various functionalities like drug protection from gastric juice, fast release and supersaturation or release within a targeted area of the GI tract.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Section I: Fundamentals of oral drug delivery
1. Gastrointestinal tract environment and its implications on oral drug delivery
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of the gastrointestinal tract
1.3 Key regions of the gastrointestinal tract involved in oral drug delivery and absorption: physiological differences and their implication on absorption
1.4 Other barriers to the absorption of drugs
1.5 Factors affecting polymer-based oral drug delivery and formulation strategies for site-specific drug delivery to gastrointestinal tract
1.6 Future prospective
1.7 Conclusion
References
2. Gastrointestinal tract motility and transport
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Gastrointestinal motility and its regulation for motility
2.3 Microbiota, gastrointestinal transit time, and diet correlation
2.4 Role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites as a key regulator of gut motility
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Drug absorption and presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetic modeling
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drug absorption
3.3 Passive diffusion
3.4 Carrier-mediated membrane transporters
3.5 In vitro ex-vivo and in vivo methods for assessing drug absorption and permeability
3.6 Presystemic metabolism
3.7 Pharmacokinetic modeling
3.8 Basic concepts of pharmacokinetics
3.9 Pharmacokinetic analysis using model approach
3.10 Future directions and challenges
References
4. In vitro dissolution and predictive release testing
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Compendial dissolution methods
4.3 Limitations of compendial dissolution methods
4.4 Noncompendial dissolution methods and modifications
4.5 Future outlook
References
5. Principle characteristics and specification of pharmaceutical polymers
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Polymers with smart properties
5.3 Advantages of polymer
5.4 Characteristics of ideal polymer for pharmaceutical applications
5.5 Physicochemical properties of polymers and factors affecting oral drug delivery abilities
5.6 Degree of polymerization and molecular mass
5.7 Hydrophobicity
5.8 Polymer crystallinity
5.9 Melting point and glass transition temperature
5.10 Surface charge
5.11 Coating material
5.12 Classification of polymers
5.13 Classification based on origin
5.14 Natural polymers
5.15 Synthetic polymers
5.16 Classification based on structure
5.17 Linear polymers
5.18 Branching polymers
5.19 Cross-linking polymers
5.20 Biopolymers
5.21 Classification based on crystallinity
5.22 Crystalline
5.23 Semicrystalline
5.24 Amorphous
5.25 Classification based on intermolecular forces
5.26 Thermoset
5.27 Thermoplasts
5.28 Fibers
5.29 Elastomer
5.30 Classification of smart polymers
5.31 Temperature sensitive polymers
5.32 pH-sensitive polymers
5.33 Glucose-sensitive polymers
5.34 Photo-sensitive polymers
5.35 Mucoadhesive polymers
5.36 Bioadhesive polymers
5.37 Methods of drugs release from polymers
5.38 Release by diffusion method
5.39 Reservoir-type diffusion mechanism
5.40 Matrix-type diffusion mechanism
5.41 Release by degradation method
5.42 Chemical degradation method
5.43 Hydrolytic degradation method
5.44 Enzymatic degradation method
5.45 Release by swelling method
5.46 Factors contributing to polymer degradation
5.47 Pharmaceutical applications of polymers
5.48 Targeted polymeric drug delivery
5.49 Applications of polymers in tablet formulation
5.50 Applications of polymers in capsules
5.51 Applications of polymers disperse systems
5.52 Applications of polymers for mucoadhesive delivery
5.53 Applications of polymers for ophthalmic delivery
5.54 Applications of polymers for cardiac implants
5.55 Applications of polymers for cancer treatment
5.56 Applications of polymers in disease diagnosis
5.57 Future prospects
5.58 Conclusion
Funding
Acknowledgments
References
6. Regulatory aspects of polymers used and new polymers for oral medication of gastroretentive dosage forms
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Regulatory framework for polymers in oral medication
6.3 Polymer toxicity and its safety assessment for oral medication
6.4 Current challenges and future directions
6.5 Conclusion
References
Section II: Role polymer technology in oral drug delivery
7. Classes/types of polymers used in oral delivery (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), their chemical structure and general functionalities
Abstract
7.1 Introduction to polymers in oral delivery
7.2 Natural polymers in oral delivery
7.3 Semisynthetic polymers in oral delivery
7.4 Synthetic polymers in oral delivery
7.5 Comparative analysis and selection criteria for polymers in oral
7.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
8. Role of polymers in tableting
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basics of tableting powder compaction, and deformation physics
8.3 Basic tablet composition
8.4 Mechanical, powder, and solid-state behavior of polymers relevant to tableting
8.5 Tablet characterization and material sciences
8.6 Future perspective
References
9. Capsule-forming polymers
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Polymers for capsule formation
9.3 Requirements of capsule formulation
9.4 Manufacturing technologies of capsule
9.5 Capsule-filling technologies
9.6 Packaging and storage of capsules
9.7 Quality control tests for capsules
9.8 Benefits of polymeric capsules
9.9 Capsule technology trends
9.10 Conclusion
References
10. Dry and wet granulation
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Purpose of granulation
10.3 Granulation techniques
10.4 Mechanism of granulation
10.5 Selection of process and equipment
10.6 Selection of excipients
10.7 Use of artificial intelligence in granulation processes
References
11. Matrix formers
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Uses of polymer in pharmaceutical delivery
11.3 Classification of polymers
11.4 Oral drug delivery system
11.5 Matrix system
11.6 Designing of matrix systems
11.7 Discussion on the formation of matrix by polymer in various oral delivery systems
11.8 Scope
11.9 Challenges
11.10 Conclusion
References
12. Functional polymeric coatings for immediate release dosage forms
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Need for functional polymeric coatings
12.3 Pharmaceutical coating: the utilization of polymers
12.4 Other additives
12.5 Recent advances in functional polymeric coatings
12.6 Summary and conclusion
References
13. Polymeric carriers for amorphous solid dispersion
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of polymers
13.3 Considerations during the selection of polymers for ASD
13.4 Polymers and preparation methods
13.5 Mechanism of stabilization
13.6 Mechanism of solubility and dissolution improvement
13.7 Manufacturing and scaling-up issues of polymeric ASDs
13.8 Regulatory considerations on polymers as excipients
13.9 Concluding remark
References
14. Micro/nanoparticles
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Physiological barriers to oral drug delivery
14.3 Fundamental of micro/nanoparticles
14.4 Drug loading factors in microparticles/nanoparticles
14.5 Role of micro/nanoparticles in overcoming barriers
14.6 Applications of micro/nanoparticles in oral drug delivery
14.7 Safety and toxicity considerations
14.8 Clinical trials and commercial products
14.9 Regulatory considerations
14.10 Conclusion
References
15. Taste masking polymers
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Water soluble polymers
15.3 Water insoluble polymers
15.4 Need and concept of taste masking
15.5 Taste masking technologies
15.6 Advanced approaches for taste masking
15.7 Future prospective
15.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
16. Polymers in orally disintegrating tablets and orally dissolving films
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Significance of polymers in formulating ODFs and ODTs
16.3 Advantages of ODTs and ODFs over conventional oral dosage forms
16.4 Polymers in orally disintegrating tablets
16.5 Selection criteria of superdisintegrant
16.6 Manufacturing techniques for ODTs
16.7 Commonly used manufacturing techniques for ODTs
16.8 Direct compression method
16.9 Freeze drying method
16.10 Mass extrusion method
16.11 Spray-dried method
16.12 Polymers in orally dissolving films
16.13 Polymers in ODF formulations
16.14 Manufacturing processes
16.15 Solvent‑casting method
16.16 Hot‑melt extrusion
16.17 Solid dispersion extrusion
16.18 Rolling method
16.19 Conclusion
Competing interests
Funding
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
17. Additive manufacturing (3d printing)
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 3D printing procedure
17.3 Types of 3D printing technology
17.4 Polymers used in 3DP
17.5 Miscellaneous
17.6 Future perspectives and challenges
17.7 Conclusions
References
18. Mucoadhesive forms
Abstract
Abbreviations
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Mucoadhesive polymers
18.3 Oral mucoadhesive dosage forms
18.4 Evaluation techniques for mucoadhesive dosage forms
18.5 Applications of mucoadhesive dosage forms
18.6 Patents and marketed products
18.7 Regulatory consideration
18.8 Current status and future perspective
18.9 Conclusion
References
19. Gastroretentive dosage forms
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Physicochemical properties of gastroretentive drug delivery systems
19.3 Concept of gastroretentive dosage forms
19.4 Classification of gastroretentive drug delivery systems
19.5 Critical factors affecting gastroretentive drug delivery systems efficacy
19.6 Application of gastroretentive drug delivery systems
19.7 Emerging technologies of gastroretentive drug delivery systems
19.8 Conclusion
References
20. Polymer blends and additives
Abstract
Abbreviations
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Polymer blends and their characteristics
20.3 Classification of polymer blends
20.4 Molecular level blends
20.5 Polymer blend interactions
20.6 Methods of polymer blending
20.7 Solution coating
20.8 Application of polymer blends in oral drug delivery
20.9 Polymer additives
20.10 Properties imparted by polymer additives
20.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Polymers for Oral Drug Delivery Technologies

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Anilkumar Parambath

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